Increased error-related brain activity distinguishes generalized anxiety disorder with and without comorbid major depressive disorder
Open accessAbstract
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) are so frequently comorbid that some have suggested that the 2 should be collapsed into a single overarching "distress" disorder. Yet there is also increasing evidence that the 2 categories are not redundant. Neurobehavioral markers that differentiate GAD and MDD would be helpful in ongoing efforts to refine classification schemes based on neurobiological measures. The error-related negativity (ERN) may be one such marker. The ERN is an event-related potential component presenting as a negative deflection approximately 50 ms following an erroneous response and reflects activity of the anterior cingulate cortex. There is evidence for an enhanced ERN in individuals with GAD, but the literature in MDD is mixed. The present study measured the ERN in 26 GAD, 23 comorbid GAD and MDD, and 36 control participants, all of whom were female and medication-free. Consistent with previous research, the GAD group was characterized by a larger ERN and an increased difference between error and correct trials than controls. No such enhancement was evident in the comorbid group, suggesting comorbid depression may moderate the relationship between the ERN and anxiety. The present study further suggests that the ERN is a potentially useful neurobiological marker for future studies that consider the pathophysiology of multiple disorders in order to construct or refine neurobiologically based diagnostic phenotypes.
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A functional perspective of worry has been supported in studies using neurobiological, psychophysiological, behavioral, and self-report measurement.
“A functional perspective of worry has been supported in studies utilizing neurobiological11, psychophysiological12–14, behavioral15, and self-report16–17 measurement.”
From AN OPEN TRIAL OF EMOTION REGULATION THERAPY FOR GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER AND COOCCURRING DEPRESSION. (2015) · cites this paper as [14]
The Results (Error-Related Brain Activity; page unavailable) report a larger error-related neural response in participants with GAD without comorbid depression, and the introductory passage reports an association between worry and error-related brain activity. This supports the neurobiological-measurement portion of the citation, but the paper does not establish what function worry serves. Citation 11 is not being asked to support the other measurement types. (LLM, conf=0.78)
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- Authors
- Weinberg, A., Klein, D. N., & Hajcak, G.
- Affiliations
- Stony Brook University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology
- Published
- 2012-11
- Volume
- 121
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 885-896
- ISSN
- 0021-843X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1846
- PMC
- PMC3659236
- OpenAlex
- W2079642224
- Cited by
- 182
- References
- 132
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 14
- FWCI
- 19.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH091837-01A1)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- generalized anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, comorbidities, error-related negativity, anterior cingulate cortex, event-related potentials, diagnostic classification
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Brain, Major Depressive Disorder, Depressive Disorder, Major, Diagnosis, Differential, Electroencephalography, Evoked Potentials, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Middle Aged, Reaction Time
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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