CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 160Attention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on BehaviorNeuroethics, Human Enhancement, Biomedical Innovations

Psychostimulants as cognitive enhancers: The prefrontal cortex, catecholamines, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Open access
Berridge, Craig W., Devilbiss, David M.·2011·Biological Psychiatry
DOI 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.06.023PMC PMC3012746
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Psychostimulants exert behavioral-calming and cognition-enhancing actions in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Contrary to early views, extensive research demonstrates that these actions are not unique to ADHD. Specifically, when administered at low and clinically relevant doses, psychostimulants improve a variety of behavioral and cognitive processes dependent on the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in subjects with and without ADHD. Despite the longstanding clinical use of these drugs, the neural mechanisms underlying their cognition-enhancing/therapeutic actions have only recently begun to be examined. At behaviorally activating doses, psychostimulants produce large and widespread increases in extracellular levels of brain catecholamines. In contrast, cognition-enhancing doses of psychostimulants exert regionally restricted actions, elevating extracellular catecholamine levels and enhancing neuronal signal processing preferentially within the PFC. Additional evidence suggests a prominent role of PFC α(2) and D1 receptors in the behavioral and electrophysiological actions of low-dose psychostimulants. These and other observations indicate a pivotal role of PFC catecholamines in the cognition-enhancing and therapeutic actions of psychostimulants, as well as other drugs used in the treatment of ADHD. This information may be particularly relevant for the development of novel pharmacological treatments for ADHD and other conditions associated with PFC dysregulation.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.06.023

Cites

25 of 25 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Methylphenidate blocks both norepinephrine and dopamine transporters, and has more potent effects on norepinephrine than dopamine in the rat PFC.

    “A common misconception is that methylphenidate is a selective DA transporter blocker, when in actuality it blocks both NE and DA transporters. Indeed, methylphenidate has more potent effects on NE than DA in the rat PFC (83) (84).”

    From Catecholamine Influences on Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortical Networks (2011) · cites this paper as [84]

    The section “Neurochemical Actions of Low-Dose Psychostimulants” (page not supplied) states that methylphenidate blocks both NE and DA reuptake and increases both in the rat PFC. It does not say that its effects on NE are more potent than its effects on DA in the rat PFC. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 105

  1. [1]Segal DS 1975 Behavioral and neurochemical correlates of repeated d-amphetamine administration Adv Biochem Psychopharmacol 13 247 262 1171583
  2. [2]Rebec GV Bashore TR 1984 Critical issues in assessing the behavioral effects of amphetamine Neurosci Biobehav Rev 8 153 159 6145135
  3. [3]McGaughy J Sarter M 1995 Behavioral vigilance in rats: task validation and effects of age, amphetamine, and benzodiazepine receptor ligands Psychopharmacology (Berl) 117 340 357 7770610
  4. [4]Berridge CW Stalnaker TA 2002 Relationship between low-dose amphetamine-induced arousal and extracellular norepinephrine and dopamine levels within prefrontal cortex Synapse 46 140 149 12325041
  5. [6]Devilbiss DM Berridge CW 2008 Cognition-enhancing doses of methylphenidate preferentially increase prefrontal cortex neuronal responsiveness Biol Psychiatry 64 626 635 18585681 PMC2603602
  6. [8]Greenhill LL Solanto MV Arnsten AFT Castellanos FX 2001 Clinical effects of stimulant medication in ADHD Stimulant Drugs and ADHD: Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Oxford University Press New York 31 71
  7. [11]Wender PH Reimherr FW Wood DR 1985 Stimulant therapy of ‘adult hyperactivity’ Arch Gen Psychiatry 42 840 2861798
