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Microfabrication of complex porous tissue engineering scaffolds using 3D projection stereolithography
Open accessAbstract
The success of tissue engineering will rely on the ability to generate complex, cell seeded three-dimensional (3D) structures. Therefore, methods that can be used to precisely engineer the architecture and topography of scaffolding materials will represent a critical aspect of functional tissue engineering. Previous approaches for 3D scaffold fabrication based on top-down and process driven methods are often not adequate to produce complex structures due to the lack of control on scaffold architecture, porosity, and cellular interactions. The proposed projection stereolithography (PSL) platform can be used to design intricate 3D tissue scaffolds that can be engineered to mimic the microarchitecture of tissues, based on computer aided design (CAD). The PSL system was developed, programmed and optimized to fabricate 3D scaffolds using gelatin methacrylate (GelMA). Variation of the structure and prepolymer concentration enabled tailoring the mechanical properties of the scaffolds. A dynamic cell seeding method was utilized to improve the coverage of the scaffold throughout its thickness. The results demonstrated that the interconnectivity of pores allowed for uniform human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) distribution and proliferation in the scaffolds, leading to high cell density and confluency at the end of the culture period. Moreover, immunohistochemistry results showed that cells seeded on the scaffold maintained their endothelial phenotype, demonstrating the biological functionality of the microfabricated GelMA scaffolds.
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“Results from 3D studies demonstrate that increasing the dimensionality of extracellular matrix (ECM) around cells from 2D to 3D can significantly impact cell proliferation, differentiation, mechano-responses, and cell survival (2,10,41).”
From Modeling physiological events in 2D vs. 3D cell culture (2017) · cites this paper as [41]
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Tissue engineered scaffold fabrication methods for medical applications
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“Various researches have been conducted to directly fabricate complex hollow structures using additive manufacturing (AM) technologies [30,31].”
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“Several types of bioprinting techniques exist, such as stereolithography [164,165], inkjet [166], extrusion [167], two-photon polymerization [168], and laserinduced forward transfer [169].”
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3D bioprinting for the repair of articular cartilage and osteochondral tissue
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A 3D bioprinted cortical organoid platform for modeling human brain development
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Metadata
- Authors
- Gauvin, R., Chen, Y.-C., Lee, J. W., Soman, P., Zorlutuna, P., Nichol, J. W., Bae, H., Chen, S., & Khademhosseini, A.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Corresponding author
- Chen, Ying-Chieh
- Chen, Shaochen
- Khademhosseini, Ali
- ORCID
- Venue
- Biomaterials
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-05
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 15
- Pages
- 3824-3834
- ISSN
- 0142-9612 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3766354
- OpenAlex
- W2164279637
- Cited by
- 641
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 58 · 2020: 66 · 2019: 69 · 2018: 59 · 2017: 53 · 2016: 43 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 41 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 22.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Biomaterials (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (HL099073, EB012597, HL092836)
- Fonds Québécois de la Recherche sur la Nature et les Technologies
- National Science Foundation (DMR0847287)
- Office of Naval Research
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › 3D Printing in Biomedical Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Hydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications
- Keywords
- projection stereolithography, tissue engineering scaffolds, gelatin methacryloyl, 3D microfabrication, porous scaffolds, scaffold porosity, human umbilical vein endothelial cells, endothelial phenotype, scaffold mechanical properties, scaffold architecture
- MeSH terms
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Humans, Porosity, Microscopy, Confocal, Tissue Engineering, Green Fluorescent Proteins, Tissue Scaffolds, Microtechnology, Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells
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