The differential psychological distress of populations affected by the COVID-19 pandemic

Zhang, Jie; Lu, Huipeng; Zeng, Haiping; Zhang, Shining; Du, Qifeng; Jiang, Tingyun; Du, Baoguo

doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.031

Cited by 704COVID-19 and Mental HealthMaternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and PostpartumEmployment and Welfare Studies

The differential psychological distress of populations affected by the COVID-19 pandemic

Open access

Zhang, Jie, Lu, Huipeng, Zeng, Haiping, Zhang, Shining, Du, Qifeng, Jiang, Tingyun, Du, Baoguo·2020·Brain, Behavior, and Immunity

DOI 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.031PMC PMC7156946

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.031

Cites

6 of 6 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Country-specific data has revealed high levels of stress, depression and anxiety symptoms, increased loneliness and suicidal ideation during the pandemic.
“Country specific data has revealed high levels of stress, depression and anxiety symptoms, increased loneliness and suicidal ideation.(Killgore et al., 2020a; Reger et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2020; Rossell et al., 2020; Serafini et al., 2020)”
From Younger people are more vulnerable to stress, anxiety and depression during COVID-19 pandemic: a global cross-sectional survey (2021) · cites this paper as Zhang et al., 2020

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

The Psychological Impact of Quarantine and How to Reduce It: Rapid Review of the Evidence
Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020) · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3532534 · Cited by 16,394 · see citing works
The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence
Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30460-8 · Cited by 16,378 · see citing works
A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: implications and policy recommendations.
Qiu, J., Shen, B., Zhao, M., Wang, Z., Xie, B., & Xu, Y. (2020) · General Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/gpsych-2020-100213 · Cited by 4,307 · see citing works
Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed
Xiang, Y.-T., Yang, Y., Li, W., Zhang, L., Zhang, Q., Cheung, T., & Ng, C. H. (2020) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30046-8 · Cited by 3,598 · see citing works
Impact on mental health and perceptions of psychological care among medical and nursing staff in Wuhan during the 2019 novel coronavirus disease outbreak: A cross-sectional study
Kang, L., Ma, S., Chen, M., Yang, J., Wang, Y., Li, R., Yao, L., Bai, H., Cai, Z., Xiang Yang, B., et al. (2020) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.028 · Cited by 1,516 · see citing works
Vicarious traumatization in the general public, members, and non-members of medical teams aiding in COVID-19 control
Li, Z.-Y., Ge, J., Yang, M.-L., Feng, J., Qiao, M., Jiang, R., Bi, J.-J., Zhan, G.-F., Xu, X.-L., Wang, L., et al. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.007 · Cited by 1,021 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Salari, N., Hosseinian-Far, A., Jalali, R., Vaisi-Raygani, A., Rasoulpoor, S., Mohammadi, M., Rasoulpoor, S., & Khaledi-Paveh, B. (2020) · Globalization and Health · doi:10.1186/s12992-020-00589-w · Cited by 3,560 · see citing works
COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: Systematic review of the current evidence
Vindegaard, N., & Benros, M. E. (2020) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.048 · Cited by 3,221 · see citing works
The psychological and mental impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on medical staff and general public – A systematic review and meta-analysis
Luo, M., Guo, L., Yu, M., Jiang, W., & Wang, H. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113190 · Cited by 1,615 · see citing works
Bidirectional associations between COVID-19 and psychiatric disorder: retrospective cohort studies of 62 354 COVID-19 cases in the USA.
Taquet, M., Luciano, S., Geddes, J. R., & Harrison, P. J. (2021) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30462-4 · Cited by 1,484 · see citing works
Prevalence of mental health problems during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Wu, T., Jia, X., Shi, H., Niu, J., Yin, X., Xie, J., & Wang, X. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.11.117 · Cited by 1,138 · see citing works
Do psychiatric patients experience more psychiatric symptoms during COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown? A case-control study with service and research implications for immunopsychiatry
Hao, F., Tan, W., Jiang, L., Zhang, L., Zhao, X., Zou, Y., Hu, Y., Luo, X., Jiang, X., McIntyre, R. S., et al. (2020) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.069 · Cited by 968 · see citing works
The prevalence of depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbances in COVID-19 patients: a meta-analysis
Deng, J., Zhou, F., Hou, W., Silver, Z., Wong, C. Y., Chang, O., Huang, E., & Zuo, Q. K. (2021) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.14506 · Cited by 771 · see citing works
