Individual differences in trait rumination and the neural systems supporting cognitive reappraisal

“People differ, however, in the extent to which they use reappraisal to cognitively turn a sow’s ear into a silk purse, or vice versa ( Gross & John, 2003 ).”

“More generally, cognitive reappraisal has been shown to have salutary effects on experience, physiological responding, and behavior, without some of the costs associated with other regulatory strategies, such as expressive suppression ( Gross, 1998, 2002 ).”

“tiple regions of ACC and MPFC (including bilateral anterior regions BA 24 and 32 and medial region BA 10; see Table 1; Figures 3A, 3B) implicated in self-referential processing in previous research (Craik et al., 1999; Fossati et al., 2003; Johnson et al., 2002; Kelley et al., 2002; Kircher et al., 2002; Lieberman et…”

“Only female participants were included in order to eliminate gender differences in variability of responses to negative images (e.g., Cahill et al., 2001; Canli, Desmond, Zhao, & Gabrieli, 2002; Kring & Gordon, 1998).”

“This interpretation runs counter to the findings of Davis and Nolen-Hoeksema (2000), who have found that depressive ruminators show an inflexible cognitive style in the Wisconsin Card Sort Test.”

“We also observed, however, that in the condition of decreasing negative affect, rumination predicted decreases in bilateral medial prefrontal area BA 10 and adjacent anterior cingulate areas BA 24 and 32. These medial frontal areas have been implicated in emotion processing (Christoff, Ream, Geddes, & Gabrieli, 2003;…”

“…implicated in self-referential processing in previous research (Craik et al., 1999; Fossati et al., 2003; Johnson et al., 2002; Kelley et al., 2002; Kircher et al., 2002; Lieberman et al., 2004), as well as emotion-processing areas such as the right amygdala ( p .001 uncorrected, p .015 corrected).”

“Future investigations that test the self-reflective consequences of bulimic behaviors and substance abuse should be conducted to determine whether these behaviors actually do provide an escape from ruminative self-awareness.”

“However, a distinction has been drawn between strategies that involve reappraisal of the emotional stimulus or situation and strategies that involve distancing oneself from the stimulus or situation (Ochsner et al., 2004; Ray et al., 2005).”

“and is associated with both self-referential attribution as well as self-referential appraisa”

“elicit emotional responses including negative photographs depicting threat-related images such as accident scenes (e.g., McRae et al., 2010; Ochsner et al., 2002; Ray et al., 2005; Urry, 2010), or disgust-eliciting film excerpts (Goldin, McRae, Ramel, & Gross, 2008).”

“It already has been shown that people who tend to ruminate a lot show greater amygdala modulation during reappraisal than do nonruminators (Ray et al., 2005).”

“Thisactivityisreduced inanxiety[38,45,48,49, 56 ].Figure3illustratesthecommonality in the lateral and medial prefrontal regions activated across the different paradigms, highlighting those showing a reduced response in high anxious individuals.”

“…life stressors: O’Mara, McNulty, & Karney, 2011; Shallcross, Troy, Boland, & Mauss, 2010; and habitual use of emotion regulation strategies: Burns, Quartana, & Bruehl, 2007; Geraerts, Merckelbach, Jelicic, & Smeets, 2006; Gilliam et al., 2010; Ray et al., 2005; Wolgast, Lundh, & Viborg, 2011).”

“The relationship between rumination and reappraisal has begun to be investigated (Ray, Wilhelm, & Gross, 2008), and individual differences in rumination have been shown to affect the degree to which women can use cognitive regulation to increase negative emotion using a variation on the same task used in the present s…”

“response to induced self-referential processing, re appraisal or emotion processing tasks (Jones, Fournier, & Stone, 2017; Mandell, Siegle, Shutt, Fe ldmiller, & Thase, 2014; Murphy, Barch, Pagliaccio, Luby, & Belden, 2016; Ray et al., 2005) , in remitted depressed groups (Nejad et al.”

“Research examining the processes involved in the active reinterpretation of a situation lend support to the proposal of prefrontal downregulation of the amygdala and the insula (Ochsner & Gross, 2008 ; Phan et al, 2005 ; Ray et al, 2005 ).”

“For example, the data reviewed above suggested that the RMPFC contributes to self-evaluations, both positive and negative, and may play a role in rumination and the perpetuation of negative affect in some situations (Farb et al., 2011; Kross et al., 2009; Kucyi et al., 2014; Ray et al., 2005; Sheline et al., 2009).”

