Childhood adversity and neural development: Deprivation and threat as distinct dimensions of early experience
Open accessAbstract
A growing body of research has examined the impact of childhood adversity on neural structure and function. Advances in our understanding of the neurodevelopmental consequences of adverse early environments require the identification of dimensions of environmental experience that influence neural development differently and mechanisms other than the frequently-invoked stress pathways. We propose a novel conceptual framework that differentiates between deprivation (absence of expected environmental inputs and complexity) and threat (presence of experiences that represent a threat to one’s physical integrity) and make predictions grounded in basic neuroscience principles about their distinct effects on neural development. We review animal research on fear learning and sensory deprivation as well as human research on childhood adversity and neural development to support these predictions. We argue that these previously undifferentiated dimensions of experience exert strong and distinct influences on neural development that cannot be fully explained by prevailing models focusing only on stress pathways. Our aim is not to exhaustively review existing evidence on childhood adversity and neural development, but to provide a novel framework to guide future research.
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- Interpretationreasoning
Alternative mechanisms likely explain the effects of childhood adversity on neural development.
“it is also possible—and we argue, likely—that alternative mechanisms explain these effects of childhood adversity on neural development.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Threat is a primary dimension for children exposed to physical and sexual abuse, domestic violence, and other interpersonal violence.
“Threat is a primary dimension of experience for children exposed to physical and sexual abuse, domestic violence, and other types of interpersonal violence (Figure 1).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Children exposed to institutional rearing show widespread cortical thinning in superior and inferior parietal cortex.
“children exposed to institutional rearing exhibit widespread cortical thinning in the superior and inferior parietal cortex (McLaughlin et al., 2013)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites McLaughlin et al., 2013
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Activation of the HPA axis releases glucocorticoids, which can produce structural and functional changes in the hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex.
“activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis results in the release of glucocorticoids, which can lead to structural and functional changes in brain regions with high concentrations of glucocorticoid receptors, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex (PFC) (McEwen, 2012).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites McEwen, 2012 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Early exposure to adverse environments can disrupt the development and functioning of the HPA axis.
“Extensive evidence suggests that early exposure to adverse environments can disrupt the development and functioning of the HPA axis (Gunnar and Quevedo, 2007)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Gunnar and Quevedo, 2007 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
Deprivation is a central dimension for children exposed to institutionalization, neglect, and poverty.
“The dimension of deprivation is central for children exposed to institutionalization, neglect, and poverty (Figure 1).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Current conceptualization of how childhood adversity affects neural development focuses almost exclusively on stress pathways and allostatic load.
“Current conceptualization of the impact of childhood adversity on neural development has focused almost exclusively on stress pathways and allostatic load (Burghy et al., 2012; Cohen et al., 2013).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
People exposed to adverse childhood experiences are at elevated risk for mood, anxiety, behavior, and substance use disorders.
“Individuals who have been exposed to adverse childhood experiences are at elevated risk of developing a wide range of mental disorders, including mood, anxiety, behavior, and substance use disorders.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
As the number of childhood adversities increases, the likelihood of psychopathology increases.
“The fundamental lesson from this research has been that as childhood adversities increase, the likelihood of psychopathology increases.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
The amygdala is necessary for both the acquisition and expression of conditioned fear to cued and contextual conditioned stimuli.
“The amygdala is necessary for both the acquisition and expression of conditioned fear in paradigms involving a cued CS (i.e., a simple sensory stimulus, like a tone or light) and a contextual CS”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Phillips and LeDoux, 1992 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
Early threat exposure affects the structure, function, and coupling of the hippocampus, amygdala, and ventromedial prefrontal cortex.
“Based on this evidence, we argue that early threat exposure impacts the structure, function, and coupling of the hippocampus, amygdala, and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Early exposure to threat leads to changes in amygdala function.
“Second, we argue that early exposure to threat leads to changes in amygdala function.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisenone given
Conditioned fear generally abates over time as a result of extinction processes.
“conditioned fear generally abates with the passage of time as a result of extinction processes”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
The amygdala is centrally involved in detecting potential threats.
“evidence suggests that it is centrally involved in detection of potential threats”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
The amygdala and hippocampus contribute differentially to aspects of fear learning.
“In the animal literature, the amygdala and hippocampus contribute differentially to aspects of fear learning.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The mechanisms by which sensory deprivation shapes primary sensory cortex in animals may also underlie how broader social-cognitive deprivation shapes association cortex in humans.
“Here we propose that the same mechanisms through which sensory deprivation or anomalous sensory environments shape primary sensory cortex in animals may also be the mechanism through which broader social-cognitive deprivation shapes association cortex in humans.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Fear extinction involves novel learning of an association between the CS and absence of the US, rather than a loss of the initial CS-US association.
“fear extinction involves novel learning of an association between the CS and absence of the US, rather than a loss of the initial CS-US association”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Quirk, 2002 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
The amygdala is required for the acquisition and expression of learned fear.
“required for the acquisition and expression of learned fear”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Some but not all of the predictions about threat effects on the hippocampus and vmPFC have been previously articulated in the stress and neural development literature.
“some (i.e., effects on hippocampus), but not all (i.e., effects on vmPFC), of the predictions outlined above have previously been articulated within the literature on stress and neural development”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Tottenham and Sheridan, 2009
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Low parental SES is associated with decreased volume and volume by age in association cortex, particularly prefrontal cortex.
“low SES is additionally associated with decreased volume and volume by age in association cortex, particularly the PFC (Noble, Houston, Kan, & Sowell, 2012; Sheridan et al, in prep).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Noble, Houston, Kan, & Sowell, 2012 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Sheridan et al, in prep
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
The hypothesis that deprivation preferentially affects association cortex is supported by current human data on deprivation and neural structure and function.
“As we review below, the hypothesis that exposure to deprivation preferentially affects association cortex is born out in the current data on the association between exposure to environments characterized by deprivation and neural structure and function in humans.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
The hippocampus is involved only in the acquisition of conditioned fear to complex contextual stimuli.
“the hippocampus is involved only in the acquisition of conditioned fear to complex contextual stimuli”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Phillips and LeDoux, 1992 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
Exposure to cognitive and social deprivation in children results in reduced performance on tasks that depend on association cortex, such as complex cognitive tasks.
“and b) reduced performance on tasks that depend on these areas (e.g., complex cognitive tasks).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Chronic experiences of threat have additional influences on neural systems involved in modulating the amygdala and hippocampus.