Younger people are more vulnerable to stress, anxiety and depression during COVID-19 pandemic: a global cross-sectional survey
Varma, P., Junge, M., Meaklim, H., & Jackson, M. L. (2021) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110236 · Cited by 719 · see citing works
Lockdown, quarantine measures, and social distancing: Associations with depression, anxiety and distress at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic among adults from Germany
Benke, C., Autenrieth, L. K., Asselmann, E., & Pané-Farré, C. A. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113462 · Cited by 585 · see citing works
Mental health and health behaviours before and during the initial phase of the COVID-19 lockdown: longitudinal analyses of the UK Household Longitudinal Study
Niedzwiedz, C. L., Green, M. J., Benzeval, M., Campbell, D., Craig, P., Demou, E., Leyland, A., Pearce, A., Thomson, R., Whitley, E., et al. (2021) · Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2020-215060 · Cited by 525 · see citing works
Depression and anxiety among adolescents during COVID-19: A cross-sectional study
Chen, F., Zheng, D., Liu, J., Gong, Y., Guan, Z., & Lou, D. (2020) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.061 · Cited by 510 · see citing works
Long-term effects of COVID-19 on mental health: a systematic review
Bourmistrova, N. W., Solomon, T., Braude, P., Strawbridge, R., & Carter, B. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.11.031 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
“general population and healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic using a mild disease severity threshold (Salari et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2020; Krishnamoorthy et al., 2020).”
BackgroundMethodResult
Related health factors of psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain
Gómez-Salgado, J., Andrés-Villas, M., Domínguez-Salas, S., Díaz-Milanés, D., & Ruiz-Frutos, C. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17113947 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Mental burden and its risk and protective factors during the early phase of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: Systematic review and meta-analyses
Kunzler, A. M., Röthke, N., Günthner, L., Stoffers-Winterling, J., Tüscher, O., Coenen, M., Rehfuess, E., Schwarzer, G., Binder, H., Schmucker, C., et al. (2021) · Globalization and Health · doi:10.1186/s12992-021-00670-y · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Increase in prevalence of current mental disorders in the context of COVID-19: analysis of repeated nationwide cross-sectional surveys.
Winkler, P., Formanek, T., Mlada, K., Kagstrom, A., Mohrova, Z., Mohr, P., & Csemy, L. (2020) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796020000888 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Facing new fears during the COVID-19 pandemic: The State of America's mental health
Fitzpatrick, K. M., Drawve, G., & Harris, C. (2020) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102291 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Negative impacts of COVID-19 lockdown on mental health service access and follow-up adherence for immigrants and individuals in socio-economic difficulties
Aragona, M., Barbato, A., Cavani, A., Costanzo, G., & Mirisola, C. (2020) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2020.06.055 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
The immediate mental health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic among people with or without quarantine managements
Zhu, S., Wu, Y., Zhu, C.-Y., Hong, W.-C., Yu, Z.-X., Chen, Z.-K., Chen, Z.-L., Jiang, D.-G., & Wang, Y.-G. (2020) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.045 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Asian-Pacific perspective on the psychological well-being of healthcare workers during the evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic
Chew, N. W. S., Ngiam, J. N., Tan, B. Y.-Q., Tham, S.-M., Tan, C. Y.-S., Jing, M., Sagayanathan, R., Chen, J. T., Wong, L. Y. H., Ahmad, A., et al. (2020) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2020.98 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Anxiety, depression and stress during the COVID-19 pandemic: Results from a cross-sectional survey
Turna, J., Zhang, J., Lamberti, N., Patterson, B., Simpson, W., Francisco, A. P., Bergmann, C. G., & Ameringen, M. V. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.02.059 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Self-citation
The prospective influence of COVID-19 affective risk assessments and intolerance of uncertainty on later dimensions of health anxiety
Tull, M. T., Barbano, A. C., Scamaldo, K. M., Richmond, J. R., Edmonds, K. A., Rose, J. P., & Gratz, K. L. (2020) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102290 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 Dissemination Through Peripheral Nerves Explains Multiple Organ Injury
