The DOI matches its Crossref record; 40 of the 40 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Coping with Emotions Past: The Neural Bases of Regulating Affect Associated with Negative Autobiographical Memories
Open accessAbstract
Background Although the ability to adaptively reflect on negative autobiographical experiences without ruminating is critical to mental health, to our knowledge no research has directly examined the neural systems underlying this process.Methods Sixteen participants were scanned using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) as they focused on negative autobiographical memories using cognitive strategies designed to facilitate (feel strategy) versus undermine (analyze and accept strategies) rumination.Results Two key findings were obtained. First, consistent with prior emotion regulation research using image-based stimuli, left prefrontal activity was observed during the implementation of all three strategies. Second, activity in a network of regions involved in self-referential processing and emotion, including subgenual anterior cingulate cortex and medial prefrontal cortex, was highest in response to the feel strategy and lowest for the accept strategy. This pattern of activation mirrored participants' self-reports of negative affect when engaging in each strategy.Conclusions These findings shed light on the brain regions that distinguish adaptive versus maladaptive forms of reflecting on negative autobiographical memories and offer a novel, ecologically valid route to exploring the neural bases of emotion regulation using fMRI.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Also, increased activity in areas associated with perspective taking predicted lower negative affect when decentering relative to the comparison condition – this included the superior parietal lobule, caudate and medial frontal gyrus.”
From Decentering as a core component in the psychological treatment and prevention of youth anxiety and depression: a narrative review and insight report (2021) · cites this paper as [45]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Findings suggest lower activity in areas associated with (intrapersonal) cognitive conflict and affective processing when decentering from negative memories relative to a comparison condition in which no attempt was made to alter ones experiences – brain regions included the medial and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex as well as the subgenual anterior cingulate45.”
From Decentering as a core component in the psychological treatment and prevention of youth anxiety and depression: a narrative review and insight report (2021) · cites this paper as [45]
In the citing paper
“there is some suggestion that acceptance may facilitate self-distancing and reappraisal of negative autobiographical memories, corresponding with comparative decreases in subgenual ACC and medial PFC activity (Kross, Davidson, Weber, & Ochsner, 2009).”
From Mechanisms of mindfulness training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT (2017) · cites this paper as Kross, Davidson, Weber, & Ochsner, 2009
In the citing paper
“activity within the subgenual cortex positively correlates with negative affect in healthy subjects (56–58)”
From Functional anatomy of ventromedial prefrontal cortex: implications for mood and anxiety disorders (2012) · cites this paper as [56]
In the citing paper
“Participants provided these cue phrases before the day of fMRI scanning using a procedure developed in prior research64”
From Separate neural representations for physical pain and social rejection (2014) · cites this paper as [64]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
(1999) · Cited by 5,934
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x · Cited by 5,172 · cited 1×
“Consider, for example, research on depression, a mood disorder characterized by high levels of self-focused rumination (20,21).”
Deep Brain Stimulation for Treatment-Resistant Depression
Mayberg, H. S., Lozano, A. M., Voon, V., McNeely, H. E., Seminowicz, D., Hamani, C., Schwalb, J. M., & Kennedy, S. H. (2005) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.02.014 · Cited by 4,059
Prevention of relapse/recurrence in major depression by mindfulness-based cognitive therapy.
Teasdale, J. D., Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G., Ridgeway, V. A., Soulsby, J. M., & Lau, M. A. (2000) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.68.4.615 · Cited by 3,236
Forman, S. D., Cohen, J. D., Fitzgerald, M., Eddy, W. F., Mintun, M. A., & Noll, D. C. (1995) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.1910330508 · Cited by 3,202
The role of rumination in depressive disorders and mixed anxiety/depressive symptoms.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2000) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.109.3.504 · Cited by 2,998 · cited 1×
“Consider, for example, research on depression, a mood disorder characterized by high levels of self-focused rumination (20,21).”
Rethinking feelings: an fMRI study of the cognitive regulation of emotion
Ochsner, K. N., Bunge, S. A., Gross, J. J., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2002) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892902760807212 · Cited by 2,520
Self-citation(1993) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,491
Greicius, M. D., Flores, B. H., Menon, V., Glover, G. H., Solvason, H. B., Kenna, H., Reiss, A. L., & Schatzberg, A. F. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.09.020 · Cited by 2,214 · cited 1×
“These findings have important implications for understanding why depressed individuals, who are known to ruminate (19–20), show activity at rest in a similar set of regions, including sgACC (24,42).”
Ochsner, K. N., Ray, R. D., Cooper, J. C., Robertson, E. R., Chopra, S., Gabrieli, J. D. E., & Gross, J. J. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.06.030 · Cited by 2,113 · cited 1×
“The third “analyze” strategy directed participants to objectively analyze the causes and reasons underlying their feelings and was designed as a memory analog of cognitive reappraisal strategies used in prior fMRI studies (12,13,18,19).”