“Finally, we propose that chronic experiences of threat have additional influences on neural systems involved in modulating the amygdala and hippocampus.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Early experience shapes neural structure and function by pruning initially over-produced synaptic connections.
“one of the primary mechanisms through which early experience shapes neural structure and function is by pruning initially over-produced synaptic connections (Huttenlocher et al., 1982), described more than three decades ago as the selective-elimination hypothesis (Changeux and Danchin, 1976; Petanjek et al., 2011; Purves and Lichtman, 1980).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisenone given
Exposure to consistently safe environments following early threats results in new learning that inhibits previously acquired fear responses, termed extinction learning.
“exposure to consistently safe environments following early threats will result in new learning that inhibits previously acquired fear responses to threatening cues, termed extinction learning”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Early exposure to threat is associated with long-term changes in neural circuits that underlie emotional learning.
“Evidence from animal and human studies demonstrates consistently that early exposure to threat is associated with long-term changes in neural circuits that underlie emotional learning.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
The amygdala detects and processes salient environmental stimuli, especially those with emotional significance such as facial expressions.
“The amygdala detects and processes salient environmental stimuli, particularly stimuli that have emotional significance, such as facial displays of emotion”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisenone given
The learning mechanisms and neural circuitry underlying fear conditioning and extinction are highly conserved across species.
“The learning mechanisms and neural circuitry underlying fear conditioning and extinction are highly conserved across species.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisereasoning
Existing evidence from human studies provides preliminary support for predictions about how deprivation and threat influence neural development.
“Existing evidence from human studies provides preliminary support for our predictions about how these types of experiences influence neural development”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Successful fear extinction requires functional coupling of the vmPFC and amygdala.
“successful fear extinction requires functional coupling of the vmPFC and amygdala”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Quirk et al., 2003 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisenone given
Exposure to threatening stimuli early in development consistently alters the neural circuitry underlying fear conditioning and extinction.
“Exposure to threatening stimuli early in development has consistently been shown to alter the neural circuitry underlying fear conditioning and extinction.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
vmPFC activation during recall of extinction memory inhibits the amygdala and dampens fear expression.
“vmPFC activation during recall of extinction memory inhibits the amygdala and dampens fear expression”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Interpretationreasoning
Two important dimensions that appear to have distinct effects on neural development are deprivation and threat.
“Two important dimensions that appear to have distinct effects on neural development are deprivation and threat.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisereasoning
There is a surprising lack of human research on how exposure to early experiences of threat influences fear conditioning across development.
“there is a surprising lack of human research on how exposure to early experiences of threat influences fear conditioning across development”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Threat exposure in childhood is associated with reduced volume and/or thickness of the vmPFC.
“threat exposure in childhood is associated with reduced volume and/or thickness of the vmPFC”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
The exposures that give rise to experiences of deprivation and threat co-occur at high rates in children and adolescents.
“The exposures that give rise to experiences of deprivation and threat co-occur at high rates in children and adolescents”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
- May combine two claims. 22
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 6
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationChildren exposed to neglect and poverty often have language deficits and accompanying differences in neural function supporting language.
“children exposed to neglect and poverty often have deficits in language abilities (Farah et al., 2006; Hildyard and Wolfe, 2002) and accompanying differences in neural function supporting language function (Raizada, Richards, Meltzoff, & Kuhl, 2008).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningDeprivation and threat exposures usually co-occur, but they can be measured separately and have unique effects on neurodevelopment.
“we do not propose that exposure to deprivation and threat experiences occurs independently for children, as most of the exposures described above co-occur. Instead we propose that they can be measured separately and have unique effects on neurodevelopment.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningDeprivation and threat can be assessed across different forms of childhood adversity and will differentially predict aspects of neurodevelopment and behavior.
“We suggest that these dimensions of experience can be assessed across different forms of childhood adversity (e.g., physical and sexual abuse, domestic violence, institutionalization, neglect) and will differentially predict aspects of neurodevelopment and ultimately behavior.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationDifferent types of adverse experiences often co-occur, so most individuals exposed to childhood adversity have experienced multiple adverse experiences.
“different types of adverse experiences frequently co-occur, meaning that most individuals exposed to childhood adversity have experienced multiple adverse experiences (Dong et al., 2004; Finkelhor et al., 2007; Green et al., 2010; McLaughlin et al., 2012).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe effects of stress are not fully mediated by cortisol, and cortisol actions alone do not explain how stress affects gene expression or neuronal plasticity.
“it is important to acknowledge that the effects of stress are not fully mediated by cortisol (the most common marker of HPA axis activation in human research) and that cortisol actions on their own do not explain how stress affects gene expression or neuronal plasticity (Gray et al., 2013).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Gray et al., 2013
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationExposure to childhood adversity explains more than 30% of mental disorders in the U.S. population.
“exposure to childhood adversity has been shown to explain more than 30% of mental disorders in the U.S. population (Green et al., 2010; McLaughlin et al., 2012)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningDeprivation and threat are distinct dimensions of early experience that exert strong and distinct influences on neural development, and these influences cannot be fully explained by prevailing stress-pathway models.
“We argue that these previously undifferentiated dimensions of experience exert strong and distinct influences on neural development that cannot be fully explained by prevailing models focusing only on stress pathways.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · boosted
“we propose that these are two dimensions of experience that have not previously been clearly differentiated or explained by prevailing models focused on stress pathways and argue that these dimensions of experience exert strong and distinct influences on neural development.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § Abstract · boosted
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationChildhood adversity is common and is strongly associated with later psychopathology in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood.
“Evidence from population-based epidemiological studies indicates that childhood adversity is common and associated strongly with the subsequent onset of psychopathology not only in childhood, but also in adolescence and adulthood (Cohen et al., 2001; Green et al., 2010; Kessler et al., 1997; McLaughlin et al., 2012).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedThe quote only partly states this claim.
InterpretationreasoningFocusing only on HPA-axis mechanisms is problematic because adversity sometimes has broad neurodevelopmental effects that are not obvious consequences of HPA activation or cortisol.
“Focusing only on this mechanism is problematic as adversity sometimes appears to have a remarkably broad impact on neurodevelopment.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationEarly threat exposure leads to novel learning that pairs threat cues with previously neutral stimuli, reduces the threshold for fear, and increases vigilance to potential threats.
“We suggest that early threat exposure leads to novel learning, resulting in the pairing of threat cues with previous neutral stimuli, a reduced threshold for experiencing fear, and heightened vigilance to detect other potential threats”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites van Marle et al., 2009 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe vmPFC is activated during retrieval of extinction learning and down-regulates the amygdala.