Fenrich, M., Mrdenovic, S., Balog, M., Tomic, S., Zjalic, M., Roncevic, A., Mandic, D., Debeljak, Z., & Heffer, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2020.00229 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Different prevalence trend of depression and anxiety among healthcare workers and general public before and after the peak of COVID-19 occurred in China: A meta-analysis
Deng, Y., Chen, Y., & Zhang, B. (2021) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2021.102547 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Behavioral and sociodemographic predictors of anxiety and depression in patients under epidemiological surveillance for COVID-19 in Ecuador
Paz, C., Mascialino, G., Adana-Díaz, L., Rodríguez-Lorenzana, A., Simbaña-Rivera, K., Gómez-Barreno, L., Troya, M., Paez, M. I., Cárdenas, J., Gerstner, R. M., et al. (2020) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0240008 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Increases Mental Wellbeing and Emotion Regulation During the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Synchronous Online Intervention Study
Sanilevici, M., Reuveni, O., Lev-Ari, S., Golland, Y., & Levit-Binnun, N. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.720965 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Comparing the Impact of COVID-19-Related Social Distancing on Mood and Psychiatric Indicators in Sexual and Gender Minority (SGM) and Non-SGM Individuals
Rodriguez-Seijas, C., Fields, E. C., Bottary, R., Kark, S. M., Goldstein, M. R., Kensinger, E. A., Payne, J. D., & Cunningham, T. J. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.590318 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Beneficial effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction training on the well-being of a female sample during the first total lockdown due to covid-19 pandemic in italy
Accoto, A., Chiarella, S. G., Raffone, A., Montano, A., de Marco, A., Mainiero, F., Rubbino, R., Valzania, A., & Conversi, D. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18115512 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
The mediating role of personalized psychological flexibility in the association between distress intolerance and psychological distress: A national survey during the fourth waves of COVID-19 pandemic in Iran
Akbari, M., Seydavi, M., & Zamani, E. (2021) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2685 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
SOCIAL SUPPORT PROMOTES MENTAL HEALTH DURING THE COVID-19 OUTBREAK: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY FROM TURKEY
Department of Psychiatry, I. S. S. H., Kaya, H., Ayık, B., Department of Psychiatry, I. E. E. A. R. H., Tasdelen, R., Department of Psychiatry, M. U. I. P. E. A. R. H., Ercis, M., Department of Psychiatry, I. U., Ertekin, E., & Department of Psychiatry, I. U. (2021) · Psychiatria Danubina · doi:10.24869/psyd.2021.217 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Personality Traits, Cognitive Styles, Coping Strategies, and Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown on Healthy Youngsters
Árbol, J. R., Ruiz-Osta, A., & Montoro Aguilar, C. I. M. (2021) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs12010005 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Efficacy of Psychological First Aid (PFA) by Peer Support Volunteers for Suicide Prevention in Farmers of Punjab
Kaur, H., Singh, A., & Singh, S. (2022) · Understanding Psychology in the Context of Relationship, Community, Workplace and Culture · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-2693-8_6 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Authors: Zhang, J., Lu, H., Zeng, H., Zhang, S., Du, Q., Jiang, T., & Du, B.
Corresponding author: Du, Qifeng
Du, Baoguo
ORCID: Zhang, Jie
Lu, Huipeng
Jiang, Tingyun
Venue: Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2020-07
Volume: 87
Pages: 49-50
ISSN: 0889-1591 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.031
PMC: PMC7156946
OpenAlex: W3016982727
Cited by: 704
References: 6
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 61 · 2023: 103 · 2022: 174 · 2021: 218 · 2020: 106 · 2016: 1
FWCI: 60.15
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Brain Behavior and Immunity (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Social Welfare Scientific Research Project (2018B1006 to B. D)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Employment and Welfare Studies
Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic, psychological distress, differential vulnerability, mental health disparities, population differences
MeSH terms: Patient Health Questionnaire, Betacoronavirus, Psychological Distress, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, China, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pilot Projects, Pneumonia, Viral, Quarantine, Surveys and Questionnaires, Severity of Illness Index, Stress, Psychological, Prevalence, Coronavirus Infections, Young Adult, Pandemics

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

The differential psychological distress of populations affected by the COVID-19 pandemic

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks