A Pilot Study of Emotion Regulation Therapy for Generalized Anxiety and Depression: Findings From a Diverse Sample of Young Adults.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Person-driven and values-based frameworks allow treatment individualization and cultural adaptation, potentially improving culturally sensitive conceptualization and treatment for racial/ethnic minority individuals with anxiety and depression.

“person-driven and values-based frameworks provides an opportunity to individualize treatment and actively address cultural considerations and important contextual challenges to improve culturally sensitive conceptualizations”

• cites Fuchs, Lee, Roemer, & Orsillo, 2013 sourceSupported
• cites Persons, Fresco, & Ernst, in pressNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Worry is reinforced by making negative emotional experiences more predictable, often at the expense of positive and rewarding states.

“More recently, conceptualizations of worry show that it becomes reinforced by increasing the predictability of negative emotional experience, often to the cost of experiencing greater variations in positive and rewarding states (Newman & Llera, 2011).”

• cites Newman & Llera, 2011 sourcePartly supported

  Section 5 (page unavailable) proposes that people with GAD use worry to maintain a negative emotional state, avoid an unexpected shift into negative emotion, and thereby reinforce worry. This supports the predictability and reinforcement part of the paraphrase. It does not establish a cost to positive or rewarding experiences; Section 3 (page unavailable) reports that worry did not preclude positive affect during a happy film clip. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Underdeveloped emotion regulation abilities may contribute to the challenges of emerging adulthood.

“One factor potentially contributing to the challenges of emerging adulthood is the young person’s underdeveloped emotion regulation abilities (Weinberg & Klonsky, 2009).”

• cites Weinberg & Klonsky, 2009 sourcePartly supported

  The opening summary (p. 1) reports that emotion dysregulation correlated with several psychological problems in adolescents aged 13–17, supporting a possible link between regulation difficulties and challenges. It does not establish that young people’s abilities are underdeveloped or examine the challenges of emerging adulthood. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Evidence from neurobiological, psychophysiological, behavioral, and self-report studies supports the functional account of worry.

“Considerable evidence supports this functional view of worry at neurobiological (Etkin, Prater, Hoeft, Menon, & Schatzberg, 2010), psychophysiological (Oathes, Siegel, & Ray, 2011; Weinberg, Klein, & Hajcak, 2012), behavioral (Cooper, Miranda, & Mennin, 2013), and self-report”

• cites Etkin et al., 2010 sourceSupported
• cites Oathes et al., 2011 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Mennin et al., 2005 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

ERT also improved decentering, cognitive reappraisal, and trait mindfulness and reduced negative emotionality and emotion regulation deficits, with follow-up gains (Hedge's g = 0.52-3.90).

“ERT also resulted in model-related gains, including greater decentering, cognitive reappraisal, and trait mindfulness, as well as reduced negative emotionality and overall emotion regulation deficits (Mennin et al., 2015) with gains maintained throughout follow-up (Hedge’s g = 0.52–3.90).”

• cites Mennin et al., 2015 sourcePartly supported

  The Results section on ERT model-related outcomes reports improvements after treatment and at nine-month follow-up, but notes that negative emotional intensity was an exception at three months. Its reported effect-size ranges also differ from 0.52–3.90: the Results section on diagnostic outcomes assigns that range to anxiety and mood disorder indices, not the model-related measures. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.91)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

A prior open trial of 20-session ERT reduced anxiety and depression symptoms, decreased worry, increased quality of life, and improved social disability from pre- to posttreatment, with gains maintained at 3 and 9 months.

“Prior open-trial findings of ERT, using a 20-session format, demonstrated efficacy in reducing symptoms of anxiety and depression as well as decreasing worry, increasing quality of life, and improving social disability from pre- to posttreatment, with gains maintained throughout a 3- and 9-month follow-up period (Mennin et al., 2015).”

• cites Mennin et al., 2015 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Other GAD perspectives highlight intolerance of uncertainty, emotional nonacceptance, and emotion dysregulation as factors that heighten worry.

“perspectives on GAD complementary to this functional perspective have emphasized processes such as intolerance of uncertainty (Deschenes, Dugas, Radomsky, & Buhr, 2010), emotional nonacceptance (Roemer et al., 2005), and emotion dysregulation (Mennin et al., 2005) factors that increase worry.”

• cites Deschenes et al., 2010 sourceSupported
• cites Roemer et al., 2005 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Mennin et al., 2005 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

It has been proposed that ERT and other contemporary evidence-based interventions may work for diverse populations because they focus on values and conceptualization-based treatment.

“it is posited that interventions such as ERT and other contemporary, evidence-based interventions (e.g., ABBT) may be effective in treating these populations due to their focus on values and conceptualization-based treatment (Fuchs, Lee, Roemer, & Orsillo, 2013; Persons, Fresco, & Ernst, in press)”

• cites Fuchs, Lee, Roemer, & Orsillo, 2013 sourceSupported
• cites Persons, Fresco, & Ernst, in pressNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

GAD involves persistent excessive worry, marked distress, and substantial functional impairment.

“GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER (GAD) is characterized by chronic and excessive worry (American Psychiatric Association, 2000), a high degree of subjective distress, and considerable functional impairment (Barrera & Norton, 2009).”

• cites American Psychiatric Association, 2000Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Barrera & Norton, 2009 sourcePartly supported

  The Discussion reports substantial quality-of-life impairment among treatment-seeking people with GAD, and the introductory passage reports impairment in work and social roles. The paper does not establish a high degree of subjective distress; its measure of subjective quality of life is not the same as distress. The citing sentence attributes chronic and excessive worry to a different source. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Mindfulness-based interventions yield modest treatment gains.

“More recent mindfulness-based interventions that rely on less elaborative components (i.e., attentional bias and dysregulation) have demonstrated modest treatment gains as well (Hoge et al., 2013).”

• cites Hoge et al., 2013 sourcePartly supported

  The Results report greater reductions in several anxiety measures with mindfulness-based stress reduction than with an active control, though the groups did not differ significantly on the primary HAM-A measure. The intervention description identifies present-moment awareness and attention to breathing, but does not characterize the treatment gains as arising from attentional bias or dysregulation. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

GAD and MDD, particularly when comorbid, respond less well to long-term treatment than other anxiety and mood disorders and have worse long-term outcomes.

“GAD and MDD, especially when comorbid, are significantly less responsive to treatment in the long term than other anxiety and mood disorders and overall have inferior long-term treatment outcomes (e.g., Newman, Przeworski, Fisher, & Borkovec, 2010).”

• cites Newman, Przeworski, Fisher, & Borkovec, 2010 sourcePartly supported

  The Discussion reports that improvement in comorbid MDD was not maintained at the two-year follow-up, whereas improvements in simple and social phobia remained below baseline. But the Results found no significant difference between participants with and without pretreatment comorbidity in maintaining GAD treatment gains. The paper does not establish that comorbid GAD and MDD are generally less responsive than other anxiety and mood disorders. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The ERT model proposes that GAD dysfunction is best understood through motivational, regulatory, and contextual learning mechanisms.

“This model posits that dysfunction in disorders such as GAD can best be understood by (a) motivational mechanisms, reflecting the functional and directional properties of an emotional response tendency; (b) regulatory mechanisms, reflecting the alteration of emotional response trajectories utilizing less and more elaborative systems; and (c) contextual learning consequences”

• cites Renna, Quintero, Fresco, & Mennin, 2017 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

ERT patients show high end-state functioning in anxiety and depression outcomes, with rates between 71% and 85% for GAD and 57% to 80% at 9-month follow-up.

“Further, ERT patients evidence high end-state functioning in anxiety and depression outcomes (e.g., between 71 and 85% for GAD and 57–80% high end-state functioning at 9-month follow-up; Mennin et al., 2015, under review).”

• cites Mennin et al., 2015, under review sourcePartly supported

  The Results section, “Clinical Significance Analyses for GAD and MDD Outcomes” (page unavailable), reports high end-state functioning at nine months for 85% of GAD patients and 80% of patients with comorbid MDD. Those figures support the upper ends of the cited ranges, but our copy does not establish the stated 71% and 57% lower bounds. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Participants showed gains from pre- to posttreatment and through 9-month follow-up in model-related general outcomes including negative emotionality, emotion regulation, and mindfulness, and in specific ERT skills targets including shifting and sustaining attention, distancing/decentering, and reappraising.

“Additionally, participants showed gains from pre-to posttreatment and through the 9-month follow-up in model-related general outcomes including negative emotionality, emotion regulation, and mindfulness as well as more specific ERT-related skills training targets including shifting and sustaining attention, distancing/decentering, and reappraising (Mennin & Fresco, 2013).”

• cites Mennin & Fresco, 2013 sourceCould not verify

  Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 2 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Recent investigations have provided preliminary support for behavioral and biological indicators of attentional and metacognitive indices accounting for clinical outcome.

“In addition, recent investigations have provided preliminary support for behavioral and biological indicators of attentional (Renna, Seeley, et al., 2017) and metacognitive indices (Fresco et al., 2017; Raab et al., under review) accounting for clinical outcome.”

• cites Renna, Seeley, et al., 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Fresco et al., 2017 sourceSupported
• cites Raab et al., under reviewNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Current trials are testing ERT transdiagnostically because research has shown that core components of distress disorders such as worry and rumination exist across the diagnostic spectrum.

“Current trials are testing ERT transdiagnostically as research has demonstrated that core components of distress disorders such as worry and rumination exist across the diagnostic spectrum (Mennin & Fresco, 2013).”

• cites Mennin & Fresco, 2013 sourcePartly supported

  The paper’s introductory discussion identifies Emotion Regulation Therapy (ERT) as an integrative CBT approach, and the Context Engagement section discusses difficulties shared across emotional disorders. It does not say that current trials are testing ERT transdiagnostically or establish that worry and rumination occur across the diagnostic spectrum; searches for those terms and for ERT trials did not locate such a passage. No page number was provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Among the 31 participants, 71.00% had primary GAD, 25.81% had co-primary GAD, and 3.23% had secondary GAD.

“Of the 31 participants in the study, 71.00% (n = 22) had a primary diagnosis of GAD, 25.81% (n = 8) had a co-primary diagnosis of GAD, and 3.23% (n =1) had GAD as a secondary diagnosis.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Co-primary MDD was present in 19.35% (n=6) and co-primary social anxiety disorder in 6.45% (n=2).

“Co-primary MDD was present in 19.35% (n = 6) of participants, while 6.45% (n = 2) had a co-primary diagnosis of social anxiety disorder.”

May combine two claims.

45.16% (n=14) met full MDD criteria and 18% (n=7) met subthreshold MDD criteria in addition to GAD.

“In terms of nonprimary diagnostic comorbidity, 45.16% (n = 14) of the sample met full criteria for MDD and an additional 18% (n = 7) met subthreshold criteria for MDD in addition to GAD.”

May combine two claims.

On 30% change across at least four of six depression measures, 68.42% at posttreatment and 66.67% at 3-month follow-up showed substantial improvement, increasing to 77.78% at 9-month follow-up.

“When evaluating 30% change on at least four of six measures of depression, 68.42% of participants at posttreatment and 66.67% at 3-month follow-up demonstrated substantial improvement using this criterion. However, this percentage increased to 77.78% at the 9-month follow-up.”

May combine two claims.

Overall, the results showed significant reductions on all measures, with effect sizes exceeding large-effect conventions.

“Overall, results demonstrate significant reductions on all measures with effect sizes exceeding conventions for large effects.”

May combine two claims.

Participants with MDD showed substantial CSR score reductions at posttreatment, and these results strengthened over 3- and 9-month follow-ups.