“The vmPFC is activated during retrieval of extinction learning and down-regulates the amygdala”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationLearned fear continues to be represented in the amygdala and hippocampus, and previously extinguished fear can be re-activated by various triggers.
“learned fear continues to be represented in the amygdala and hippocampus, and previously extinguished fear can be re-activated following exposure to situations where fear learning initially occurred or to other threatening contexts”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationEarly threat exposure leads to changes in hippocampal morphology and function, including reduced dendritic spines and arborization and poor function in hippocampus-dependent learning and memory tasks.
“First, we predict that early threat exposure leads to changes in hippocampal morphology and function, including reduced dendritic spines and arborization and poor function in hippocampus-dependent learning and memory tasks.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningBehaviorally, early threat exposure results in heightened attention to threat-related cues, generalization of learned fear to neutral stimuli, and elevated emotional responses to a wide range of emotional cues.
“Behaviorally, this results in heightened attention to threat-related cues, generalization of learned fear to previously neutral stimuli, and elevated emotional responses to a wide range of emotional cues.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationExtinguished fear can be re-activated through spontaneous recovery, exposure to novel threats, exposure to the CS in novel contexts, or re-exposure to the US.
“extinguished fear can be re-activated through a variety of processes, including spontaneous recovery, exposure to novel threats, exposure to the CS in novel contexts, or re-exposure to the US”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
InterpretationreasoningReductions in cortical thickness from deprivation should be most pronounced in association cortex regions recruited for complex social and cognitive inputs, including prefrontal, superior and inferior parietal, and superior temporal cortex.
“We expect that reductions in cortical thickness should be most pronounced in regions of association cortex that are recruited for processing complex social and cognitive inputs, including prefrontal cortex (PFC), superior and inferior parietal cortex, and superior temporal cortex.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationFear is a defensive mechanism that activates behavioral and neurobiological responses to danger, including freezing and sympathetic/HPA axis activation.
“Fear is a defensive mechanism that activates behavioral and neurobiological responses to danger that promote survival, including freezing and activation of sympathetic nervous system and HPA axis”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites LeDoux, 2003 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationWhen neglect is directly compared with abuse, children exposed to neglect are at greater risk for cognitive deficits than children exposed to abuse, and these deficits resemble those seen in severe poverty and institutionalization.
“When neglect is directly compared to abuse, children exposed to neglect are at greater risk for cognitive deficits than children exposed to abuse (Hildyard & Wolfe, 2002) and these deficits are similar to those observed in severe poverty and institutionalization (Dubowitz et al., 2002; Spratt et al., 2012), consistent with our conceptualization of neglect as a form of deprivation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe vmPFC is essential for retention of extinction learning and inhibition of fear.
“The vmPFC is thus essential for retention of extinction learning and inhibition of fear”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThese changes result in elevated amygdala activation to emotional stimuli due to increased salience and possibly CRH receptor up-regulation.
“Together, these changes result in elevated amygdala activation to emotional stimuli due to the increased salience of such information, and potentially as a result of up-regulation of CRH receptors in the amygdala”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hatalski et al., 1998 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationLow SES is associated with decreased performance on complex cognitive tasks, language ability, and overall cognitive and academic achievement.
“low SES is associated with decreased performance on complex cognitive tasks, including those tapping executive function and long-term memory (Evans and Schamberg, 2009; Farah et al., 2006; Hackman et al., 2010; Kishiyama et al., 2009; Noble et al., 2007), language ability (Fernald et al., 2013; Weisleder and Fernald, 2013), and overall cognitive and academic achievement (Brooks-Gunn and Duncan, 1”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationAn extensive rodent literature has characterized the neural circuitry underlying fear learning using Pavlovian fear conditioning tasks.
“An extensive literature in rodents has characterized the neural circuitry that underlies fear learning using Pavlovian fear conditioning tasks”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationPotential threats activate the HPA axis, leading to enhanced CRH expression in the hippocampus and damage to hippocampal neurons.
“potential threats activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, leading to enhanced expression of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) in the hippocampus and damage to hippocampal neurons (Brunson et al., 2001; Ivy et al., 2010).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationEarly threat exposure has consistently been associated with reduced hippocampal volume in adults, but studies of children have generally not found a relationship between threat exposure and hippocampal volume.
“early threat exposure has consistently been associated with reduced hippocampal volume in adults (Andersen and Teicher, 2008; Hart and Rubia, 2012; Teicher et al., 2012), studies of children have generally not found a relationship between threat exposure and hippocampal volume”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningTaken together, the rodent literature suggests that early exposure to uncontrollable threat results in long-term changes in hippocampal and amygdala structure and function as well as deficits in inhibitory control of these regions by the mPFC.
“Taken together, the rodent literature suggests that early exposure to uncontrollable threat results in long-term changes in hippocampal and amygdala structure and function as well as deficits in inhibitory control of these regions by the mPFC.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThreatening environments share the characteristic of being significant threats to survival and therefore activate the neural circuitry underlying fear learning.
“These environments share the characteristic of being significant threats to survival and therefore activate the neural circuitry underlying fear learning.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationExtinction of conditioned fear initially requires the amygdala, whereas retrieval of extinction memory on subsequent days additionally requires the vmPFC.
“Extinction of conditioned fear initially requires the amygdala, whereas retrieval of extinction memory on subsequent days additionally requires the vmPFC”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
The paper relies on this without support.
Childhood adversity causally affects neural development and psychopathology, rather than being only correlated with them.
“the pathways through which childhood adversity impacts neural development and, ultimately, psychopathology.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Neglect, particularly prevalent in those with a history of institutional care, has been linked to distinct stress physiology, including dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, especially in ways that could affect metabolic regulation.
“However, neglect, which is particularly prevalent in those with a history of institutional care, has been linked to distinct stress physiology, including dysregulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis (Humphreys et al., 2015; McLaughlin et al., 2014), especially in ways that could affect metabolic regulation.”
From Long-term cardiometabolic effects of early institutionalization and foster care: Evidence from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project (2026) · cites this paper as McLaughlin et al., 2014
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDeprivation is the core feature that distinguishes neglect from trauma and abuse.
“Deprivation is the core feature of neglect that distinguishes it from other forms of adversity, such as trauma and abuse, where the most prominent feature is harm or threat of harm to the child.”
From Neglect as a violation of species-expectant experience: neurodevelopmental consequences (2017) · cites this paper as [7]
The developmental consequences of deprivation and threat are at least partially distinct.
