The female side of pharmacotherapy for ADHD—A systematic literature review
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: This comprehensive review examined sex differences in prescription rates and efficacy or effectiveness of pharmacotherapy treatment in girls and women with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), while identifying gaps in the scientific knowledge on this topic. METHOD: A rigorous electronic database search was carried out in order to identify all published studies on female-specific effects of stimulants and non-stimulants in the treatment of ADHD. In total, 2672 studies were screened of which 21 studies (seven on prescription rates, 14 on effects of pharmacotherapy) met the inclusion criteria and were included for analysis. RESULTS: In all seven studies on ADHD prescription rates, girls received significantly less prescriptions than boys, a difference however no longer seen in adults with the exception of one study. Each of the 14 studies on effectiveness / efficacy found at least one sex-difference in the effects of ADHD pharmacotherapy. CONCLUSION: Several sex-differences are demonstrated in the prescription, usage and efficacy /effectiveness of both stimulant and non-stimulant ADHD pharmacotherapy. A single daily use of MPH may possibly not be optimal for girls with ADHD and ATX may be a promising medication for girls and women with ADHD. The robustness of this result requires further investigation.
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During periods of low oestrogen, increased ADHD symptoms and decreased response to psychostimulant medication have been described.
“Additionally, during periods of low oestrogen, increased ADHD symptoms [30,41,91,92] and decreased response to psychostimulant medication [25,42,93,94,95] have been described.”
From A Female-Specific Treatment Group for ADHD—Description of the Programme and Qualitative Analysis of First Experiences (2024) · cites this paper as [25]
The Discussion (Prescription rates; page not provided) says that fluctuating oestrogen and progesterone levels can affect stimulant response at different points in the menstrual cycle. It does not identify low-oestrogen periods as periods of decreased medication response or increased ADHD symptoms. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThere is a dire need for female-specific treatment options for ADHD expressed by many, including patients.
“We developed this female-specific treatment option in response to the dire need expressed by many [1,17,19,23,24,25,26,28,41,55,85], including patients.”
From A Female-Specific Treatment Group for ADHD—Description of the Programme and Qualitative Analysis of First Experiences (2024) · cites this paper as [25]
The Discussion conclusion calls for more research on female-specific ADHD pharmacotherapy, supporting a need to better tailor treatment. It does not report that many people, including patients, expressed a dire need for female-specific treatment options; that part of the citing sentence is not supported by this source. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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Hinshaw, S. P., Nguyen, P. T., O’Grady, S. M., & Rosenthal, E. A. (2022) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13480 · Cited by 424 · see citing works
Sex and gender in neurodevelopmental conditions
Bölte, S., Neufeld, J., Marschik, P. B., Williams, Z. J., Gallagher, L., & Lai, M.-C. (2023) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/s41582-023-00774-6 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Why are females less likely to be diagnosed with ADHD in childhood than males?
Martin, J. (2024) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(24)00010-5 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Brikell, I., Yao, H., Li, L., Astrup, A., Gao, L., Gillies, M. B., Xie, T., Zhang‐James, Y., Dalsgaard, S., Engeland, A., et al. (2023) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(23)00332-2 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Methylphenidate for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults: a narrative review
Jaeschke, R. R., Sujkowska, E., & Sowa-Kućma, M. (2021) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-021-05946-0 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Cortese, S., Bellgrove, M. A., Brikell, I., Franke, B., Goodman, D. W., Hartman, C. A., Larsson, H., LEVIN, F. R., Ostinelli, E. G., Parlatini, V., et al. (2025) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.21374 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Martin, J., Langley, K., Cooper, M., Rouquette, O. Y., John, A., Sayal, K., Ford, T., & Thapar, A. (2024) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13987 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Adult ADHD and comorbid anxiety and depressive disorders: a review of etiology and treatment
Fu, X., Wu, W., Wu, Y., Liu, X., Liang, W., Wu, R., & Li, Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1597559 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Carucci, S., Narducci, C., Bazzoni, M., Balia, C., Donno, F., Gagliano, A., & Zuddas, A. (2022) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.25038 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and the menstrual cycle: Theory and evidence
Eng, A. G., Nirjar, U., Elkins, A. R., Sizemore, Y. J., Monticello, K. N., Petersen, M. K., Miller, S. A., Barone, J., Eisenlohr-Moul, T. A., & Martel, M. M. (2024) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2023.105466 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a comprehensive review