“Participants with MDD, overall, showed a substantial reduction in CSR scores at posttreatment with these results strengthening over the 3- and 9-month follow-ups.”

May combine two claims.

Over 80% of participants had CGI-I scores below clinical threshold at posttreatment, with these percentages falling only slightly at 3- and 9-month follow-ups.

“Further, over 80% of participants received CGI-I scores below clinical threshold at posttreatment, with these percentages falling only slightly at the 3- and 9-month follow-up periods.”

May combine two claims.

Depression scores dropped lower for non-White participants (M = 5.25, SD = 4.57) than White participants (M = 10.64, SD = 7.97) at posttreatment, and this was maintained at 3- and 9-month follow-ups.

“Interestingly, depression scores dropped lower for non-White participants (M = 5.25, SD = 4.57) than White participants (M = 10.64, SD = 7.97) at posttreatment, which was maintained at the 3- and 9-month follow-ups.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Of the participants, 29.03% identified their ethnicity as Hispanic.

“Of the participants, 29.03% self-identified their ethnicity as Hispanic.”

May combine two claims.

Over half the sample had GAD CSR reductions below clinical significance at posttreatment, and this percentage increased through 3- and 9-month follow-ups.

“Over half the sample evidenced GAD CSR reductions that fell below clinical significance at posttreatment, with this percentage increasing through the 3- and 9-month follow-ups.”

May combine two claims.

DERS scores fell lower at posttreatment for non-White participants (M = 69.27, SD = 16.88) than White participants (M = 92.50, SD = 23.80), and this difference was maintained at 3- and 9-month follow-ups.

“with scores falling lower at posttreatment for non-White participants (M = 69.27, SD = 16.88) compared to the White group (M = 92.50, SD = 23.80). The difference in this gain was maintained at the 3- and 9-month follow-ups.”

May combine two claims.

No participants began additional psychotherapy between posttreatment and 3-month follow-up, and two began psychotherapy between 3- and 9-month follow-ups.

“No participants endorsed initiating additional psychotherapy between posttreatment and the 3-month follow-up, and two participants reported entering into psychotherapy between the 3- and 9-month follow-ups.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In terms of income, 30.43% reported household income below $25,000 annually, 30.43% reported $25,000 to $49,999, and 13.04% reported $50,000 to $74,999.

“In terms of income, 30.43% of the sample reported that their household (i.e., family) income fell below $25,000 annually, 30.43% reported a household income between $25,000 and $49,999, and 13.04% between $50,000 and $74,999.”

May combine two claims.

Over half of patients met the stringent high end-state functioning definition for GAD at posttreatment (58.06%) and 3-month follow-up (64.29%), with a modest dip at 9-month follow-up (57.14%).

“over half of patients achieved this stringent definition of treatment success at posttreatment (58.06%) and at 3-month follow-up (64.29%) with a modest dip at the 9-month follow-up (57.14%).”

May combine two claims.

73.68% of participants showed moderate or marked MDD improvement at posttreatment, decreasing to 50.00% at 3-month follow-up and 66.67% at 9-month follow-up.

“Further, 73.68% of participants demonstrated moderate or marked improvement at posttreatment, with this number decreasing to 50.00% at the 3-month follow-up. At the 9-month follow-up, 66.67% of participants demonstrated moderate or marked improvement of MDD symptoms.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The sample's self-reported racial distribution was 45.16% White, 6.45% African American, 19.35% Asian American or Pacific Islander, 9.68% mixed race, 3.23% other, and 16.13% Hispanic or Latino.

“Self-reported race for this sample was 45.16% White, 6.45% African American, 19.35% Asian American or Pacific Islanders, 9.68% as mixed race, and 3.23% as other, and 16.13% of the sample self-identified their race as Hispanic/Latino.”

May combine two claims.

Ethnicity by Time interactions trended toward significance for GAD CSR (p = .06) and BDI (p = .09).