  8. [14]Rapoport JL Buchsbaum MS Weingartner H Zahn TP Ludlow C Mikkelsen EJ 1980 Dextroamphetamine - Its Cognitive and Behavioral-Effects in Normal and Hyperactive Boys and Normal Men Archives of General Psychiatry 37 933 943 7406657
  9. [15]Vaidya CJ Austin G Kirkorian G Ridlehuber HW Desmond JE Glover GH Gabrieli JDE 1998 Selective effects of methylphenidate in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A functional magnetic resonance study Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 95 14494 14499 9826728 PMC24401
  10. [17]Mehta MA Sahakian BJ Robbins TW Solanto MV Arnsten AFT Castellanos FX 2001 Comparative psycholpharmacology of methylphenidate and related drugs in human volunteers, patients with ADHD, and experimental animals Stimulant Drugs and ADHD: Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Oxford University Press New York 303 331
  11. [18]Rapoport JL Inoff-Germain G 2002 Responses to methylphenidate in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and normal children: update 2002 J Atten Disord 6 S57 S60 12685519
  12. [19]Swanson J Volkow N 2001 Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Properties of Methylphenidate in Humans Oxford University Press New York, New York
  13. [23]Solanto MV 1998 Neuropsychopharmacological mechanisms of stimulant drug action in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a review and integration Behavioural Brain Research 94 127 152 9708845
  14. [24]Barkley RA Biederman J 1997 Toward a broader definition of the age-of-onset criterion for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36 1204 1210 9291721
  15. [25]Arnsten AF 2006 Stimulants: Therapeutic actions in ADHD Neuropsychopharmacology 31 2376 2383 16855530
  16. [27]Kieling C Goncalves RR Tannock R Castellanos FX 2008 Neurobiology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 17 285 307 viii 18295147
  17. [28]Shaw P Eckstrand K Sharp W Blumenthal J Lerch JP Greenstein D Clasen L Evans A Giedd J Rapoport JL 2007 Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is characterized by a delay in cortical maturation Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104 19649 19654 18024590 PMC2148343
  18. [30]Setlik J Bond GR Ho M 2009 Adolescent Prescription ADHD Medication Abuse Is Rising Along With Prescriptions for These Medications Pediatrics 19706567
  19. [31]McCabe SE Knight JR Teter CJ Wechsler H 2005 Non-medical use of prescription stimulants among US college students: prevalence and correlates from a national survey Addiction 100 96 106 15598197
  20. [32]Maher B 2008 Poll results: look who’s doping Nature 452 674 675 18401370
  21. [33]Kuczenski R Segal DS 1992 Regional norepinephrine response to amphetamine using dialysis: comparison with caudate dopamine Synapse 11 164 169 1626314
  22. [35]Kuczenski R Segal DS Cho AK Segal DS 1994 Neurochemistry of amphetamine Amphetamine and its analogues: psychopharmacology, toxicology and abuse Academic Press San Diego 81 113
  23. [36]Florin SM Kuczenski R Segal DS 1994 Regional extracellular norepinephrine responses to amphetamine and cocaine and effects of clonidine pretreatment Brain Res 654 53 62 7982098
  24. [38]Kuczenski R Segal DS 2001 Locomotor effects of acute and repeated threshold doses of amphetamine and methylphenidate: relative roles of dopamine and norepinephrine J Pharmacol Exp Ther 296 876 883 11181919
  25. [39]Drouin C Page M Waterhouse B 2006 Methylphenidate enhances noradrenergic transmission and suppresses mid- and long-latency sensory responses in the primary somatosensory cortex of awake rats J Neurophysiol 96 622 632 16687613
  26. [40]Carboni E Tanda GL Frau R Di CG 1990 Blockade of the noradrenaline carrier increases extracellular dopamine concentrations in the prefrontal cortex: evidence that dopamine is taken up in vivo by noradrenergic terminals J Neurochem 55 1067 1070 2117046
  27. [41]Sesack SR Hawrylak VA Matus C Guido MA Levey AI 1998 Dopamine axon varicosities in the prelimbic division of the rat prefrontal cortex exhibit sparse immunoreactivity for the dopamine transporter J Neurosci 18 2697 2708 9502827 PMC6793120
  28. [43]Pratt WE Mizumori SJ 2001 Neurons in rat medial prefrontal cortex show anticipatory rate changes to predictable differential rewards in a spatial memory task Behav Brain Res 123 165 183 11399329
