Chemical mechanisms of histone lysine and arginine modifications
Open accessAbstract
Histone lysine and arginine residues are subject to a wide array of post-translational modifications including methylation, citrullination, acetylation, ubiquitination, and sumoylation. The combinatorial action of these modifications regulates critical DNA processes including replication, repair, and transcription. In addition, enzymes that modify histone lysine and arginine residues have been correlated with a variety of human diseases including arthritis, cancer, heart disease, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders. Thus, it is important to fully understand the detailed kinetic and chemical mechanisms of these enzymes. Here, we review recent progress towards determining the mechanisms of histone lysine and arginine modifying enzymes. In particular, the mechanisms of S-adenosyl-methionine (AdoMet) dependent methyltransferases, FAD-dependent demethylases, iron dependent demethylases, acetyl-CoA dependent acetyltransferases, zinc dependent deacetylases, NAD(+) dependent deacetylases, and protein arginine deiminases are covered. Particular attention is paid to the conserved active-site residues necessary for catalysis and the individual chemical steps along the catalytic pathway. When appropriate, areas requiring further work are discussed.
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Acetylation or methylation of lysine or arginine residues are the most common histone modifications observed, which alter interactions between histones or transcription factors and DNA, regulating gene expression.
“Acetylation or methylation of lysine or arginine residues are the most common modifications observed, which alter the interactions between histones or transcription factors and DNA, regulating gene expression.112”
From Epigenetic regulation in major depression and other stress-related disorders: molecular mechanisms, clinical relevance and therapeutic potential (2023) · cites this paper as [112]
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- Authors
- Smith, B. C., & Denu, J. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Corresponding author
- Denu, John M.
- Venue
- Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Regulatory Mechanisms
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-01
- Volume
- 1789
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 45-57
- ISSN
- 1874-9399 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2642981
- OpenAlex
- W2049365130
- Semantic Scholar
- ff7b59eb6ce813b0514d9ae5dbb1313111c0ec4e
- Cited by
- 390
- References
- 169
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 2.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Regulatory Mechanisms (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM 08349, GM-065386, T32GM008349, R01GM065386, R01GM059785)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Cancer-related gene regulation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
- Keywords
- post-translational modification, histone methyltransferase, S-adenosylmethionine, histone acetyltransferase, histone deacetylase, protein arginine deiminases, catalytic mechanism, active site residues, histone-modifying enzymes, epigenetics
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Arginine, Catalysis, DNA, Histones, Humans, Lysine, Protein Processing, Post-Translational, Catalytic Domain
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