“Although experiences of deprivation often co-occur with experiences of threat (i.e., abuse), the developmental consequences of deprivation and threat are at least partially distinct.(7–9)”
From Neglect as a violation of species-expectant experience: neurodevelopmental consequences (2017) · cites this paper as [7]
Evidence is growing that ELA affects mental health by changing the developing brain.
“evidence is accumulating that ELA influences mental health by altering the developing brain in ways that contribute to the onset of psychopathology,1,17,18”
From Early life adversity and health-risk behaviors: Proposed psychological and neural mechanisms (2018) · cites this paper as [17]
Evidence is accumulating that different types of adversities have at least partially distinct associations with brain development.
“Evidence is accumulating that different types of adversities have at least partially distinct associations with brain development. Threat and deprivation are two dimensions of ELA that provide a framework for conceptualizing the neural impact of these experiences.17,18”
From Early life adversity and health-risk behaviors: Proposed psychological and neural mechanisms (2018) · cites this paper as [17]
Threat and deprivation are two dimensions of ELA that provide a framework for conceptualizing the neural impact of these experiences.
“Threat and deprivation are two dimensions of ELA that provide a framework for conceptualizing the neural impact of these experiences.17,18”
From Early life adversity and health-risk behaviors: Proposed psychological and neural mechanisms (2018) · cites this paper as [17]
Early life abuse (ELAb) is a significant environmental event that alters the developmental trajectory of neurobiological systems that regulate stress, arousal and emotion.
“Early life abuse (ELAb) is a significant environmental event that alters the developmental trajectory of neurobiological systems that regulate stress, arousal and emotion.(5,6)”
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BackgroundSelf-citationEarly language acquisition: cracking the speech code
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STRESS AND HIPPOCAMPAL PLASTICITY
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BackgroundManuscripts Accepted for Publication
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BackgroundCHEMOAFFINITY IN THE ORDERLY GROWTH OF NERVE FIBER PATTERNS AND CONNECTIONS
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BackgroundContext, ambiguity, and unlearning: sources of relapse after behavioral extinction
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BackgroundHow Much Does Childhood Poverty Affect the Life Chances of Children?
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BackgroundSocioeconomic status and the developing brain
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ResultFear Extinction as a Model for Translational Neuroscience: Ten Years of Progress
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Background<scp>SES</scp> differences in language processing skill and vocabulary are evident at 18 months
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BackgroundTalking to Children Matters: Early Language Experience Strengthens Processing and Builds Vocabulary
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BackgroundChild neglect: developmental issues and outcomes☆
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“Evidence from opulation-based epidemiological studies indicates that childhood dversity is common and associated strongly with the subsequent nset of psychopathology not only in childhood, but also in adoescence and adulthood (Cohen et al., 2001; Green et al., 2010; essler et al., 1997; McLaughlin et al., 2012).”
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“While association cortex is likely to be organized along governing principals (Badre and D’Esposito, 2009), these principals continue to be investigated and are thought to be different to the organizational principals of primary sensory cortex (e.”
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“his lack of an early attachment figure, a central feature of early uman experience, has been investigated and reviewed extenively by Tottenham and colleagues (Gee et al., 2013; Tottenham, 012; Tottenham et al., 2010), and as such we do not review these ffects in depth.”
BackgroundExtinction of emotional learning: contribution of medial prefrontal cortex
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“Extinction of conditioned fear initially requires the amygdala, whereas retrieval of extinction memory on subsequent days additionally requires the vmPFC (Falls et al., 1992; Morgan et al., 1993; Quirk et al., 2000), which has direct projections to the amygdala (Hurley et al.”
Early developmental emergence of human amygdala–prefrontal connectivity after maternal deprivation
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“his lack of an early attachment figure, a central feature of early uman experience, has been investigated and reviewed extenively by Tottenham and colleagues (Gee et al., 2013; Tottenham, 012; Tottenham et al., 2010), and as such we do not review these ffects in depth.”
BackgroundWhat does the amygdala contribute to social cognition
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“Unsurprisingly, given this difference in exposure to complex cognitive stimuli, low SES is associated with decreased performance on complex cognitive tasks, including those tapping executive function and long-term memory (Evans and Schamberg, 2009; Farah et al., 2006; Hackman et al., 2010; Kishiyama et al., 2009; Nobl…”
BackgroundElimination of synapses in the developing nervous system
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Efferent projections of the infralimbic cortex of the rat
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“These differences in developmental outcomes are mediated by lack of exposure to complex and enriching activities in childhood (Bradley et al., 2001a,b; Linver et al., 2002; Yeung et al., 2002).”
BackgroundSynaptogenesis in human visual cortex—evidence for synapse elimination during normal development
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Childhood poverty, chronic stress, and adult working memory
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“Unsurprisingly, given this difference in exposure to complex cognitive stimuli, low SES is associated with decreased performance on complex cognitive tasks, including those tapping executive function and long-term memory (Evans and Schamberg, 2009; Farah et al., 2006; Hackman et al., 2010; Kishiyama et al., 2009; Nobl…”
BackgroundThe Role of Chaos in Poverty and Children's Socioemotional Adjustment
Evans, G. W., Gonnella, C., Marcynyszyn, L. A., Gentile, L., & Salpekar, N. (2005) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01575.x · Cited by 709 · cited 1× · see citing works
“, 2009), and unpredictabilty or chaos in childhood predicts psychological adjustment and arly-onset sexual behavior (Belsky et al., 2012; Evans et al., 2005).”
BackgroundEXTENT OF RECOVERY FROM THE EFFECTS OF VISUAL DEPRIVATION IN KITTENS
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Contextual and temporal modulation of extinction: behavioral and biological mechanisms
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“However, learned fear continues to e represented in the amygdala and hippocampus, and previously xtinguished fear can be re-activated following exposure to situaions where fear learning initially occurred or to other threatening ontexts (Bouton, 2002; Bouton et al., 2006; Rescorla, 2004).”
BackgroundChildhood Sexual Abuse and Mental Health in Adult Life
Mullen, P. E., Martin, J. L., Anderson, J. C., Romans, S. E., & Herbison, P. (1993) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.163.6.721 · Cited by 665 · see citing works
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“Lesions of the amygdala prevent fear acquisition and expression to both cued and contextual CS, while hippocampal lesions prevent fear acquisition only to contextual CS (Anagnostars et al., 1999; Cousens and Otto, 1998; Hitchcock and Davis, 1986; Phillips and LeDoux, 1994).”
De novo conditioning in trauma-exposed individuals with and without posttraumatic stress disorder.