Williams, O. C. A., Prasad, S., McCrary, A., Jordan, E., Sachdeva, V., Deva, S., Kumar, H., Mehta, J., Neupane, P., & Gupta, A. (2023) · Annals of Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.1097/ms9.0000000000000631 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Female-specific pharmacotherapy in ADHD: Premenstrual adjustment of psychostimulant dosage
de Jong, M., Wynchank, D. S. M. R., van Andel, E., Beekman, A. T. F., & Kooij, J. J. S. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1306194 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Kooij, J. J. S., de Jong, M., Agnew‐Blais, J. C., Amoretti, S., Madsen, K. B., Barclay, I., Bölte, S., Skoglund, C. B., Broughton, T., Carucci, S., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Global Women s Health · doi:10.3389/fgwh.2025.1613628 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Gendered expectations on the recognition of ADHD in young women and educational implications
Lynch, A., & Davison, K. (2022) · Irish Educational Studies · doi:10.1080/03323315.2022.2032264 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Bruno, C., Havard, A., Gillies, M. B., Coghill, D., Brett, J., Guastella, A. J., Pearson, S., & Zoëga, H. (2022) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00048674221114782 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Özgen, H., Spijkerman, R., Noack, M., Holtmann, M., Schellekens, A., Dalsgaard, S., van den Brink, W., & Hendriks, V. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10173908 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Wei, W., Chen, L., Zhou, H., Liu, J., Zhang, Y., Feng, S., Bai, Y., Leng, Y.-E., Chang, E., & Huang, L. (2023) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1208456 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Rapoport, I. L., & Groenman, A. P. (2025) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547251315601 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Causes and Diagnosis in Adults: A Review
Sapkale, B., & Sawal, A. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.49144 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Hartz, I., Madsstuen, N. H., Andersen, P. N., Handal, M., & Odsbu, I. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-06199-9 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Wang, Z., Wu, X., Yu, Z., & Yu, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.802489 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Saúde Mental e Qualidade de Vida
Rêgo, A. S., Oliveira, A. F. D. S. M., & Ferreira, L. R. T. (2022) · Luminus editora eBooks · doi:10.29327/554846 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
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Comorbid Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Women with Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
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Prepubertal methylphenidate leads to sex-dependent differences in probabilistic discounting
Kelly, G., Bezenah, J. C., Tejada, A. N., Johnson, B., Vazquez, B., Espinosa, M., & Amodeo, L. R. (2022) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173424 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
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Can response to ADHD medication be predicted?
Lilja, M. M., Lichtenstein, P., Serlachius, E., Bhagia, J., Malmberg, K., Malm, C., Lenhard, F., & Halldner, L. (2025) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-025-02650-8 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
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Gender Differences in Adults with ADHD
Schiros, A., London, A. S., & Antshel, K. M. (2023) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-41709-2_2 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
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Issues Which Marginalize Females with ADHD - A Mixed Methods Systematic Review
Vincenti, S. C., Galea, M., & Briffa, V. (2023) · Humanities and Social Science Research · doi:10.30560/hssr.v6n2p30 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
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Kolari, T. A., Vuori, M. A., Rättö, H., Varimo, E. A., Aronen, E. T., Auranen, K. J., Saastamoinen, L., & Ruokoniemi, P. T. (2025) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-025-02735-4 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Sex differences in the response to treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Müller, E. D., & Fender, A. C. (2025) · Naunyn-Schmiedeberg s Archives of Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00210-025-04716-5 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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George, A. (2022) · Open Journal of Social Sciences · doi:10.4236/jss.2022.102001 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Australian Counselling Research Journal
(2025) · Australian Counselling Research Journal · doi:10.22426/129899jbocyg · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Elmowafi, H., Kindblom, J. M., Halldner, L., Gyllenberg, D., & Naumburg, E. (2025) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/apa.70215 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Hormonal effects on externalizing problems in females across the lifespan