“Thus, these findings add to a growing literature that aims to integrate social, cognitive and neuroscience data by considering how personality variables engage top–down control processes to modulate bottom–up stimulus processing (Amodio et al., 2004; Mathews et al., 2004; Ray et al., 2005).”

“This research might involve utilizing the LPP to study emotional processing and emotion regulation in relationship to various personality traits (Ray et al., 2005) and in groups of patients with an impaired ability to regulate their emotions.”

“In initial clinical trials of GAD over 4 weeks, TPA023 (MK 0777) was effective with a significantly superior HAM-A scale reduction compared to placebo (Fig.”

“…has also been found to be associated with amygdala activation during the up-regulation of negative affect in healthy controls, suggesting that an increased tendency to ruminate, even in nondepressed individuals, exacerbates the neural processing of negative information (Ray et al., 2005).”

“Finally, persons who report being ruminators, a quality that renders them vulnerable to depression (NolenHoeksema, 2000; Nolen-Hoeksema, Morrow, & Fredrickson, 1993), show greater and longer amygdala activation when asked to temporarily increase their negative affect, compared with other people (Ray et al., 2005; Sieg…”

“As noted above, a parallel phenomenon highlighted in the context of CBT is rumination, a perseverative thought process that prevents new emotional experiences from occurring (Ray et al. 2005) and further ingrains the patient’s original version of prior experiences.”

“A similar mechanism might also explain Ray et al.’s (2005) unexpected finding that in a nondepressed sample, trait ruminators were better than nonruminators at following instructions to increase and decrease their emotional responses to a negative picture.”

“... Rauch et al., 2000; depression: Drevets et al., 1992] might be due to a lack of prefrontal cortical inhibition [emotional instability and ACC dysfunction: Bush et al., 2000; depression and DLPFC dysfunction: Brody et al., 2001; posttraumatic stress disorder and ACC gray matter volume reduction: Yamasue et al., 200…”

“…is highly consistent with prevailing neural models of MDD that highlight decreased modulatory control of prefrontal brain regions on limbic brain regions, particularly in the context of emotion processing and emotion regulation (Johnstone et al., 2007; Joormann and Gotlib, 2010; Ray et al., 2005).”

“Rumination tends to increase when negative emotions are up-regulated (Ray et al., 2005).”

“Interestingly, individuals with higher tendencies to ruminate also tend to activate the amygdala and the ventrolateral PFC more when trying to cognitively reappraise a situation (Ray et al. 2005), which may increase the affective valence of evaluated stimuli.”

“Furthermore, the amygdala, another element of the SN, has been associated with rumination in depressed adults, with activation positively correlated with rumination (43,44).”

“Another fMRI study examined a tendency to ruminate in individuals who were not clinically depressed while they looked at emotionally negative pictures and instructed to either regulate their emotional reaction or to just look at the picture (Ray et al., 2005).”

“We are aware of a few experimental studies that tested online regulation (Ochsner et al., 2002; Ochsner et al., 2004; Ray et al., 2005 ).”

“Prior research has demonstrated both activation of the dorsal ACC (Kalisch et al 2006;Ray et al 2005;Ochsner et al 2004;Phillips et al 2003), PFC (Ray et al 2005;Pessoa et al 2002) and other brain regions associated with emotion (Ray et al 2005;Ochsner et al 2004;Pessoa et al 2002) and deactivation…”

“The third “analyze” strategy directed participants to objectively analyze the causes and reasons underlying their feelings and was designed as a memory analog of cognitive reappraisal strategies used in prior fMRI studies (12,13,18,19).”

“…to affective, especially threatening, stimuli and interindividual variability in indices of trait (Dickie & Armony 2008, Etkin et al. 2004, Haas et al. 2007, Killgore & Yurgelun-Todd 2005, Most et al. 2006, Ray et al. 2005) and also state anxiety (Bishop et al. 2004, Somerville et al. 2004).”

“Furthermore, future research may examine whether reappraisal training effects are modulated by age (in an age-diverse sample), gender, educational level, and individual differences in meaningful personality variables that prior research has shown may impact the ability to employ reappraisal effectively, such as neurot…”

“Cognitive reappraisal is thought to be a successful emotion regulation strategy, decreasing negative affect and resulting in an attenuation of blood pressure [20], [21].”

“This method has been used in prior studies that have used whole brain correlational analyses to examine individual differences (e.g. Bunge et al., 2002; Ray et al., 2005).”