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“, effects on vmPFC), of the predictions outlined above have reviously been articulated within the literature on stress and eural development (Tottenham and Sheridan, 2009).”
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“Although early threat exposure has consistently been associated with reduced hippocampal volume in adults (Andersen and Teicher, 2008; Hart and Rubia, 2012; Teicher et al., 2012), studies of children have generally not found a relationship between threat exposure and hippocampal volume (De Bellis et al.”
BackgroundNeural circuits and mechanisms involved in Pavlovian fear conditioning: A critical review
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“, 2009), and unpredictabilty or chaos in childhood predicts psychological adjustment and arly-onset sexual behavior (Belsky et al., 2012; Evans et al., 2005).”
BackgroundEffects of early experience on children's recognition of facial displays of emotion.
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BackgroundThe caregiving context in institution-reared and family-reared infants and toddlers in Romania
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BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationDifferential correlates of multi-type maltreatment among urban youth
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“Although the amygdala responds to both positive and egative emotional stimuli (Somerville et al., 2004), evidence uggests that it is centrally involved in detection of potential hreats (Isenberg et al.”
BackgroundStress effects in the hippocampus: Synaptic plasticity and memory
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P3b reflects maltreated children's reactions to facial displays of emotion
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Amygdala activation in maltreated children during pre-attentive emotional processing
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Self-citationEffects of environmental enrichment and impoverishment on rat cerebral cortex
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“Pre-adolescent chronic restraint tress is associated with atypical dendritic morphology, includng increased spines, in the amygdala (Eiland et al., 2012).”
BackgroundDistinct neural signatures of threat learning in adolescents and adults
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The effects of early neglect on cognitive, language, and behavioral functioning in childhood
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“When neglect is directly compared to abuse, children exposed to neglect are at greater risk for cognitive deficits than children exposed to abuse (Hildyard and Wolfe, 2002) and these deficits are similar to those observed in severe poverty and institutionalization (Dubowitz et al., 2002; Spratt et al., 2012), consiste…”
ResultPotential neural embedding of parental social standing
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Response to Learned Threat: An fMRI Study in Adolescent and Adult Anxiety
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“In addition to being associated with global changes n cortical function (Chugani et al., 2001; Marshall et al., 2008; cLaughlin et al., 2010), institutionalization is associated with verall decreases in grey matter volume and thickness (McLaughlin t al.”
BackgroundReduced hippocampal activity in youth with posttraumatic stress symptoms: an FMRI study.
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Child neglect: outcomes in high-risk urban preschoolers
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Human amygdala development in the absence of species‐expected caregiving
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“These findings are consistent with animal studies investigatng deprivation of early maternal care (Eiland and McEwen, 2012; ottenham and Sheridan, 2009).”
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Is aversive learning a marker of risk for anxiety disorders in children?
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“As noted above, only recently have developmentally appropriate and effective fear learning paradigms been developed for children and adolescents (Glenn et al., 2012; Lau et al., 2011).”
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Cognitive Brain Event-Related Potentials and Emotion Processing in Maltreated Children
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“Moreover, congenitally blind individuals have thinner primary visual cortex compared to sighted or late-blind participants (Collignon et al., 2013; Leporé et al., 2010), indicating that the reduction of inputs into primary visual cortex results in reductions in cortex and thus reduced processing capacity.”
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Self-citationEvidence for retarded extinction of aversive learning in anxious children
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“Given evidence for greater ear expression during conditioning paradigms, deficits in extincion learning, and disruptions in the neural circuitry underlying fear earning and extinction among both children and adults with anxety disorders (Britton et al., 2013; Craske et al., 2008; Lau et al., 008; Liberman et al., 2006…”
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Effect of Foster Care on Young Children’s Language Learning
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“, 2000) and in language production and omprehension (Albers et al., 1997; Windsor et al., 2011).”
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Neurobiological Pathways Linking Socioeconomic Position and Health
Gianaros, P. J., & Manuck, S. B. (2010) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3181e1a23c · Cited by 98 · cited 1× · see citing works
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Cellular and molecular mechanisms of hippocampal activation by acute stress are age-dependent
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Parental education predicts corticostriatal functionality in adulthood.
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“n paradigms involving uncontrollable shock delivered to pups, arly threat exposure is associated with persistent anxiety and epression-like behaviors, absence of paired-pulse inhibition in he amygdala—reflecting deficits in inhibitory pathways regulatng amygdala activity, and widespread changes in gene expression n th…”
BackgroundEffects of successive environments on brain measures☆
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BackgroundIQ, Socioeconomic Status, and Early Death: The US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth
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The effects of childhood maltreatment on brain structure, function and connectivity
Teicher, M. H., Samson, J. A., Anderson, C. M., & Ohashi, K. (2016) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn.2016.111 · Cited by 1,856 · see citing works
More than a feeling: A unified view of stress measurement for population science
Epel, E. S., Crosswell, A. D., Mayer, S. E., Prather, A. A., Slavich, G. M., Puterman, E., & Mendes, W. B. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.03.001 · Cited by 1,077 · see citing works
“Exposure to traumatic stressors, particularly when they occur early in life (e.g., prenatal, childhood), appears to affect the brain in important ways (Lupien et al., 2009; McLaughlin et al., 2014b), including how the brain perceives and reacts to future threats and stressors.”
BackgroundBeyond Cumulative Risk: A Dimensional Approach to Childhood Adversity
McLaughlin, K. A., & Sheridan, M. A. (2016) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721416655883 · Cited by 906 · see citing works
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Childhood Adversity and Neural Development: A Systematic Review
McLaughlin, K. A., Weissman, D., & Bitrán, D. (2019) · Annual Review of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-devpsych-121318-084950 · Cited by 892 · see citing works
“Experiences of threat are expected to have strong influences on neural systems that are involved in threat detection and learning, salience processing, and emotion regulation (McLaughlin et al. 2014a, Sheridan & McLaughlin 2014).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationAdversity in childhood is linked to mental and physical health throughout life
Nelson, C. A., Bhutta, Z. A., Burke Harris, N., Danese, A., & Samara, M. (2020) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.m3048 · Cited by 741 · see citing works
Biological embedding of childhood adversity: from physiological mechanisms to clinical implications
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“, rearing in single-occupancy cages) [35].”
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“…the type of maltreatment or deviation from an expectable environment are differentially associated with depression (including neglect versus abuse; see Humphreys & Zeanah, 2015; McLaughlin & Sheridan, 2016; McLaughlin et al., 2014; or emotional maltreatment versus physical or sexual maltreatment).”
