Delayed maturation in brain electrical activity partially explains the association between early environmental deprivation and symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Open accessAbstract
Background Children raised in institutional settings are exposed to social and environmental circumstances that may deprive them of expected environmental inputs during sensitive periods of brain development that are necessary to foster healthy development. This deprivation is thought to underlie the abnormalities in neurodevelopment that have been found in previously institutionalized children. It is unknown whether deviations in neurodevelopment explain the high rates of developmental problems evident in previously institutionalized children, including psychiatric disorders.Methods We present data from a sample of children raised in institutions in Bucharest, Romania (n = 117) and an age- and sex-matched sample of community control subjects (n = 49). Electroencephalogram data were acquired following entry into the study at age 6 to 30 months, and a structured diagnostic interview of psychiatric disorders was completed at age 54 months.Results Children reared in institutions evidenced greater symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, anxiety, depression, and disruptive behavior disorders than community controls. Electroencephalogram revealed significant reductions in alpha relative power and increases in theta relative power among children reared in institutions in frontal, temporal, and occipital regions, suggesting a delay in cortical maturation. This pattern of brain activity predicted symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity at age 54 months, and significantly mediated the association between institutionalization and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms. Electroencephalogram power was unrelated to depression, anxiety, or disruptive behaviors.Conclusions These findings document a potential neurodevelopmental mechanism underlying the association between institutionalization and psychiatric morbidity. Deprivation in social and environmental conditions may perturb early patterns of neurodevelopment and manifest as psychiatric problems later in life.
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Lower EEG alpha power mediates the relationship between institutional rearing and symptoms of ADHD.
“lower EEG alpha power has been shown to mediate the relationship between institutional rearing and symptoms of ADHD (32)”
From Long-term effects of institutional rearing, foster care, and brain activity on memory and executive functioning (2019) · cites this paper as [32]
In Results (Institutionalization and Brain Development; Brain Development and Psychopathology), institutional rearing is associated with lower alpha relative power, which is associated with hyperactivity and impulsivity. Results (Mediation Models) finds significant mediation for those symptoms through EEG power in models with multiple EEG components, but does not establish that lower alpha power alone mediates the relationship or that the finding extends to inattention. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredADHD is strongly associated with institutional rearing and persists after removal from institutional care after age 6 months.
“ADHD is strongly associated with institutional rearing and persists following removal from institutional care after the age of 6 months.(38, 40, 140)”
From Neglect as a violation of species-expectant experience: neurodevelopmental consequences (2017) · cites this paper as [140]
Reduced alpha relative power and increased theta relative power predicted symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity in institutionalized children at age 54 months.
“McLaughlin et al found that reduced alpha relative power and increased theta relative power predicted symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity in institutionalized children at age 54 months.”
From Deviations from the expectable environment in early childhood and emerging psychopathology (2015) · cites this paper as McLaughlin et al, 2010
The effect of EEG power appeared specific to ADHD symptoms, as there was no association between EEG power and either internalizing symptoms or disruptive behavior symptoms.
“Importantly, the effect of EEG power appeared specific to ADHD symptoms, as there was no association between EEG power and either internalizing symptoms or disruptive behavior symptoms.”
From Deviations from the expectable environment in early childhood and emerging psychopathology (2015) · cites this paper as McLaughlin et al, 2010
Research from the BEIP identified EEG patterns that mediated the association between institutionalization and ADHD symptoms, which is consistent with evidence of EEG differences in those with ADHD from non-institutionalized samples.
“However, research from the BEIP identified EEG patterns that mediated the association between institutionalization and ADHD symptoms (McLaughlin et al, 2010), which is consistent with evidence of EEG differences in those with ADHD from non-institutionalized samples (Snyder and Hall, 2006).”
From Deviations from the expectable environment in early childhood and emerging psychopathology (2015) · cites this paper as McLaughlin et al, 2010
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- Authors
- McLaughlin, K. A., Fox, N. A., Zeanah, C. H., Sheridan, M. A., Marshall, P., & Nelson, C. A.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- Tulane University (US)
- Temple University (US)
- Boston Children's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Nelson, Charles A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-08
- Volume
- 68
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 329-336
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3010237
- OpenAlex
- W1969027857
- Cited by
- 144
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 28.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Early Experience and Brain Development
- Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (053572)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Child Welfare and Adoption
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Keywords
- institutionalization, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, cortical maturation, EEG spectral power, hyperactivity/impulsivity, psychiatric morbidity, brain development, disruptive behavior disorders, anxiety, depression
- MeSH terms
- Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Mental Disorders, Brain, Child Development, Psychology, Child, Child Welfare, Child, Preschool, Environment, Female, Humans, Infant, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Psychosocial Deprivation, Reference Values, Case-Control Studies, Matched-Pair Analysis, Orphanages, Brain Waves
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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