“In addition, recent research has reported an association between rumination and vACC function in the context of both self-referential processing and depression (Berman et al., 2011; Cooney et al., 2010; Heatherton, 2011; Ray et al., 2005).”

“…in the cingulate cortex has been shown to covary with awareness and experience of distress (e.g., Ochsner et al., 2006; Goldin et al., 2005; Ray et al., 2005; Coghill, McHaffie, & Yen, 2003; Eisenberger, Lieberman, & Williams, 2003) and specific subregions of the cingulate appear to be…”

“In the first functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study to investigate neural mechanisms associated with rumination, participants completed three self-report rumination questionnaires (Ray et al., 2005).”

“…and OBF in the regulation of emotional arousal in general (e.g., Etkin et al. 2006), and specifically in anxiety related processing (Qin and Northoff 2011; Ray et al. 2005) and with the increased activity of the MPFC and OBF in several anxiety disorders (Fredrikson et al., 1995; Shin et al. 2013).”

“…coupling with the mPFC may influence the appraisal of emotional events and promote rumination about negative affect (Ochsner and Gross, 2005; Ray et al., 2005), whereas reduced coupling with the OFC may reduce behavioral inhibition and promote impulsivity and violence (Coccaro et al., 2007;…”

“In addition, depression is associated with rumination about negative selfrelevant information (Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2008), and the tendency to ruminate may be related to differences in anterior medial cortex activity (e.g. Ray et al., 2005; Greicius et al., 2007).”

“Specifically, the commonly observed positive correlation between threat-related amygdala reactivity and anxiety (Dickie & Armony, 2008; Etkin et al., 2004; Fakra et al., 2009; Haas et al., 2007; Hariri, 2009; Killgore & Yurgelun-Todd, 2005; Most et al., 2006; Ray et al., 2005; Stein et al., 2007) was absent in individ…”

“The OFC has been implicated in cognitive reappraisal and emotional regulation (Ray et al., 2005) related to interoception and somatoviscero stimuli, for directing our behaviour appropriately (Barrett et al., 2007; Wiech et al., 2005).”

“[38,39 ,40–42]).”

“In spite of the consistent data showing that patients with clinical diagnoses of anxietyrelated disorders exhibit deficits in emotional regulation [8], less evidence is available of the impact of specific personality measures on this process [63], and even less when considering subclinical variability in healthy indiv…”

“Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies suggest a link between deficient corticolimbic processing of negative affective materials and habitual rumination (Ray et al. 2005 ; Siegle et al. 2006).”

“…strand of research has used neuroimaging to investigate the neural correlates of asking individuals to attend to their own internal emotional state and modify it in a specific direction (Schaefer et al., 2002; Lévesque et al., 2003; Ochsner and Gross, 2005; Beauregard, 2007; Wager et al., 2008).”

“For example, self-report rumination is associated with amygdala activation when healthy controls are instructed to increase their levels of negative affect (Ray et al., 2005).”

“Additionally, although co-occurring psychotic and anxiety disorders are common and warrant discussion, the majority of the current discussion will be limited to co-occurring MDD and SUDs.”

“reappraisal [37,54], and in particular in evaluating punishment [46].”

“…et al, 2009) and prevailing neural models of MDD that highlight decreased modulatory control of prefrontal cortical brain regions over limbic brain regions, particularly in the context of emotion processing and emotion regulation (Johnstone et al, 2007; Joormann and Gotlib, 2010; Ray et al, 2005).”

“, 2006) are involved when individuals focus on the self-relevance of these images (Ochsner, Ray et al., 2004; Ray et al., 2005).”

“A slightly superior region of the VLPFC to the one identified here has been consistently implicated in studies examining reappraisal (Goldin, McRae, Ramel, & Gross, 2008; Phan et al., 2005; Ray et al., 2005; Ochsner, Bunge, Gross, & Gabrieli, 2002).”

“Interestingly, individuals with depression exhibit increased mPFC activity when ruminating compared to healthy controls [28,45], in addition to decreased top-down inhibition of these processes [28,46].”

“This region has been related in many neuroimaging studies to subjective anxiety and selfreferential processing (Breiter and Rosen, 1999; Dougherty et al., 2004; Eisenberger et al., 2003; Ray et al., 2005; Wang et al., 2005), and is thus a neurophysiologically plausible candidate to show sustained activation related to…”

“Rumination is further associated with other risk factors for emotion dysregulation including emotional inflexibility, greater reactivity and sustained response in the amygdala, and executive functioning deficits (Ray et al., 2005; Siegle, Steinhauer, Thase, Stenger, & Carter, 2002).”