BackgroundAn active inference theory of allostasis and interoception in depression
Barrett, L. F., Quigley, K. S., & Hamilton, P. (2016) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2016.0011 · Cited by 554 · see citing works
Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology
McLaughlin, K. A. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2015.1110823 · Cited by 576 · see citing works
“Thus, fear learning mechanisms and their downstream consequences explain, in part, the association of threatening environments with alterations in emotional processing (McLaughlin et al., 2014; Sheridan & McLaughlin, 2014).”
BackgroundSelf-citationEarly Adverse Experiences and the Developing Brain
Bick, J., & Nelson, C. A. (2016) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2015.252 · Cited by 559 · see citing works
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Early life stress and development: potential mechanisms for adverse outcomes
Smith, K. E., & Pollak, S. D. (2020) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/s11689-020-09337-y · Cited by 500 · see citing works
“different variants of this approach [41, 44, 45], an increas-”
BackgroundNelson, C. A., & Gabard-Durnam, L. J. (2020) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2020.01.002 · Cited by 501 · see citing works
“Many of these behavioral sequelae appear to be mediated by a variety of changes in the brain, such as increased/ decreased cortical volume [51,52], increased/decreased cortical thinning [12,53], perturbations in WM integrity [54–56], and increased/decreased brain activity [57,58].”
BackgroundEnvironmental influences on the pace of brain development
Tooley, U. A., Bassett, D. S., & Mackey, A. P. (2021) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-021-00457-5 · Cited by 488 · see citing works
Child trauma exposure and psychopathology: Mechanisms of risk and resilience
McLaughlin, K. A., & Lambert, H. K. (2017) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.10.004 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
Self-citationColich, N. L., Rosen, M. L., Williams, E. S., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2020) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000270 · Cited by 433 · see citing works
Self-citationLacey, R. E., & Minnis, H. (2019) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13135 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
Diamond, L. M., & Alley, J. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104720 · Cited by 412 · see citing works
The Value of Dimensional Models of Early Experience: Thinking Clearly About Concepts and Categories
McLaughlin, K. A., Sheridan, M. A., Humphreys, K. L., Belsky, J., & Ellis, B. J. (2021) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691621992346 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
“These arguments are puzzling, as advocates of dimensional models have long made clear that alterations in these stress-response systems are at least one common pathway influenced by many forms of adversity (McLaughlin, 2020; McLaughlin & Sheridan, 2016; McLaughlin et al., 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationSmith, K. E., & Pollak, S. D. (2020) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691620920725 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Stress and adolescence: vulnerability and opportunity during a sensitive window of development
Sisk, L. M., & Gee, D. G. (2022) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.10.005 · Cited by 374 · see citing works
“Frameworks identifying certain features of stress exposure as particularly salient, such as threat and deprivation [67] or unpredictability [68], have already proved fruitful in understanding how the brain may be shaped by distinct aspects of stress exposure.”
BackgroundEllis, B. J., Sheridan, M. A., Belsky, J., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2022) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579421001838 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Self-citationSumner, J. A., Colich, N. L., Uddin, M., Armstrong, D., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2019) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.09.008 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Self-citationNeglect as a violation of species-expectant experience: neurodevelopmental consequences
McLaughlin, K. A., Sheridan, M. A., & Nelson, C. A. (2017) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.02.1096 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Self-citationMaltreatment Exposure, Brain Structure, and Fear Conditioning in Children and Adolescents
McLaughlin, K. A., Sheridan, M. A., Gold, A. L., Duys, A., Lambert, H. K., Peverill, M., Heleniak, C. M., Shechner, T., Wojcieszak, Z. K., & Pine, D. S. (2015) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2015.365 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Self-citationDissociation in victims of childhood abuse or neglect: a meta-analytic review
Vonderlin, R., Kleindienst, N., Alpers, G. W., Bohus, M., Lyssenko, L., & Schmahl, C. (2018) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291718000740 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Sheridan, M. A., Peverill, M., Finn, A. S., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2017) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579417001390 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Self-citationBlodgett, C., & Lanigan, J. D. (2018) · School psychology quarterly · doi:10.1037/spq0000256 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Lambert, H. K., King, K. M., Monahan, K. C., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2017) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579416000584 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Self-citationHein, T. C., & Monk, C. S. (2017) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12651 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Early life adversity and health-risk behaviors: Proposed psychological and neural mechanisms
Duffy, K. A., McLaughlin, K. A., & Green, P. A. (2018) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.13928 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Self-citationDeviations from the expectable environment in early childhood and emerging psychopathology
Humphreys, K. L., & Zeanah, C. H. (2015) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2014.165 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Miller, A. B., Sheridan, M. A., Hanson, J. L., McLaughlin, K. A., Bates, J. E., Lansford, J. E., Pettit, G. S., & Dodge, K. A. (2018) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000331 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Self-citationRosen, M. L., Hagen, M. P., Lurie, L. A., Miles, Z. E., Sheridan, M. A., Meltzoff, A. N., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2019) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13315 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
“Recent work has sought to disentangle how distinct dimension of childhood adversity, including deprivation and threat, may be associated with different cognitive and neural outcomes (McLaughlin et al., 2014; Sheridan & McLaughlin, 2014).”
BackgroundSelf-citationTaylor, R. L., Cooper, S. R., Jackson, J. J., & Barch, D. M. (2020) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.23774 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Hidden talents in harsh environments
Ellis, B. J., Abrams, L. S., Masten, A. S., Sternberg, R. J., Tottenham, N., & Frankenhuis, W. E. (2020) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579420000887 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
“…maltreatment tend to exhibit enhanced abilities for detecting and memorizing anger relative to other emotions, a skill set that is presumably adaptive under hostile conditions (e.g., McLaughlin et al., 2014), such as by enabling one to detect threat at an earlier stage in a social interaction.”
BackgroundLin, L., Cao, B., Chen, W., Li, J., Zhang, Y., & Guo, V. Y. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.41714 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Adverse Childhood Experiences and Executive Function Difficulties in Children: A Systematic Review
Lund, J. I., Toombs, E., Radford, A., Boles, K., & Mushquash, C. (2020) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104485 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Kuhlman, K. R., Chiang, J. J., Horn, S., & Bower, J. E. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.05.020 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
“In line with our proposed framework, different types of stressors differentially impact neuroplasticity (Teicher & Samson, 2013), specifically in the limbic system (Cohen et al., 2013; Wilson et al., 2015), and specifically with regard to processing of threat and rewards (McLaughlin et al., 2014b).”