Self-citationThe Neural Bases of Emotion Regulation: Reappraisal and Suppression of Negative Emotion
Goldin, P. R., McRae, K., Ramel, W., & Gross, J. J. (2008) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.05.031 · Cited by 1,886
Prefrontal-Subcortical Pathways Mediating Successful Emotion Regulation
Wager, T. D., Davidson, M. L., Hughes, B. L., Lindquist, M. A., & Ochsner, K. N. (2008) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.09.006 · Cited by 1,761 · cited 1×
“The third “analyze” strategy directed participants to objectively analyze the causes and reasons underlying their feelings and was designed as a memory analog of cognitive reappraisal strategies used in prior fMRI studies (12,13,18,19).”
Self-citationAttending to the present: mindfulness meditation reveals distinct neural modes of self-reference
Farb, N. A. S., Segal, Z. V., Mayberg, H., Bean, J., McKeon, D., Fatima, Z., & Anderson, A. K. (2007) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsm030 · Cited by 1,307
Urry, H. L., van Reekum, C. M., Johnstone, T., Kalin, N. H., Thurow, M. E., Schaefer, H. S., Jackson, C. A., Frye, C. J., Greischar, L. L., Alexander, A. L., et al. (2006) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3215-05.2006 · Cited by 1,056
Neural correlates of conscious self-regulation of emotion
Beauregard, M., Lévesque, J., & Bourgouin, P. (2001) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.21-18-j0001.2001 · Cited by 1,033
Targeting abnormal neural circuits in mood and anxiety disorders: from the laboratory to the clinic
Ressler, K. J., & Mayberg, H. S. (2007) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1944 · Cited by 1,007
Cognitive Emotion Regulation: Insights From Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience
Ochsner, K. N., & Gross, J. J. (2008) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2008.00566.x · Cited by 988
Self-citationPhan, K. L., Fitzgerald, D. A., Nathan, P. J., Moore, G. J., Uhde, T. W., & Tancer, M. E. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.10.030 · Cited by 892
Konishi, S., Nakajima, K., Uchida, I., Kikyo, H., Kameyama, M., & Miyashita, Y. (1999) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/122.5.981 · Cited by 823
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
(2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-78665-0_5484 · Cited by 742
When zero is not zero: the problem of ambiguous baseline conditions in fMRI
Stark, C. E. L., & Squire, L. R. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.221462998 · Cited by 724
Neural circuitry underlying voluntary suppression of sadness
Lévesque, J., Eugène, F., Joanette, Y., Paquette, V., Mensour, B., Beaudoin, G., Leroux, J.-M., Bourgouin, P., & Beauregard, M. (2003) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01817-6 · Cited by 689
Neural Correlates of Positive and Negative Emotion Regulation
Kim, S. H., & Hamann, S. (2007) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2007.19.5.776 · Cited by 615
Kross, E., Ayduk, O., & Mischel, W. (2005) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01600.x · Cited by 603
Self-citationDrevets, W. (2002) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0924-977x(02)00102-5 · Cited by 581 · cited 1×
“These findings have important implications for understanding why depressed individuals, who are known to ruminate (19–20), show activity at rest in a similar set of regions, including sgACC (24,42).”
Use of fMRI to Predict Recovery From Unipolar Depression With Cognitive Behavior Therapy
Siegle, G. J., Carter, C. S., & Thase, M. E. (2006) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2006.163.4.735 · Cited by 495
Liotti, M., Mayberg, H. S., Brannan, S. K., McGinnis, S., Jerabek, P., & Fox, P. T. (2000) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(00)00874-x · Cited by 424
Kennedy, S. H., Konarski, J. Z., Segal, Z. V., Lau, M. A., Bieling, P. J., McIntyre, R. S., & Mayberg, H. S. (2007) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2007.164.5.778 · Cited by 420
Regulation of emotional responses elicited by threat-related stimuli
Eippert, F., Veit, R., Weiskopf, N., Erb, M., Birbaumer, N., & Anders, S. (2007) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20291 · Cited by 419
Kross, E., & Ayduk, O. (2008) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167208315938 · Cited by 390
Self-citationIndividual differences in trait rumination and the neural systems supporting cognitive reappraisal
RAY, R. D., OCHSNER, K. N., COOPER, J. C., ROBERTSON, E. R., GABRIELI, J. D. E., & GROSS, J. J. (2005) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/cabn.5.2.156 · Cited by 316 · cited 1×
“The third “analyze” strategy directed participants to objectively analyze the causes and reasons underlying their feelings and was designed as a memory analog of cognitive reappraisal strategies used in prior fMRI studies (12,13,18,19).”