“This pattern of brain activity has recently been termed ‘anxiety-related hyporesponsivity ’ (Bishop, 2008) and it has been suggested that attenuation may mediate the ability to reinterpret threat (Ray et al. 2005).”

“, type of strategy attempted, amount of effort applied) determine whether a person will be able to successfully employ regulation? The topic of individual differences in the use of cognitive strategies for regulatory purposes is of great interest currently (e.g., Modinos, Ormel, & Aleman, 2010; Canli, Ferri, & Duman,…”

“…affect, hyper-reactivity to negative feedback, and rumination – are associated with increased and sustained limbic reactivity (Erk et al., 2010; Ray et al., 2005; Siegle, Steinhauer, Thase, Stenger and Carter, 2002; Siegle, Thompson, et al., 2007; Surguladze et al., 2005; Taylor Tavares et…”

“The location of sustained activation is consistent with previous studies that reported a significant correlation between MedPFC activation and rumination (Ray et al., 2005) and MedPFC activation and mindfulness (Creswell et al.”

“Most neuroimaging studies on rumination and the sustained processing of negative information have been based on emotional regulation designs (Ray et al., 2005; Siegle, Steinhauer, Thase, Stenger, & Carter 2002).”

“It has been theorized that reappraisal alters the signaling properties of aversive stimuli, thereby modulating emotional responding in the amygdala accordingly [Diekhof et al., 2011; Ochsner and Gross, 2005; Ray et al., 2005].”

“Several studies suggest that negative mood states and depressive illness are associated with increased activity within the amygdala (Abercrombie et al., 1998; Anand et al., 2005; Drevets, 1999; Ray et al., 2005).”

“, Ormel, J., and Aleman, A. (2009). Activation of anterior insula during”

“Prior research has demonstrated activation of the dACC during active reappraisal and modulation of emotional responses to cues [4,5,6,7].”

“Activity in the amygdala has been shown to correlate with the severity of depressive mood (Abercrombie et al., 1998; Anand et al., 2005; Drevets, 1999; Ray et al., 2005), with the experience of anxiety (Killgore & YurgelunTodd, 2005; Lorberbaum et al.”

“2004), modulation of emotional responses to cues (Phillips, Drevets, Rauch, & Lane, 2003; Ray et al., 2005), and in other functions such as episodic memory function (Paus, Koski, Caramanos, & Westbury, 1998) and learning and spatial attention (Baumgartner, Valko, Esslen, et al.”

“…activity in a number of regions (e.g., dorsal anterior cingulate, insula, medial frontal gyrus, lateral middle frontal gyrus; Denson et al., 2009; Ray et al., 2005); however, these studies did not specifically test for asymmetric patterns of activity as recommended by Berkman and Lieberman…”

“UC subjects compared to HCs showed lower CT in the bilateral OFG, a brain region which plays an important role in interoception, emotion evaluation and regulation, and in cognitive reappraisal [43,72,73].”

“The frontal pole seems to contribute tobehavioral disturbances indepression related to introspective evaluation (5), self-relevant reflection (6), and rumination occurrence (7).”

“Also, sustained activity in the amygdala is correlatedwith rumination in both healthy and depressed individuals, which indicates an overactive emotional response (Mandell, Siegle, Shutt, Feldmiller, & Thase, 2014; Ray et al., 2005; Siegle, Steinhauer, Thase, Stenger, & Carter, 2002).”

“RLPFC has been previously associated with emotional awareness and the self-generation of information including intentions for future actions (Christoff and Gabrieli, 2000; Burgess et al., 2003; Ray et al., 2005; Gilbert et al., 2006; Ochsner et al., 2009a; Costa et al., 2011).”

“Increased activation in this region may reflect heightened encoding of the affective relevance or arousing properties of a negative stimuli by RUMINATORS (Ray et al., 2005).”

“Several studies have shown that VLPFC activation is associated with the processing of negative and emotionally colored thoughts, particularly those related to ‘‘the experience of being preoccupied’’ [Drevets and Raichle, 1998] or negative ruminations [Brody et al., 2001a,b; Ray et al., 2005].”

“Rather than re-activating negative emotions, reappraisal encourages people to think more objectively, even with a sense of detachment (e.g., Ray et al., 2005).”

“Copyright © 2017 Wolters Kluwer H The mPFC can be divided into dorsal mPFC, associated with attributing mental states, and the ventral mPFC, associated with self-referential emotional processing.(58) The mPFC is a key hub in the default mode network (DMN).”