  29. [44]Johnson A van der Meer MA Redish AD 2007 Integrating hippocampus and striatum in decision-making Curr Opin Neurobiol 17 692 697 18313289 PMC3774291
  30. [45]Voorn P Vanderschuren LJ Groenewegen HJ Robbins TW Pennartz CM 2004 Putting a spin on the dorsal-ventral divide of the striatum Trends Neurosci 27 468 474 15271494
  31. [48]Kelly PH Seviour PW Iversen SD 1975 Amphetamine and apomorphine responses in the rat following 6-OHDA lesions of the nucleus accumbens septi and corpus striatum Brain Res 94 507 522 1171714
  32. [49]Carr GD White NM 1986 Anatomical disassociation of amphetamine’s rewarding and aversive effects: an intracranial microinjection study Psychopharmacology (Berl) 89 340 346 3088661
  33. [50]Wise RA Bozarth MA 1987 A psychomotor stimulant theory of addiction Psychol Rev 94 469 492 3317472
  34. [51]Kelley AE Gauthier AM Lang CG 1989 Amphetamine microinjections into distinct striatal subregions cause dissociable effects on motor and ingestive behavior Behav Brain Res 35 27 39 2803542
  35. [52]Berridge CW 2006 Neural substrates of psychostimulant-induced arousal Neuropsychopharmacology 31 2332 2340 16855535
  36. [54]Biederman J 2003 Pharmacotherapy for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) decreases the risk for substance abuse: findings from a longitudinal follow-up of youths with and without ADHD J Clin Psychiatry 64 Suppl 11 3 8 14529323
  37. [55]Wilens TE Faraone SV Biederman J Gunawardene S 2003 Does stimulant therapy of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder beget later substance abuse? A meta-analytic review of the literature Pediatrics 111 179 185 12509574
  38. [56]Berridge CW Waterhouse BD 2003 The locus coeruleus-noradrenergic system: modulation of behavioral state and state-dependent cognitive processes Brain Res Brain Res Rev 42 33 84 12668290
  39. [57]Clayton EC Rajkowski J Cohen JD ston-Jones G 2004 Phasic activation of monkey locus ceruleus neurons by simple decisions in a forced-choice task J Neurosci 24 9914 9920 15525776 PMC6730226
  40. [59]Berridge CW Shiromani PJ Keane TM Ledoux JE 2008 The Locus Coeruleus-Noradrenergic System and Stress: Implications for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Basic Science and Clinical Practice Humana/Springer New York, NY
  41. [60]Devilbiss DM Waterhouse BD 2010 Phasic and Tonic Patterns of Locus Coeruleus Output Differentially Modulate Sensory Network Function in the Awake Rat PLoS One PMC3023368 20980542
  42. [61]Hurley LM Devilbiss DM Waterhouse BD 2004 A matter of focus: monoaminergic modulation of stimulus coding in mammalian sensory networks Curr Opin Neurobiol 14 488 495 15321070
  43. [62]Pitts DK Marwah J 1987 Electrophysiological actions of cocaine on noradrenergic neurons in rat locus ceruleus J Pharmacol Exp Ther 240 345 351 3806395
  44. [63]Curtis AL Conti E Valentino RJ 1993 Cocaine effects on brain noradrenergic neurons of anesthetized and unanesthetized rats Neuropharmacology 32 419 428 8321424
  45. [64]Devilbiss DM Berridge CW 2006 Low-dose methylphenidate actions on tonic and phasic locus coeruleus discharge J Pharmacol Exp Ther 319 1327 1335 16980569
  46. [65]Agnati LF Guidolin D Guescini M Genedani S Fuxe K 2010 Understanding wiring and volume transmission Brain Res Rev 64 137 159 20347870
  47. [67]Devilbiss DM Waterhouse BD 2004 The effects of tonic locus ceruleus output on sensory-evoked responses of ventral posterior medial thalamic and barrel field cortical neurons in the awake rat J Neurosci 24 10773 10785 15574728 PMC6730210
  48. [68]Miner LH Schroeter S Blakely RD Sesack SR 2003 Ultrastructural localization of the norepinephrine transporter in superficial and deep layers of the rat prelimbic prefrontal cortex and its spatial relationship to probable dopamine terminals J Comp Neurol 466 478 494 14566944
  49. [69]Eckhoff P Wong-Lin KF Holmes P 2009 Optimality and robustness of a biophysical decision-making model under norepinephrine modulation J Neurosci 29 4301 4311 19339624 PMC2750074
  50. [70]Aston-Jones G Cohen JD 2005 An integrative theory of locus coeruleus-norepinephrine function: adaptive gain and optimal performance Annu Rev Neurosci 28 403 450 16022602
  51. [71]Bouret S Sara SJ 2005 Network reset: a simplified overarching theory of locus coeruleus noradrenaline function Trends Neurosci 28 574 582 16165227