“With respect to Ethnicity, the Ethnicity × Time interactions for GAD CSR (p = .06) and BDI (p = .09) trended toward significance.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Over one third of participants, 38.71%, reported being bilingual or fluent in a language other than English.

“Over one third (38.71%) self-reported being either bilingual or fluent in a language other than English”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

19.35% of participants were born outside the United States.

“19.35% of participants were born outside of the United States.”

May combine two claims.

Using stringent criteria, 73.68% at posttreatment, 66.67% at 3-month follow-up, and 55.56% at 9-month follow-up achieved or maintained high end-state functioning for MDD.

“Using more stringent criteria to assess postacute and long-term improvements in MDD symptoms, 73.68% of participants at posttreatment, 66.67% at 3-month follow-up, and 55.56% at 9-month follow-up achieved or maintained high end-state functioning.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The sample was predominantly female, with 22 women, or 70.97%.

“The sample was predominantly female (n = 22, 70.97%), which is consistent with community norms of GAD (McLean, Asnaani, Litz, & Hofmann, 2011).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Participants' mean age was 22.25 years, with a standard deviation of 2.48.

“Participants’ mean age was 22.25 years old (SD = 2.48).”

May combine two claims.

At pretreatment, only one participant was prescribed a stable low-dose antidepressant; no participants reported psychiatric medication between posttreatment and 3-month follow-up, and two reported such medication at 9-month follow-up.

“At pretreatment, only one participant enrolled in the trial while prescribed a stable, low-dose antidepressant medication. No participants reported being on psychiatric medication between posttreatment and the 3-month follow-up and two reported being on such medications at the 9-month follow-up.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Most people who develop diagnosable anxiety and depression show symptoms in young adulthood, often before age 22.

“The majority of individuals who will experience bouts of diagnosable anxiety and depression exhibit symptoms of the disorders in young adulthood, often prior to age 22 (Kessler et al., 2005).”

• cites Kessler et al., 2005 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Worry functions as avoidance.

“Much of our understanding of the phenomena associated with GAD follows from the work of Borkovec, Newman, Pincus, and Lytle (2002), for example, who posited that worry serves an avoidance function.”

• cites Borkovec, Newman, Pincus, and Lytle (2002) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

A principal investigator and an independent assessor, blind to diagnoses and CSRs before intake, confirmed diagnoses and severity ratings.

“A principal investigator and an independent assessor, both of whom were blind to the participant’s diagnoses and CSRs prior to the intake interview, then confirmed participants’ diagnoses and severity ratings.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In U.S. college counseling centers, 58.4% of students report anxiety.

“Within U.S. college counseling centers, 58.4% of students endorse anxiety (American College Health Association, 2016), underscoring the importance of identifying the best ways to approach and treat anxiety and mood issues within this unique at-risk population.”

• cites American College Health Association, 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

An RCT with a minimum attention control found ERT produced greater reductions in GAD and MDD severity, worry, trait anxiety, and depression, plus better functionality and quality of life, maintained for 9 months (Hedges g = 0.48-1.50).

“ERT patients evidenced significantly greater reductions in GAD and MDD severity, worry, trait anxiety, and depression symptoms, and corresponding improvements in functionality and quality of life with gains maintained for 9 months following treatment (Hedges g = 0.48–1.50; Mennin, Fresco, Heimberg, & O’Toole, under review).”

• cites Mennin, Fresco, Heimberg, & O’Toole, under reviewNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Mental health problems in young adults are linked to reduced educational advancement, more substance abuse and violence, and poorer reproductive and sexual health.

“Mental health problems commonly experienced by young adults are associated with reduced educational advancements, increased substance abuse and violence, and poor reproductive and sexual health (Patel, Flisher, Hetrick, & McGorry, 2007).”

• cites Patel, Flisher, Hetrick, & McGorry, 2007 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

CBT reduces GAD severity and has moderate effects during acute treatment and follow-up.

“More conventional treatment approaches such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), which rely primarily on cognitively elaborative, verbally mediated treatment components (i.e., cognitive restructuring), are effective in reducing GAD severity (Cuijpers et al., 2014) and demonstrate moderate effects during the acute phase of treatment and throughout follow-up.”