Association of Childhood Adversity With Morbidity and Mortality in US Adults
Grummitt, L. R., Kreski, N. T., Kim, S. G., Platt, J., Keyes, K. M., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2021) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.2320 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Self-citationMcLaughlin, K. A., Koenen, K. C., Bromet, E. J., Karam, E. G., Liu, H., Petukhova, M. V., Ruscio, A. M., Sampson, N. A., Stein, D. J., Aguilar‐Gaxiola, S., et al. (2017) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.116.197640 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Self-citationBusso, D. S., McLaughlin, K. A., & Sheridan, M. A. (2016) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000369 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Self-citationMachlin, L., Miller, A. B., Snyder, J., McLaughlin, K. A., & Sheridan, M. A. (2019) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00080 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Self-citationMechanisms linking childhood adversity with psychopathology: Learning as an intervention target
McLaughlin, K. A., DeCross, S. N., Jovanović, T., & Tottenham, N. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.04.008 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Self-citationTeicher, M. H., Anderson, C. M., Ohashi, K., Khan, A., McGreenery, C. E., Bolger, E. A., Rohan, M. L., & Vitaliano, G. D. (2017) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.12.055 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Childhood maltreatment and DNA methylation: A systematic review
Cecil, C. A. M., Zhang, Y., & Nolte, T. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.02.019 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
“Focusing exclusively on the CTQ abuse subscales, Mehta et al. (2013) examined differential transcriptomic and epigenetic patterns between individuals in three different groups (i) patients with PTSD and exposure to abuse (n = 32), (ii) patients with PTSD and no exposure to abuse (n = 29), and (iii)…”
BackgroundZeanah, C. H., & Humphreys, K. L. (2018) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2018.06.007 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Johnson, D., Policelli, J., Li, M., Dharamsi, A., Hu, Q., Sheridan, M. A., McLaughlin, K. A., & Wade, M. (2021) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.2511 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Self-citationThe complex neurobiology of resilient functioning after childhood maltreatment
Ioannidis, K., Askelund, A. D., Kievit, R., & van Harmelen, A. (2020) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-020-1490-7 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
“may impact on differential brain mechanisms [193].”
Calem, M., Bromis, K., McGuire, P., Morgan, C., & Kempton, M. J. (2017) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2017.02.016 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Effects of early life stress on amygdala and striatal development
Fareri, D. S., & Tottenham, N. (2016) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2016.04.005 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
VanTieghem, M., & Tottenham, N. (2017) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2016_42 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Rosen, M. L., Sheridan, M. A., Sambrook, K., Meltzoff, A. N., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.02.043 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Self-citationPalacios‐Barrios, E. E., & Hanson, J. L. (2018) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.12.012 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
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The effects of early life adversity on children’s mental health and cognitive functioning
Wade, M., Wright, L., & Finegold, K. E. (2022) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-022-02001-0 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Rapid infant prefrontal cortex development and sensitivity to early environmental experience
Hodel, A. S. (2018) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2018.02.003 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Lacey, R. E., Pereira, S. M. P., Li, L., & Danese, A. (2020) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.017 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Rodman, A. M., Jenness, J. L., Weissman, D. G., Pine, D. S., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2019) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.04.033 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Self-citationBlack Deaths Matter: Race, Relationship Loss, and Effects on Survivors
Umberson, D. (2017) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/0022146517739317 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Gee, D. G. (2021) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2021.21090944 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
“, adversity characterized by the absence of an expected environmental input, such as cognitive or social stimulation, as in neglect or caregiver deprivation) (117, 118).”
BackgroundEmerging depression in adolescence coincides with accelerated frontal cortical thinning
Bos, M. G. N., Peters, S., van de Kamp, F. C., Crone, E. A., & Tamnes, C. K. (2018) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12895 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
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Modelling resilience in adolescence and adversity: a novel framework to inform research and practice
Malhi, G. S., Das, P., Bell, E., Mattingly, G. W., & Mannie, Z. N. (2019) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-019-0651-y · Cited by 144 · see citing works
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Amygdala hyper-connectivity in a mouse model of unpredictable early life stress
Johnson, F. K., Delpech, J.-C., Thompson, G. J., Wei, L., Jin, H., Hermán, P., Hyder, F., & Kaffman, A. (2018) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-018-0092-z · Cited by 115 · see citing works
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Cheng, Z., Guo, W., Hayward, M. L. A., Smyth, R., & Wang, H. (2020) · Journal of Business Venturing · doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2020.106063 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Rakesh, D., Whittle, S., Sheridan, M. A., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2023) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2023.03.011 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
“These ideas have been discussed extensively [7,9,17,27,79].”
BackgroundSelf-citationImpact of Early Life Stress on Reward Circuit Function and Regulation
Hanson, J. L., Williams, A. V., Bangasser, D. A., & Peña, C. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.744690 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
“More recently, starting frameworks (10, 188) argue for the examination of differences between dimensions of adversity (i.”
BackgroundWeissman, D. G., Lambert, H. K., Rodman, A. M., Peverill, M., Sheridan, M., & McLaughlin, K. (2020) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.23062 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Self-citationBarajas-Gonzalez, R. G., Ayón, C., Brabeck, K. M., Rojas-Flores, L., & Valdez, C. R. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114126 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
“We tailored the dimensional model of childhood adversity and psychopathology (DMAP; McLaughlin et al., 2014; Sheridan and McLaughlin, 2020) to illustrate how restrictive immigration policies and enforcement—and threat of enforcement—function as anticipatory stressors that can become chronic stressors (Garcia, 2018), a…”
MethodDumornay, N. M., Lebois, L. A. M., Ressler, K. J., & Harnett, N. G. (2023) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.21090961 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Chiang, J. J., Lam, P. H., Chen, E., & Miller, G. E. (2022) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000351 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
“…several conceptual models suggest that childhood stressors can be organized into core underlying dimensions, such as threat versus deprivation (McLaughlin et al., 2014), harshness versus unpredictability (Belsky et al., 2012), and physical trauma versus disrupted caregiving versus…”
BackgroundEvidence for a sensitive period in the effects of early life stress on hippocampal volume
Humphreys, K. L., King, L. S., Sacchet, M. D., Camacho, M. C., Colich, N. L., Ordaz, S. J., Ho, T. C., & Gotlib, I. H. (2018) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12775 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Early Adversity and the Neotenous Human Brain
Tottenham, N. (2019) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.06.018 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Hyde, L. W., Gard, A. M., Tomlinson, R. C., Burt, S. A., Mitchell, C. M., & Monk, C. S. (2020) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000741 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“Though we focus much of this article on the “stress” pathway, prominent models and empirical studies also high-light a low resource pathway through which poverty influences brain development in regions supporting cognitive development (Johnson et al., 2016; McLaughlin, Sheridan, & Lambert, 2014).”