Martel, M. M., Eng, A. G., Nirjar, U., Petersen, M. K., Ramirez, M. P., Litteral, C. A., & Robinson, L. E. (2025) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2025.101206 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Barroso, B. C. R., Mendonça, F., Mazer, P., Prata, C., & Pinto, J. O. (2025) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2025.112553 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Reflections on being an academic with ADHD
Rangiwai, B. W. (2023) · Te Kaharoa · doi:10.24135/tekaharoa.v16i1.419 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Izsák, J., Kimland, E. E., Martikainen, J., Dahlén, E., Halldner, L., & Kindblom, J. M. (2025) · Pediatric Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40272-025-00728-z · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Zaritsky, R., Reed, S. C., & Evans, S. M. (2025) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547251400038 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Crespin, J., Montse Corrales, F., Vanesa Richarte, B., Parramón, G., Biel, S., Mestres, F., Ramos-Sayalero, C., Ibáñez, P., Nieva, G., Torrent, C., et al. (2026) · The European Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ejpsy.2026.100345 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Brzezińska, A., Borowiecka, M., Zając, M., Warchoł, K., & Michniak, W. (2021) · Journal of Education Health and Sport · doi:10.12775/jehs.2021.11.09.063 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Nayar, K., Bush, L., & Scott, M. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-87228-0_2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Pharmacoepidemiology and pharmacovigilance post-marketing drug safety studies
(2024) · Frontiers research topics · doi:10.3389/978-2-8325-5380-0 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Dancing Hands: On Neurodivergent Embodied Knowledge
Püschel, A. (2025) · Social Inclusion · doi:10.17645/si.9089 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Hanes, T. K., Andersen, A. C., Boyer, B. E., & Wagner, K. (2026) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547251415431 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
May, E. M., Comasco, E., Tiepolt, S., Strauß, M., Kundaković, M., Hesse, S., Sabri, O., Villringer, A., & Sacher, J. (2026) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2026.01.021 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Fletcher, M., Pan, W., Dew, R. E., Duquette, P. J., & Reuter‐Rice, K. (2026) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2026.10994 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Understanding (Gender) Bias in Psychiatric Diagnosis: The Case of ADHD
Bueter, A. (2026) · Philosophy of Science · doi:10.1017/psa.2026.10214 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Silva, F., Morais, J. P., & Coelho, A. M. (2024) · Neuropediatrics · doi:10.1055/s-0044-1788891 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Atomoxetine as a treatment for attention déficit hiperactivity disorder: a literature review
Vasquez, S. S., & Estrín, M. A. (2024) · Interamerican Journal of Health Sciences · doi:10.59471/ijhsc2025271 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The female side of ADHD and ASD
Kok, F. M. (2021) · doi:10.33612/diss.179073089 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationADHD medications: a descriptive study of prescription trends in Tabriz, Iran, 2021-2022Preprint
Fakhari, A., Farahbakhsh, M., Azimian, A., Khameneh, A., Matinkia, M., & Aghajani, E. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4924259/v1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Diagnóstico Precoce no Transtorno do Espectro Autista: Dificuldades e sua Importância
Ribeiro, N. M. G. R., Rodrigues, D. V. D. S., de Melo, R. S., de Araújo, M. G., Junger, J. P. C., Maranhão, M. F. C., Silva, M. D., Rêgo, G. R. F. M., Júnior, A. C. C., & Batalha, H. A. (2022) · Luminus editora eBooks · doi:10.29327/554846.1-2
Relação dos Traumas na Infância e o Transtorno da Personalidade Antissocial na Psiquiatria
Oliveira, A. F. D. S. M., Santos, A. C., Pacheco, I. M. P., Fonseca, I. A. R., Fonseca, L. V. D. S. B., Fonseca, M. F. C., Branco, M. V. C., Serpa, P. G. S., Schmitt, N. M., Neto, V. F., et al. (2022) · Luminus editora eBooks · doi:10.29327/554846.1-4
Transtorno de Ansiedade em Crianças
Alves, A. P. D., Costa, A. V. B. D. S., Mousinho, E. B., Neto, J. D. C. G., Lemos, J. R., do Rosário, L. C. V., Curvina, B. L. S., Leal, D. A. P., Salgado, D. R. G. B., & de Melo, S. M. B. (2022) · Luminus editora eBooks · doi:10.29327/554846.1-1
Síndrome de Burnout e a Pandemia
Costa, A. V. B. D. S., de Figueiredo, C. Â. V., Gaspar, C. C. C., Rocha, C. A. L., Santos, F. M. D. S., Ferraz, G. N. E., Fonseca, G. S. G. B., Assunção, I. L., Duarte, J. G., Ferreira, L. E. A., et al. (2022) · Luminus editora eBooks · doi:10.29327/554846.1-3
Transtorno do Déficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade em Mulheres
Oliveira, B. B. G., Oliveira, A. F. D. S. M., Veras, A. C. B., de Almeida, B. G. D., de Araújo, M. I. F., & Torres, M. A. O. (2022) · Luminus editora eBooks · doi:10.29327/554846.1-7
Abuso de Drogas no Período Gestacional: Implicações ao Recém-Nascido
Oliveira, A. F. D. S. M., Bertrand, J. L. X., Branco, M. V. C., Fonseca, M. F. C., Carvalho, B. L. D. A., Neto, V. F., Felix, A. D. M., Lima, V. C., Fonseca, L. V. D. S. B., Mendes, A. C. D. A., et al. (2022) · Luminus editora eBooks · doi:10.29327/554846.1-5