• cites Cuijpers et al., 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Uncertainty often accompanies major life transitions and may contribute to the high prevalence of depression and anxiety in emerging adults (14.4-16.8%).

“Uncertainty often accompanies these major life transitions and may contribute to the high prevalence of depression and anxiety in emerging adults (14.4–16.8%; Wittchen, Nelson, & Lachner, 1998).”

• cites Wittchen, Nelson, & Lachner, 1998 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In this study, the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire had good internal consistency, with alpha equal to .86.

“In the current study, internal consistency was good (α = .86).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The effectiveness of this briefer ERT version may promote greater dissemination, especially in time-limited settings or where long-term care is cost prohibitive.

“The effectiveness of this briefer version of ERT may promote greater dissemination of the intervention, particularly in settings where treatment may be time limited or for those of whom seeking long-term care is cost prohibitive.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Previous research supports the CGI-I for assessing symptom improvement and reliable change consistent with severity scales.

“Previous research has demonstrated the utility of CGI-I in assessing symptom improvement and its reliable change consistent with corresponding severity scales (Zaider, Heimberg, Fresco, Schneier, & Liebowitz, 2003).”

• cites Zaider, Heimberg, Fresco, Schneier, & Liebowitz, 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Because medication use was low and no additional psychotherapy followed acute treatment, these variables were not controlled for in the analyses.

“Given the low rates of medication usage and the absence of any additional psychotherapy following acute treatment, these variables were not controlled for in analyses.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Primary outcome variables were selected because of their centrality in prior GAD trial research, including the authors' own randomized controlled trial of ERT.

“Primary variables were chosen based on centrality in prior GAD trial research including our own randomized controlled trial of ERT (Mennin et al., under review).”

• cites Mennin et al., under reviewNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Demand for services at college-based counseling centers is often high and resources are sometimes low, so not all individuals can access available care.

“Further, demand for services within college-based counseling centers are often high, and resources are sometimes low, so not all individuals are able to access the care available there (Watkins, Hunt, & Eisenberg, 2012).”

• cites Watkins, Hunt, & Eisenberg, 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In this study, the Affect Intensity Measure Negative Intensity subscale had moderate internal consistency before treatment, with alpha equal to .65.

“Internal consistency at pretreatment was moderate at .65.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In this study, the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale total score had strong internal consistency before treatment, with alpha equal to .88.

“The current study used the DERS total score, which demonstrated strong internal consistency at pretreatment (α = .88).”

May combine two claims.

The findings extend prior results by showing comparably strong effects for a 16-session abbreviated ERT in reducing GAD and MDD symptoms, worry, rumination, and social disability and in improving quality of life in ethnically diverse young adults with anxiety and mood disorders.

“Findings also extend these prior results by showing comparably strong effects for an abbreviated version of ERT (i.e., 16 sessions) in reducing both GAD and MDD symptoms, worry, rumination, and social disability, as well as improving quality of life in a sample of ethnically diverse young adults suffering from anxiety and mood disorders.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The clinical significance approach used in this study is more conservative than the reliable change index.

“This approach represents a more conservative estimate of clinically meaningful change as compared to the reliable change index”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

MASQ subscale internal consistency ranged from moderate to strong at pretreatment (α=.61-.91).

“Cronbach’s alpha for the MASQ subscales in the current study ranged from moderate to strong at pretreatment (α = .61–.91).”

May combine two claims.

Young adults are a group particularly at risk of anxiety and mood difficulties and are less likely to seek treatment.

“Findings from the current study highlight the need for interventions that are both efficacious and tolerable for young adults, a group that is particularly at risk of suffering from anxiety and mood difficulties while also characterized by a decreased likelihood of seeking treatment.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

SDS internal consistency was low at pretreatment (.38).

“Consistent with previous research, the Cronbach’s alpha for the three-item SDS in the current study at pretreatment was low at .38.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

STAI-7 internal consistency was moderate at pretreatment (α=.64).

