Bile acids and glucocorticoid metabolism in health and disease
Open accessAbstract
Glucocorticoids are regulators of stress response essential for survival. Liver disease can alter this homeostatic mechanism in patients with liver cirrhosis - a finding that might mirror the controversially discussed condition of critical illness related corticosteroid insufficiency. Underlying mechanisms might be shared molecular pathways in both bile acid as well as glucocorticoid metabolism at the level of synthesis, catabolism or the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland. Molecular links include the farnesoid X receptor FXR or the G protein-coupled bile acid receptor TGR5 expressed in the liver and the adrenals. In this review we sum up knowledge on the regulation of adrenal gland function and steroidogenesis, focussing on bile acids and potential alterations under cholestatic conditions, depict molecular links between glucocorticoid and bile acid metabolism and discuss the difficulties of assessment of adrenal function in humans in general and more specifically in liver diseases.
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FXR activation regulates lipoprotein receptors and transporters and steroidogenic enzymes, and increases corticosterone levels in mice.
“FXR activation is known to regulate lipoprotein receptors and transporters, as well as enzymes in the steroidogenic pathway, and has been shown to increase corticosterone levels in mice (311).”
From Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (2023) · cites this paper as [311]
BAs can interact with TGR5 in the hypothalamic PVN, stimulating the HPA axis by increasing CRH.
“BAs can interact with TGR5, expressed in the hypothalamic PVN, stimulating the HPA axis by increasing CRH (310, 311).”
From Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (2023) · cites this paper as [311]
The discovery of FXR and TGR5 receptors in the adrenal gland connects BAs with glucocorticoid metabolism.
“The discovery of FXR and TGR5 receptors in the adrenal gland further connects BAs with glucocorticoid metabolism (311, 313–315).”
From Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (2023) · cites this paper as [311]
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A paired longitudinal comparison of fecal and serum cortisol in Holstein transition dairy cows
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- Authors
- Theiler-Schwetz, V., Zaufel, A., Schlager, H., Obermayer-Pietsch, B., Fickert, P., & Zollner, G.
- Affiliations
- Medical University of Graz (AT)
- Corresponding author
- Zollner, Gernot
- Venue
- Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-01
- Volume
- 1865
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 243-251
- ISSN
- 0925-4439 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2885619346
- Cited by
- 31
- References
- 117
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 4
- FWCI
- 0.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Drug Transport and Resistance Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Cholesterol and Lipid Metabolism
- Keywords
- bile acids, glucocorticoids, liver cirrhosis, critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency, farnesoid X receptor, TGR5, steroidogenesis, adrenal function, cholestasis, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, stress response
- MeSH terms
- Adrenal Glands, Bile Acids and Salts, Cholestasis, Corticosterone, Fibrosis, Glucocorticoids, Homeostasis, Hormones, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Liver, Liver Cirrhosis, Liver Diseases, Liver Diseases, Alcoholic, Steroids, Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled, Lipid Metabolism
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