Avaliação de Nível de Consciência e Percepção Emocional de Pacientes com Covid-19
Ferro, B. D. M., Paranhos, H. B., Ferro, E. N. D. L., Linhares, A. P. C., Costa, M. D. S., Castro, K. D. S. K., & Lacerda, E. M. D. C. B. (2022) · Luminus editora eBooks · doi:10.29327/554846.1-6
Effects of Atomoxetine Hydrochloride on Regulation of Lifespan in Drosophila Model
Shen, J., Shan, J., Liang, B., Zhang, D., Tang, H., Zhong, L., & Li, M. (2022) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-022-1741-8
Onverwacht uterien bloedverlies bij methylfenidaat
Gybels, I., Winter, F. D., & Meuffels, Y. (2023) · Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde · doi:10.47671/tvg.79.23.092
Sadeghi, M., Abraham, E. H., & McAuley, T. (2024) · Applied Neuropsychology Child · doi:10.1080/21622965.2024.2353828
The effectiveness and efficacy of driving interventions with ADHD: a Dutch perspective
Noordhuis, R., Fuermaier, A. B. M., & de Waard, D. (2024) · Traffic Safety Research · doi:10.55329/llbl9209
Self-citationWomen in Psychiatry 2023: ADHD
(2024) · Frontiers research topics · doi:10.3389/978-2-8325-5361-9
Pérez-Valenzuela, E., Azocar, V. H., Gräber-Martinez, A., Verges, A. J., & Fuentealba, J. A. (2025) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811251355603
Hussey, L. J., Kontopantelis, E., Mok, P. L. H., Ashcroft, D. M., Garg, S., Chew-Graham, C. A., Lovell, K., & Webb, R. T. (2025) · JCPP Advances · doi:10.1002/jcv2.70042
Parlatini, V., Raduà, J., Thomas, H., Garcia‐Argibay, M., Bellato, A., Cortese, S., & Murphy, D. (2025) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-025-03557-3
Cheng, Y., Ling, Y., Scholten, J. D., Atkins, D., Goulet, J. L., Sheriff, H. M., Morgan, C. J., Lee, M. R., Cyborski, C. M., Vargas, J. D., et al. (2025) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2025.10.010
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Flannery, J. E., Hinshaw, S. P., Kollins, S. H., & Stamatis, C. A. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26713849
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Comorbidities and comedication among individuals in treatment for ADHD: a Danish nationwide study
Vestergaard, M., Hansen, R. F., Thomsen, P. H., Bentsen, A. H., & Falch-Joergensen, A. C. (2026) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-026-07824-5
Methylphenidate reduces rats’ temporal discounting of aversive outcomes
Rodríguez, W., & Orduña, V. (2026) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-026-07038-3
ADHD in Context: Gendered Presentation, Peer Relationships, and Family Challenges
Men, K. (2026) · International journal of high school research · doi:10.36838/ijhsr87.290
Kawasaki, Y., Suzuki, Y., Miyazaki, K., Suzuki, N., Hoshina, M., Ise, Y., Suzuki, Y., Morita, H., & Go, H. (2026) · Brain and Development · doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2026.104548
SEX DIFFERENCES IN ADHD – DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC CHALLENGES
Marek, A., Balińska, W., Rogowska, J., & Wąsik, J. (2026) · International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science · doi:10.31435/ijitss.1(49).2026.4605
Sex Differences in the Age at First Health Service Use for ADHD Among Australian Children
Cheung, M. M. Y., Hai, T., Watkeys, O. J., Laurens, K. R., Carr, V. J., & Green, M. J. (2026) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547261474901
Wang, Z., Gao, Y., Zhang, J., Wang, Y., Wang, Z., Zhang, Y., & Hao, L. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1896696
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Makhija, S. M. S. (2026) · Australian Counselling Research Journal · doi:10.22426/335280nyugzp
Alcohol and other drugs (AOD) addiction among Indigenous Australians: a literature review
Fan, B., & Steels, B. (2026) · Australian Counselling Research Journal · doi:10.22426/680248dklkiy
Mentoring as an effective intervention for trauma, grief and loss in regional Australia
Yates, C. (2026) · Australian Counselling Research Journal · doi:10.22426/682786
That Time of the Month: Exploring the Relationship Between the Menstrual Cycle and ADHD Symptoms
Strong, N., & Halpin, S. A. (2026) · Australian Counselling Research Journal · doi:10.22426/049343fkqezj
Miranda, A. (2026) · Australian Counselling Research Journal · doi:10.22426/548245zejjjy
- Authors
- Kok, F. M., Groen, Y., Fuermaier, A. B. M., & Tucha, O.
- Affiliations
- University of Groningen (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Kok, Francien M.
- Venue
- PLOS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2020-09-18
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- e0239257
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7500607
- OpenAlex
- W3087626112
- Cited by
- 86
- References
- 95
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 6
- FWCI
- 1.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Pharmaceutical studies and practices
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neuroethics, Human Enhancement, Biomedical Innovations
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD medication, sex differences, girls, women, stimulant medication, non-stimulant medication, methylphenidate, atomoxetine, prescription rates, treatment efficacy
- MeSH terms
- Atomoxetine Hydrochloride, Adolescent, Adult, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Male, Men, Methylphenidate, Drug Prescriptions, Sex Characteristics, Databases, Factual, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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