“Internal consistency of the STAI-7 was moderate at pretreatment (Cronbach’s α = .64).”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

A Bonferroni correction was applied within each family of analyses to reduce Type I error from multiple comparisons.

“To reduce the likelihood of Type I errors due to multiple comparisons, a Bonferroni correction was used for each family of analysis”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Interviewers had to show strong interrater reliability on at least two interviews before assessing independently, indicated by 100% diagnostic agreement and CSR scores within 1 point.

“Interviewers being trained were required to demonstrate strong interrater reliability on at least two interviews with a more experienced interviewer before conducting assessments independently, as indicated by 100% diagnostic agreement and CSR scores within 1 point of each other.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In this study, the Experiences Questionnaire Decentering subscale had strong internal consistency before treatment, with alpha equal to .80.

“In the current study, the internal consistency at pretreatment was strong (α = .80).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Adherence was checked by audio recording all sessions and coding all 16 sessions from 40% of cases, with 25% double coded; interreliability was 100%.

“To establish adherence to the treatment protocol, all treatment sessions were audio recorded, and research assistants coded all 16 sessions from 40% of all cases, with 25% of these cases coded by two coders to establish interreliability. Reliability rates between the coders was 100%.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

PTQ internal consistency was strong at pretreatment (α=.86).

“Internal consistency in the current study at pretreatment was strong (α = .86).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

ACS internal consistency was strong at pretreatment (α=.85).

“Internal consistency in the current study at pretreatment was strong (α = .85).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Before treatment, participants completed an independent assessment with clinician-administered SCID modules, and the interviewer was blind to details from the initial intake interview.

“Prior to the start of treatment, participants completed an independent assessment, which included clinician-administered personally relevant SCID modules based upon intake (i.e., a CSR > 3) with an interviewer blind to details from the initial intake interview.”

May combine two claims.

Mean therapist skillfulness was 98.4% and mean frequency of protocol-consistent actions was 91.2%.

“Overall, the mean skillfulness rating of the therapists coded was 98.4%, while the mean frequency of actions consistent with the treatment protocol was 91.2%.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

QOLI internal consistency was adequate at pretreatment (α=.76).

“Internal consistency in the current study was adequate at pretreatment (α = .76).”

May combine two claims.

ERT trials provide evidence for strengthening traditional GAD outcomes as well as MDD and associated processes.

“ERT trials provide evidence for strengthening for traditional GAD outcomes (e.g., anxiety and worry) as well as MDD and associated processes.”

May combine two claims.

ERT is efficacious and well tolerated, as shown by low dropout rates throughout treatment.

“The present study replicates prior trials indicating that ERT is efficacious and well tolerated as indicated by low rates of dropout throughout treatment.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In this study, the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire Reappraisal subscale had strong internal consistency before treatment, with alpha equal to .86.

“The ERQ-R (Gross & John, 2003) is a six-item measure of cognitive reappraisal that demonstrated strong internal consistency in the current study at pretreatment (α = .86).”

May combine two claims.

Last observation carried forward is a transparent and straightforward way to handle missing data and likely gives a conservative lower-range estimate of true treatment effects.

“Despite these potential limitations, even critics concede that LOCF represents a transparent, straightforward way of handling missing data, and likely reflects a conservative lower-range estimate of true treatment effects (e.g., Houck et al., 2004).”

• cites Houck et al., 2004 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The college Institutional Review Board approved all study procedures.

“The Institutional Review Board of the college approved all procedures.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Clinicians were 12 doctoral students in clinical psychology trained by D.M.F. and D.S.M. and supervised 2 hours weekly.

“Clinicians consisted of 12 doctoral students in clinical psychology trained to administer treatment protocol by D.M.F. and D.S.M. and received 2 hours of supervision on a weekly basis.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

RS internal consistency was moderate (.63).

“Internal consistency for the RS in the current study was moderate at .63.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

PSWQ internal consistency was strong at pretreatment (α=.80).