  52. [72]Clark L Blackwell AD Aron AR Turner DC Dowson J Robbins TW Sahakian BJ 2007 Association between response inhibition and working memory in adult ADHD: a link to right frontal cortex pathology? Biol Psychiatry 61 1395 1401 17046725
  53. [73]Lundqvist T 2009 Imaging Cognitive Deficits in Drug Abuse 3 Springer-Verlag Berlin 21161756
  54. [75]Baldessarini RJ 1985 Antidepressant Agents Chemotherapy in Psychiatry Harvard University Press Cambridge, MA 130 234
  55. [76]Bolden-Watson C Richelson E 1993 Blockade by newly-developed antidepressants of biogenic amine uptake into rat brain synaptosomes Life Sci 52 1023 1029 8445992
  56. [77]Biederman J Baldessarini RJ Wright V Knee D Harmatz JS 1989 A double-blind placebo controlled study of desipramine in the treatment of ADD: I. Efficacy J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 28 777 784 2676967
  57. [78]Gastfriend DR Biederman J Jellinek MS 1985 Desipramine in the treatment of attention deficit disorder in adolescents Psychopharmacol Bull 21 144 145 3983334
  58. [79]Rapoport JL Zametkin A Donnelly M Ismond D 1985 New drug trials in attention deficit disorder Psychopharmacol Bull 21 232 236 3923528
  59. [80]Spencer T Biederman J Kerman K Steingard R Wilens T 1993 Desipramine treatment of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and tic disorder or Tourette’s syndrome J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 32 354 360 8444765
  60. [81]Prince JB Wilens TE Biederman J Spencer TJ Millstein R Polisner DA Bostic JQ 2000 A controlled study of nortriptyline in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 10 193 204 11052409
  61. [82]Wong DT Threlkeld PG Best KL Bymaster FP 1982 A new inhibitor of norepinephrine uptake devoid of affinity for receptors in rat brain J Pharmacol Exp Ther 222 61 65 6123593
  62. [83]Gastfriend DR Biederman J Jellinek MS 1984 Desipramine in the treatment of adolescents with attention deficit disorder Am J Psychiatry 141 906 908 6375400
  63. [84]Spencer T Biederman J Wilens T Prince J Hatch M Jones J Harding M Faraone SV Seidman L 1998 Effectiveness and tolerability of tomoxetine in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Am J Psychiatry 155 693 695 9585725
  64. [85]Michelson D Adler L Spencer T Reimherr FW West SA Allen AJ Kelsey D Wernicke J Dietrich A Milton D 2003 Atomoxetine in adults with ADHD: two randomized, placebo-controlled studies Biol Psychiatry 53 112 120 12547466
  65. [86]Zerbe RL Rowe H Enas GG Wong D Farid N Lemberger L 1985 Clinical pharmacology of tomoxetine, a potential antidepressant J Pharmacol Exp Ther 232 139 143 3965689
  66. [88]Seu E Lang A Rivera RJ Jentsch JD 2009 Inhibition of the norepinephrine transporter improves behavioral flexibility in rats and monkeys Psychopharmacology (Berl) 202 505 519 18604598 PMC2634830
  67. [89]Bymaster FP Katner JS Nelson DL Hemrick-Luecke SK Threlkeld PG Heiligenstein JH Morin SM Gehlert DR Perry KW 2002 Atomoxetine increases extracellular levels of norepinephrine and dopamine in prefrontal cortex of rat: A potential mechanism for efficacy in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Neuropsychopharmacology 27 699 711 12431845
  68. [90]Horn AS 1973 Structure-activity relations for the inhibition of catecholamine uptake into synaptosomes from noradrenaline and dopaminergic neurones in rat brain homogenates Br J Pharmacol 47 332 338 4722047 PMC1776552
  69. [91]Raiteri M del CR Bertollini A Levi G 1977 Effect of sympathomimetic amines on the synaptosomal transport of noradrenaline, dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine Eur J Pharmacol 41 133 143 832672
  70. [92]Arnsten AF 2000 Stress impairs prefrontal cortical function in rats and monkeys: role of dopamine D1 and norepinephrine alpha-1 receptor mechanisms Prog Brain Res 126 183 192 11105647
  71. [93]MacDonald E Kobilka BK Scheinin M 1997 Gene targeting--homing in on alpha 2-adrenoceptor-subtype function Trends Pharmacol Sci 18 211 219 9227000
  72. [94]Hunt RD Minderaa RB Cohen DJ 1985 Clonidine benefits children with attention deficit disorder and hyperactivity: report of a double-blind placebo-crossover therapeutic trial J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 24 617 629 3900182
  73. [95]Hunt RD Arnsten AFT Asbell MD 1995 An open trial of guanfacine in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 34 50 54 7860456
