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Coping with Emotions Past: The Neural Bases of Regulating Affect Associated with Negative Autobiographical Memories
Open accessAbstract
Background Although the ability to adaptively reflect on negative autobiographical experiences without ruminating is critical to mental health, to our knowledge no research has directly examined the neural systems underlying this process.Methods Sixteen participants were scanned using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) as they focused on negative autobiographical memories using cognitive strategies designed to facilitate (feel strategy) versus undermine (analyze and accept strategies) rumination.Results Two key findings were obtained. First, consistent with prior emotion regulation research using image-based stimuli, left prefrontal activity was observed during the implementation of all three strategies. Second, activity in a network of regions involved in self-referential processing and emotion, including subgenual anterior cingulate cortex and medial prefrontal cortex, was highest in response to the feel strategy and lowest for the accept strategy. This pattern of activation mirrored participants' self-reports of negative affect when engaging in each strategy.Conclusions These findings shed light on the brain regions that distinguish adaptive versus maladaptive forms of reflecting on negative autobiographical memories and offer a novel, ecologically valid route to exploring the neural bases of emotion regulation using fMRI.
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“Also, increased activity in areas associated with perspective taking predicted lower negative affect when decentering relative to the comparison condition – this included the superior parietal lobule, caudate and medial frontal gyrus.”
From Decentering as a core component in the psychological treatment and prevention of youth anxiety and depression: a narrative review and insight report (2021) · cites this paper as [45]
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“Findings suggest lower activity in areas associated with (intrapersonal) cognitive conflict and affective processing when decentering from negative memories relative to a comparison condition in which no attempt was made to alter ones experiences – brain regions included the medial and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex as well as the subgenual anterior cingulate45.”
From Decentering as a core component in the psychological treatment and prevention of youth anxiety and depression: a narrative review and insight report (2021) · cites this paper as [45]
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“there is some suggestion that acceptance may facilitate self-distancing and reappraisal of negative autobiographical memories, corresponding with comparative decreases in subgenual ACC and medial PFC activity (Kross, Davidson, Weber, & Ochsner, 2009).”
From Mechanisms of mindfulness training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT (2017) · cites this paper as Kross, Davidson, Weber, & Ochsner, 2009
In the citing paper
“activity within the subgenual cortex positively correlates with negative affect in healthy subjects (56–58)”
From Functional anatomy of ventromedial prefrontal cortex: implications for mood and anxiety disorders (2012) · cites this paper as [56]
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“Participants provided these cue phrases before the day of fMRI scanning using a procedure developed in prior research64”
From Separate neural representations for physical pain and social rejection (2014) · cites this paper as [64]
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Costas‐Carrera, A., Garrido, G., Penadés, R., Jovell, E., Valenzuela, L., Vendrell, J. M., & Ramos-Grille, I. (2020) · Psiquiatría Biológica · doi:10.1016/j.psiq.2020.08.003
The neural architecture of emotional intelligence.
Stoica, T. (2021) · ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository (University of Louisville) · doi:10.18297/etd/3623
Meditation reduces brain activity in the default mode network in children with cancerPreprint
Hehr, A., Iadipaolo, A. S., Morales, A., Cohen, C., Taub, J. W., Harper, F. W. K., Goldberg, E., Bluth, M. H., Rabinak, C. A., & Marusak, H. A. (2022) · doi:10.22541/au.164340169.91748604/v1
Neuronale Korrelate von Placeboeffekt, Furchtextinktion und willentlicher Emotionsregulation
Geier, K. (2014) · eDiss (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) · doi:10.53846/goediss-4626
Randolph, J. J. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-11389-5_12 · Cited by 2
(2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-18750-6.00028-6
Löffler‐Stastka, H. (2023) · Psychiatria Danubina · doi:10.24869/psyd.2023.295 · Cited by 1
“…subgenual anterior cingulate cortex and medial prefrontal cortex) similarly involved with self-referential processing and emotion, with higher activation when it is associated with feelings associated with negative affects rather than with the aiming at accepting them (Kross et al. 2009).”
Effect of gardening on the human psychological and physiological state
Taran, N., Batsmanova, L., KOSYK, O., & Zyma, I. (2023) · Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Psychology · doi:10.17721/bpsy.2023.2(18).11
Nachhaltigkeit im Wald aus forstwirtschaftlicher und psychologischer Perspektive
Karim, A. A. (2025) · Weiterbildung und Forschung der SRH Fernhochschule - the mobile university · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-45267-4_4
Graner, J. L., Faul, L., Diehl, J. M., Madden, D. J., Smoski, M. J., & LaBar, K. S. (2025) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.a.88
Fiorito, A. M., Kheireddine, A., Han, H., Morel-Prieur, C., Oriol, N., Schneider, F., Sescousse, G., & Fakra, É. (2026) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.70437
“Beyond its role in primary visual processing, the cuneus appears to contribute to working memory (Bomyea et al. 2017; He et al. 2021; Owens et al. 2018), and to the regulation of emotions associated with negative autobiographical memories (Kross et al. 2009).”
Int-Veen, I., Fallgatter, A. J., Ehlis, A., & Rosenbaum, D. (2026) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1155/da/8855110 · Cited by 1
“When speci fi cally investigating the neural correlates of state rumination, aberrant functioning of the (left) DLPFC [39, 44, 66], the medial prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex [67, 68] and the right IFG has been repeatedly reported [38].”
Hempel, M., Rosada, C., Klockgeter, J., Lipka, R., Metz, S., Heekeren, H. R., Grimm, S., & Wingenfeld, K. (2026) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2026.107872
Memory and perception: Child maltreatment, inflammation and implications for psychotherapy
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Beyond the ABCs: A Neuroscience Perspective on Philosophical Belief Change in REBT
Bernard, M. E. (2026) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-026-00684-8
“However, contemporary neuroscience (e.g., suggests that broader and more enduring therapeutic change is more likely when intervention also modifies the core irrational philosophies that organise personal meaning across situ - ations (e.g., Kross et al. 2009).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Kross, E., Davidson, M., Weber, J., & Ochsner, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Columbia University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kross, Ethan
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-03
- Volume
- 65
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 361-366
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2726992
- OpenAlex
- W2158177648
- Cited by
- 295
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 5.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH076137, MH076137)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
- Keywords
- emotion regulation, rumination, self-referential processing, subgenual anterior cingulate cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, left prefrontal cortex, negative affect, cognitive strategies
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Affect, Brain Mapping, Cognition, Emotions, Female, Gyrus Cinguli, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Memory, Prefrontal Cortex, Young Adult
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