“In the current study, Cronbach’s alpha for the PSWQ at pretreatment was strong at .80.”

May combine two claims.

ERT demonstrates large, sustained effects in GAD and MDD outcomes and in worry and rumination that are equivalent or superior to prior GAD trials.

“Indeed, ERT demonstrates large, sustained effects in GAD and MDD outcomes as well as in worry and rumination equivalent or superior to prior GAD trials.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

BDI-II internal consistency was strong at pretreatment (α=.86).

“Internal consistency of the BDI-II was strong at pretreatment (α = .86).”

May combine two claims.

17% of clinically eligible participants were not enrolled because of fMRI exclusions, and only 38% of all potential participants were deemed eligible and enrolled, further limiting generalizability.

“Further, a large percentage (17%) of clinically eligible participants were not enrolled because of the fMRI exclusions and only 38% of all potential participants were deemed eligible and enrolled in the study—thus, further limiting generalizability of the current findings.”

May combine two claims.

Several outcome variables, including SDS, STAI, RS, MASQ, and AIM, demonstrated low reliability and should be interpreted with caution.

“Finally, several outcome variables demonstrated low reliability (i.e., SDS, STAI, RS, MASQ, and AIM) and therefore should be interpreted with caution.”

May combine two claims.

ERT was not explicitly tailored to different races and ethnicities, but its case conceptualization approach allowed therapists to target contextual stressors that may present barriers to successful treatment.

“Although ERT was not explicity tailored to different races and ethnicities, the use of a case conceptualization approach allowed therapists to target contextual stressors that may present barriers to successful treatment.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Non-White racial-minority groups may experience boundaries not faced by White counterparts, contributing to reduced willingness to seek treatment.

“Non-White racial-minority groups may also experience boundaries not faced by White counterparts, contributing to their reduced willingness to seek treatment.”

May combine two claims.

Non-White participants showed greater improvements in emotion regulation abilities and greater reductions in depressive symptoms throughout treatment compared with White participants.

“Interestingly, we found that non-White participants demonstrated greater improvements in emotion regulation abilities and greater reductions in depressive symptoms throughout treatment compared with White participants.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Research has shown stigma associated with mental health care, socioeconomic hardships, and lack of specialized care as three potential risk factors for non-White Americans not seeking treatment.

“Research has also shown stigma associated with mental health care, socioeconomic hardships, and lack of specialized care as three potential risk factors for non-White Americans not seeking treatment (Kouyoumdjian, Zamboanga, & Hansen, 2003).”

• cites Kouyoumdjian, Zamboanga, & Hansen, 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Although subgroup analyses had small samples and preliminary results, the findings indicate that ERT was successful overall in treating a heterogeneous group.

“Although these subgroup analyses yielded relatively small sample sizes and results are preliminary, these findings highlight that ERT was successful overall in treating a heterogeneous group of individuals.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The low reliability of these measures highlights the need to better understand their psychometric properties in diverse samples.

“The low relabilitity of these measures highlight the necessity to better understand their psychometric properties in diverse samples.”

May combine two claims.

The ethnic groups were relatively uneven, which may have influenced the analysis.

“Although we were able to examine differences in treatment outcome based on race (White vs. non-White) and ethnicity (Hispanic vs. non-Hispanic), the ethnic groups were relatively uneven, which may have influenced the analysis.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Recent evidence supports model components such as decentering as mediators of clinical outcome.

“Indeed, recent evidence supports model components such as decentering as mediators of clinical outcome (Mennin et al., under review).”

• cites Mennin et al., under reviewNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Although the inclusion of economically, racially, and ethnically diverse participants was a strength, barriers to treatment that such patients often face may not fully apply because they received free mental health care at the on-campus counseling center.

“Although a strength of this study was the inclusion of economically, racially, and ethnically diverse participants, the barriers to treatment that such patients often face may not fully apply since these individuals were provided with free mental health care at the on-campus counseling center.”