  74. [96]Scahill L Chappell PB Kim YS Schultz RT Katsovich L Shepherd E Arnsten AFT Cohen DJ Leckman JF 2001 A placebo-controlled study of guanfacine in the treatment of children with tic disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Am J Psychiatry 158 1067 1074 11431228
  75. [97]Biederman J Melmed RD Patel A McBurnett K Konow J Lyne A Scherer N 2008 A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of guanfacine extended release in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Pediatrics 121 e73 e84 18166547
  76. [98]Jakala P Riekkinen M Sirvio J Koivisto E Kejonen K Vanhanen M Riekkinen P Jr 1999 Guanfacine, but not clonidine, improves planning and working memory performance in humans Neuropsychopharmacology 20 460 470 10192826
  77. [99]Franowicz JS Arnsten AF 1998 The alpha-2a noradrenergic agonist, guanfacine, improves delayed response performance in young adult rhesus monkeys Psychopharmacology (Berl) 136 8 14 9537677
  78. [100]Mao ZM Arnsten AFT Li BM 1999 Local infusion of an alpha-1 adrenergic agonist into the prefrontal cortex impairs spatial working memory performance in monkeys Biol Psychiatry 46 1259 1265 10560031
  79. [101]Steere JC Arnsten AF 1997 The alpha-2A noradrenergic receptor agonist guanfacine improves visual object discrimination reversal performance in aged rhesus monkeys Behav Neurosci 111 883 891 9383511
  80. [102]Avery RA Franowicz JS Studholme C van Dyck CH Arnsten AF 2000 The alpha-2A-adrenoceptor agonist, guanfacine, increases regional cerebral blood flow in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of monkeys performing a spatial working memory task Neuropsychopharmacology 23 240 249 10942848
  81. [103]Berridge CW Arnsten AFT Foote SL 1993 Noradrenergic modulation of cognitive function: clinical implications of anatomical, electrophysiological and behavioural studies in animal models [editorial] Psychol Med 23 557 564 8234565
  82. [105]Shenker A 1992 The mechanism of action of drugs used to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: focus on catecholamine receptor pharmacology Adv Pediatr 39 337 382 1359740
  83. [106]Wender PH Wood DR Reimherr FW Ward M 1983 An open trial of pargyline in the treatment of attention deficit disorder, residual type Psychiatry Res 9 329 336 6359210
  84. [107]Zametkin AJ Rapoport JL 1987 Neurobiology of attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity: where have we come in 50 years? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 26 676 686 2889717
  85. [108]Mefford IN Potter WZ 1989 A neuroanatomical and biochemical basis for attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity in children: a defect in tonic adrenaline mediated inhibition of locus coeruleus stimulation Med Hypotheses 29 33 42 2546021
  86. [109]Yang CR Seamans JK Gorelova N 1999 Developing a neuronal model for the pathophysiology of schizophrenia based on the nature of electrophysiological actions of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex Neuropsychopharmacology 21 161 194 10432466
  87. [110]Lewis DA Solanto MV Arnsten AFT Castellanos FX 2001 The catecholamine innervation of primate cerebral cortex Stimulant Drugs and ADHD: Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Oxford University Press New York 77 103
  88. [111]Paspalas CD Goldman-Rakic PS 2004 Microdomains for dopamine volume neurotransmission in primate prefrontal cortex J Neurosci 24 5292 5300 15190100 PMC6729299
  89. [112]Van Tol HH Bunzow JR Guan HC Sunahara RK Seeman P Niznik HB Civelli O 1991 Cloning of the gene for a human dopamine D4 receptor with high affinity for the antipsychotic clozapine Nature 350 610 614 1840645
  90. [113]Arnsten AF 2007 Catecholamine and second messenger influences on prefrontal cortical networks of “representational knowledge”: a rational bridge between genetics and the symptoms of mental illness Cereb Cortex 17 Suppl 1 i6 15 17434919
  91. [114]Postle BR 2006 Working memory as an emergent property of the mind and brain Neuroscience 139 23 38 16324795 PMC1428794
  92. [115]Arnsten AFT Steere JC Hunt RD 1996 The contribution of alpha 2-noradrenergic mechanisms of prefrontal cortical cognitive function. Potential significance for attention- deficit hyperactivity disorder Arch Gen Psychiatry 53 448 455 8624188
