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Adverse Rearing Environments and Neural Development in Children: The Development of Frontal Electroencephalogram Asymmetry
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Background Children raised in institutional settings experience marked deprivation in social and environmental stimulation. This deprivation may disrupt brain development in ways that increase risk for psychopathology. Differential hemispheric activation of the frontal cortex is an established biological substrate of affective style that is associated with internalizing psychopathology. Previous research has never characterized the development of frontal electroencephalogram asymmetry in children or evaluated whether adverse rearing environments alter developmental trajectories. Methods A sample of 136 children (mean age = 23 months) residing in institutions in Bucharest, Romania, and a sample of community control subjects (n = 72) participated. Half of institutionalized children were randomized to a foster care intervention. Electroencephalogram data were acquired at study entry and at ages 30, 42, and 96 months. A structured diagnostic interview of psychiatric disorders was completed at 54 months. Results Children exhibited increases in right relative to left hemisphere frontal activation between the second and fourth years of life, followed by an increase in left relative to right hemisphere activation. Children reared in institutions experienced a prolonged period of increased right hemisphere activation and a blunted rebound in left frontal activation. Foster care placement was associated with improved developmental trajectories but only among children placed before 24 months. The development trajectory of frontal electroencephalogram asymmetry in early childhood predicted internalizing symptoms at 54 months. Conclusions Exposure to adverse rearing environments can alter brain development, culminating in heightened risk for psychopathology. Interventions delivered early in life have the greatest potential to mitigate the long-term effects of these environments.
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“Studies have shown that relative to children who remain in orphanage care, those randomly assigned to the foster care intervention show rapid improvements in a number of outcome measures, including cognitive development (Nelson, et al., 2007), attachment behaviors, emotional reactivity, psychiatric symptomatology (Bos, et al., 2011), and neural activity as measured by electroencephalogram (EEG)(Mc”
From Risk and developmental heterogeneity in previously institutionalized children (2012) · cites this paper as McLaughlin, Fox, Zeanah, & Nelson, 2011
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Holt-Gosselin, B., Adri, F., Humphreys, K. L., & Nelson, C. A. (2026) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579426101837
“…spanning early childhood through adolescence, foster care intervention has been shown to promote more normative neural development following early institutionalization (Debnath et al., 2020, 2023; McDermott et al., 2013; McLaughlin et al., 2011; Moulson et al., 2009; Vanderwert et al., 2016).”
Self-citationPrematurity as a Context of Development at Risk
Drvaric, L., Waxman, J. A., Lieshout, R. J. V., & Schmidt, L. A. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511920165.013
Structure and Demographic Correlates of Individual Trait Responses to Emotions
Adams, A. M. (2020) · UKnowledge (University of Kentucky) · doi:10.13023/etd.2020.511
Infants and Children Adopted Internationally
Hwa-Froelich, D. A. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-74985-9_20
Kang, S. L., & Kim, S. (2021) · Korean Journal of Child Studies · doi:10.5723/kjcs.2021.42.5.615
Metadata
- Authors
- McLaughlin, K. A., Fox, N. A., Zeanah, C. H., & Nelson, C. A.
- Affiliations
- Boston Children's Hospital (US)
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- Tulane University (US)
- Corresponding author
- McLaughlin, Katie A.
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-12
- Volume
- 70
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1008-1015
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3207006
- OpenAlex
- W1983846339
- Cited by
- 108
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 3.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Early Experience and Brain Development
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH091363, MH092526)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hemispheric Asymmetry in Neuroscience
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Child Welfare and Adoption
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- institutionalized children, frontal EEG asymmetry, hemispheric lateralization, brain development, internalizing problems, early childhood, affective style, developmental trajectories
- MeSH terms
- Developmental Disabilities, Child, Institutionalized, Child, Preschool, Electroencephalography, Environment, Female, Foster Home Care, Frontal Lobe, Humans, Infant, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Time Factors, Case-Control Studies
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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