Sensitive periods in human development: charting a course for the future
Gabard-Durnam, L. J., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2020) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.09.003 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“Not only do these different dimensions of adversity have distinct influences on neurocognitive development [37,44], but they also likely have divergent influences on sensitive period mechanisms.”
BackgroundSelf-citationEarly Social Adversity, Altered Brain Functional Connectivity, and Mental Health
Holz, N. E., Berhe, O., Sacu, S., Schwarz, E., Tesarz, J., Heim, C. C., & Tost, H. (2022) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.10.019 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“threat-related adverse experiences) (40).”
Neurobiological models of the impact of adversity on education
Sheridan, M. A., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2016) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.05.013 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Self-citationObserved Measures of Negative Parenting Predict Brain Development during Adolescence
Whittle, S., Vijayakumar, N., Dennison, M., Schwartz, O., Simmons, J. G., Sheeber, L., & Allen, N. B. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0147774 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Marusak, H. A., Iadipaolo, A. S., Harper, F. W. K., Elrahal, F., Taub, J. W., Goldberg, E., & Rabinak, C. A. (2017) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-017-9365-1 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Jenness, J. L., Peverill, M., Miller, A. B., Heleniak, C. M., Robertson, M. M., Sambrook, K., Sheridan, M. A., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720000641 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Self-citationHawkins, M. A. W., Layman, H. M., Ganson, K. T., Tabler, J., Ciciolla, L. M., Tsotsoros, C. E., & Nagata, J. M. (2021) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105008 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Mechanisms of neuroplasticity linking early adversity to depression: developmental considerations
Ho, T. C., & King, L. S. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01639-6 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Lurie, L. A., Hagen, M. P., McLaughlin, K. A., Sheridan, M. A., Meltzoff, A. N., & Rosen, M. L. (2021) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2021.101045 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“Recent models draw a distinction between the effects of different dimensions of adversity on cognitive and neural development, namely experiences of threat (e.g. violence) and deprivation (e.g. a lack of social and cognitive stimulation; McLaughlin et al., 2014).”
Self-citationSchäfer, J., McLaughlin, K. A., Manfro, G. G., Pan, P. M., Rohde, L. A., Miguel, E. C., Simioni, A., Hoffmann, M. S., & Salum, G. A. (2022) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.13267 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
“This study examined theoretical predictions of a dimensional model of childhood adversity (McLaughlin et al., 2014).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationMeasuring Early Life Adversity: A Dimensional Approach
Berman, I. S., McLaughlin, K., Tottenham, N., Godfrey, K., Seeman, T., Loucks, E., Suomi, S., Danese, A., & Sheridan, M. (2022) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579421001826 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“These include dimensions of threat and harshness that reflect experiences of harm, or threat of harm, to the physical integrity of the child, such as experiences of violence (e.g., physical and sexual abuse, domestic violence, and community violence; McLaughlin et al., 2014); deprivation, which reflects reductions in…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationTozzi, L., Garczarek, L., Janowitz, D., Stein, D. J., Wittfeld, K., Dobrowolny, H., Lagopoulos, J., Hatton, S. N., Hickie, I. B., Carballedo, A., et al. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329171900093x · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Ellis, B. J., Horn, A. J., Carter, C. S., van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J. (2021) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2021.101985 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Toward understanding the impact of trauma on the early developing human brain
Thomason, M. E., & Marusak, H. A. (2017) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.02.022 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
ACEs and mental health outcomes
Sheffler, J., Stanley, I. H., & Sachs‐Ericsson, N. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816065-7.00004-5 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Lawson, G. M., Camins, J. S., Wisse, L. E. M., Wu, J., Duda, J., Cook, P. A., Gee, J. C., & Farah, M. J. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0175690 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Rakesh, D., Lee, P. A., Gaikwad, A., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2024) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.14082 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
“…cognitive and social inputs, rather than other types of adversities (e.g. threat), is associated with cognitive outcomes like EF and language ability (McLaughlin, Sheridan, & Lambert, 2014) – an idea that has been supported using network analyses (Sheridan, Shi, Miller, , & McLaughlin, 2020).”
Self-citationFunctional and Structural Brain Correlates of Socioeconomic Status.
Yaple, Z., & Yu, R. (2019) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhz080 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Post‐separation abuse: A concept analysis
Spearman, K. J., Hardesty, J. L., & Campbell, J. (2023) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.15310 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
“Given the implications of fear and threat on children's neurodevelopment (McLaughlin et al., 2014), understanding the implications of post-separation abuse on children's health and well-being is an important area for future study.”
BackgroundResilience and young people’s brain structure, function and connectivity: A systematic review
Eaton, S., Cornwell, H., Hamilton-Giachritsis, C. E., & Fairchild, G. F. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.11.001 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Stinson, E. A., Sullivan, R. M., Peteet, B. J., Tapert, S. F., Baker, F. C., Breslin, F. J., Dick, A. S., Gonzalez, M. R., Guillaumé, M., Marshall, A. T., et al. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science · doi:10.1016/j.bpsgos.2021.08.007 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“ACEs have been linked with negative physical health outcomes (24,25) and alterations in biological stress response (26,27) and neural development (28,29).”
- Authors
- McLaughlin, K. A., Sheridan, M. A., & Lambert, H. K.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Boston Children's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- McLaughlin, Katie A.
- Venue
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-11
- Volume
- 47
- Pages
- 578-591
- ISSN
- 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4308474
- OpenAlex
- W2015671245
- Semantic Scholar
- 69b7150efee4a482268406c084c223669bbe9868
- Cited by
- 1,389
- References
- 218
- Citations by year
- 2026: 247 · 2025: 184 · 2024: 175 · 2023: 177 · 2022: 157 · 2021: 126 · 2020: 118 · 2019: 67 · 2018: 56 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 3.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Mental Health (K01-MH092625, K01-MH092555)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- childhood adversity, neural development, deprivation, threats, early life experience, sensory deprivation, fear learning, stress response pathways, neurodevelopmental outcomes, conceptual framework
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Fear, Humans, Life Change Events, Maternal Deprivation, Sensory Deprivation, Stress, Psychological, Models, Animal, Neurogenesis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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