  93. [116]Birnbaum S Gobeske KT Auerbach J Taylor JR Arnsten AF 1999 A role for norepinephrine in stress-induced cognitive deficits: alpha-1- adrenoceptor mediation in the prefrontal cortex Biol Psychiatry 46 1266 1274 10560032
  94. [119]Ramos BP Colgan LA Nou E Arnsten AF 2008 Beta2 adrenergic agonist, clenbuterol, enhances working memory performance in aging animals Neurobiol Aging 29 1060 1069 17363115 PMC3154024
  95. [121]Fuster JM Alexander GE 1971 Neuron activity related to short-term memory Science 173 652 654 4998337
  96. [123]Smiley JF Williams SM Szigeti K Goldman-Rakic PS 1992 Light and electron microscopic characterization of dopamine-immunoreactive axons in human cerebral cortex J Comp Neurol 321 325 335 1506472
  97. [124]Lapiz MD Morilak DA 2006 Noradrenergic modulation of cognitive function in rat medial prefrontal cortex as measured by attentional set shifting capability Neuroscience 137 1039 1049 16298081
  98. [125]Winsberg BG Camp-Bruno JA Vink J Timmer CJ Sverd J 1987 Mianserin pharmacokinetics and behavior in hyperkinetic children J Clin Psychopharmacol 7 143 147 3597800
  99. [126]Bobb AJ Addington AM Sidransky E Gornick MC Lerch JP Greenstein DK Clasen LS Sharp WS Inoff-Germain G Wavrant-De VF rcos-Burgos M Straub RE Hardy JA Castellanos FX Rapoport JL 2005 Support for association between ADHD and two candidate genes: NET1 and DRD1 Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 134B 67 72 15717291
  100. [127]Daly G Hawi Z Fitzgerald M Gill M 1999 Mapping susceptibility loci in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: preferential transmission of parental alleles at DAT1, DBH and DRD5 to affected children Mol Psychiatry 4 192 196 10208453
  101. [128]Roman T Schmitz M Polanczyk GV Eizirik M Rohde LA Hutz MH 2002 Further evidence for the association between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and the dopamine-beta-hydroxylase gene Am J Med Genet 114 154 158 11857576
  102. [129]Bellgrove MA Hawi Z Gill M Robertson IH 2006 The cognitive genetics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) sustained attention as a candidate phenotype Cortex 42 838 845 17131588
  103. [130]Kieling C Genro JP Hutz MH Rohde LA 2008 The −1021 C/T DBH polymorphism is associated with neuropsychological performance among children and adolescents with ADHD Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 147B 485 490 18081028
  104. [131]Gizer IR Ficks C Waldman ID 2009 Candidate gene studies of ADHD: a meta-analytic review Hum Genet 126 51 90 19506906
  105. [132]Mill J Caspi A Williams BS Craig I Taylor A Polo-Tomas M Berridge CW Poulton R Moffitt TE 2006 Prediction of heterogeneity in intelligence and adult prognosis by genetic polymorphisms in the dopamine system among children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: evidence from 2 birth cohorts Arch Gen Psychiatry 63 462 469 16585476

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Berridge, C. W., & Devilbiss, D. M.
Affiliations
University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
ORCID
Venue
Biological Psychiatry
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2011-06
Volume
69
Issue
12
Pages
e101-e111
ISSN
0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.06.023
PMC
PMC3012746
OpenAlex
W2077171496
Cited by
160
References
25
Citations by year
2026: 8 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 15
FWCI
1.72
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • Rowan Digitals Works (Rowan University) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • Public Health Service Grants (MH081843, DA000389)
  • National Science Foundation (0918555)
  • Wisconsin Institutes of Discovery
  • University of Wisconsin Graduate School
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neuroethics, Human Enhancement, Biomedical Innovations
Keywords
psychostimulants, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, prefrontal cortex, catecholamines, cognitive enhancement, alpha2-adrenoceptors, dopamine D1 receptor, ADHD medication
MeSH terms
Adrenergic Agonists, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Animals, Antidepressive Agents, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Catecholamines, Cognition, Humans, Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors, Synaptic Transmission, Neurons, Prefrontal Cortex

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review