Self-citationModulation of Amygdalar Activity by the Conscious Regulation of Negative Emotion
Schaefer, S. M., Jackson, D. C., Davidson, R. J., Aguirre, G. K., Kimberg, D. Y., & Thompson-Schill, S. L. (2002) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892902760191135 · Cited by 306 · cited 1×
“This pattern directly mirrored participants’ self-reported negative affect ratings, which revealed the same highly significant linear relationship [F(1,15) ! 24.”
Anxiety Reduction through Detachment: Subjective, Physiological, and Neural Effects
Kalisch, R., Wiech, K., Critchley, H. D., Seymour, B., O'Doherty, J. P., Oakley, D. A., Allen, P., & Dolan, R. J. (2005) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/0898929054021184 · Cited by 303
Neural correlates of regulating negative emotions related to moral violations
Harenski, C. L., & Hamann, S. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.09.034 · Cited by 272
van Reekum, C. M., Johnstone, T., Urry, H. L., Thurow, M. E., Schaefer, H. S., Alexander, A. L., & Davidson, R. J. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.03.052 · Cited by 271
Enhancing the Pace of Recovery
Ayduk, Ö. N., & Kross, E. F. (2008) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02073.x · Cited by 200
Self-citationRegional cerebral metabolism associated with anxiety symptoms in affective disorder patients
Osuch, E. A., Ketter, T. A., Kimbrell, T. A., George, M. S., Benson, B. E., Herscovitch, M. W. W., & Post, R. M. (2000) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(00)00920-3 · Cited by 196
Neural basis of emotional self-regulation in childhood
Lévesque, J., Joanette, Y., Mensour, B., Beaudoin, G., Leroux, J.-M., Bourgouin, P., & Beauregard, M. (2004) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.07.032 · Cited by 184
Kalisch, R., Wiech, K., Herrmann, K., & Dolan, R. J. (2006) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2006.18.8.1266 · Cited by 173
Category-Specific Representations of Social and Nonsocial Knowledge in the Human Prefrontal Cortex
Wood, J. N., Romero, S. G., Makale, M., & Grafman, J. H. (2003) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892903321208178 · Cited by 63
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Siegle, 2006, Use of fMRI to predict recovery from unipolar depression with cognitive behavior therapy, Am J Psychiatry, 163, 735, 10.1176/ajp.2006.163.4.735 · DOI · Paper page
- Ochsner, 2007, Cognitive emotion regulation: Insights from social cognitive and affective neuroscience, Curr Dir Psychol Sci, 17, 153, 10.1111/j.1467-8721.2008.00566.x · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Webb, T. L., Miles, E., & Sheeran, P. (2012) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0027600 · Cited by 2,006
“…48 0.46 Kross & Ayduk (2008) 1 Sadness R3 D4 48 45 0.15 Kross & Ayduk (2008) 1 Sadness D4 C1 45 48 0.61 Kross et al. (2005) 1 Anger C1 C2 38 39 0.20 Kross et al. (2009) 1 Negative affect R1 C1 24 0.40 Kross et al. (2009) 1 Negative affect R1 C2 24 1.27 Kross et al. (2009) 1 Negative affect C1 C2…”
InfluentialCognitive Reappraisal of Emotion: A Meta-Analysis of Human Neuroimaging Studies
Buhle, J. T., Silvers, J. A., Wager, T. D., Lopez, R., Onyemekwu, C., Kober, H., Weber, J., & Ochsner, K. N. (2014) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bht154 · Cited by 1,896
Self-citationOchsner, K. N., Silvers, J. A., & Buhle, J. T. (2012) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06751.x · Cited by 1,879
Self-citationMechanisms of mindfulness training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT
Lindsay, E. K., & Creswell, J. D. (2017) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.10.011 · Cited by 919
Nature experience reduces rumination and subgenual prefrontal cortex activation
Bratman, G. N., Hamilton, J. P., Hahn, K. S., Daily, G. C., & Gross, J. J. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1510459112 · Cited by 932
Metadata
- Authors
- Kross, E., Davidson, M., Weber, J., & Ochsner, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Columbia University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kross, Ethan
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-03
- Volume
- 65
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 361-366
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2726992
- OpenAlex
- W2158177648
- Cited by
- 295
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 5.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH076137, MH076137)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
- Keywords
- emotion regulation, rumination, self-referential processing, subgenual anterior cingulate cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, left prefrontal cortex, negative affect, cognitive strategies
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Affect, Brain Mapping, Cognition, Emotions, Female, Gyrus Cinguli, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Memory, Prefrontal Cortex, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
