Ghrelin regulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and restricts anxiety after acute stress
Open accessAbstract
Background Ghrelin plays important roles in glucose metabolism, appetite, and body weight regulation, and recent evidence suggests ghrelin prevents excessive anxiety under conditions of chronic stress.Methods We used ghrelin knockout (ghr-/-) mice to examine the role of endogenous ghrelin in anxious behavior and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) responses to acute stress.Results Ghr-/- mice are more anxious after acute restraint stress, compared with wild-type (WT) mice, with three independent behavioral tests. Acute restraint stress exacerbated neuronal activation in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and medial nucleus of the amygdala in ghr-/- mice compared with WT, and exogenous ghrelin reversed this effect. Acute stress increased neuronal activation in the centrally projecting Edinger-Westphal nucleus in WT but not ghr-/- mice. Ghr-/- mice exhibited a lower corticosterone response after stress, suggesting dysfunctional glucocorticoid negative feedback in the absence of ghrelin. We found no differences in dexamethasone-induced Fos expression between ghr-/- and WT mice, suggesting central feedback was not impaired. Adrenocorticotropic hormone replacement elevated plasma corticosterone in ghr-/-, compared with WT mice, indicating increased adrenal sensitivity. The adrenocorticotropic hormone response to acute stress was significantly reduced in ghr-/- mice, compared with control subjects. Pro-opiomelanocortin anterior pituitary cells express significant growth hormone secretagogue receptor.Conclusions Ghrelin reduces anxiety after acute stress by stimulating the HPA axis at the level of the anterior pituitary. A novel neuronal growth hormone secretagogue receptor circuit involving urocortin 1 neurons in the centrally projecting Edinger-Westphal nucleus promotes an appropriate stress response. Thus, ghrelin regulates acute stress and offers potential therapeutic efficacy in human mood and stress disorders.
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Ghrelin contributes toward stress response, anxiety, and depression.
“Ghrelin is a 28 amino-acid stomach-derived peptide known for its powerful physiological orexigenic and adipogenic effects, as well as for its contribution toward the stress response, anxiety, and depression [293][294][295][296][297].”
From Anxiety, depression, and the microbiome: A role for gut peptides (2018) · cites this paper as [295]
Mice lacking endogenous ghrelin have dampened circulating glucocorticoid response following acute stressor due to deficit in PVN response needed to stimulate ACTH from pituitary.
“Mice lacking endogenous ghrelin have a dampened circulating glucocorticoid response following an acute stressor due a deficit in the PVN response needed to stimulate ACTH from the pituitary [295,311].”
From Anxiety, depression, and the microbiome: A role for gut peptides (2018) · cites this paper as [295]
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“Moreover, ghrelin (Ghr −/−) knock-out mice are more anxious after acute restraint stress and this is likely due to a problem with the normal glucocorticoid feedback in response to stress (68).”
BackgroundDiet, Stress and Mental Health
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“axis at the level of the anterior pituitary (Spencer et al., 2012).”
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“Ghrelin is an orexigenic peptide hormone that may be linked to stress-induced hypothalamic-pituitary axis (HPA) activation (64, 65) and cognitive dysfunction in neurodegenerative disease (66).”
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“Accordingly, since its discovery in 1999, a myriad of preclinical and clinical studies have shown that ghrelin exerts a surprising variety of metabolic actions in such distinct areas as the regulation of food intake and satiety [51], modulation of energy expenditure via regulation of brown fat thermogenesis [19], regu…”
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“Further study, however, implicated enhanced metabolism of ghrelin, which is known for involvement in stress and anxiety (3, 11, 12).”
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BackgroundGhrelin in psychiatric disorders – A review
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“…the effect of exogenous ghrelin to increase circulating glucocorticoids, the corticosterone response to acute stress was substantially decreased in ghrelin knockout mice—but this was attributed to direct action of ghrelin to stimulate ACTH release from the anterior pituitary (Spencer et al., 2012).”
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“Moreover, the ghrelinergic system is also modified by stress (Schellekens et al., 2012; Spencer et al., 2012).”
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“More recently, ghrelin has been shown to be involved in mediating a stress response and to mediate stressinduced food reward behavior (Lutter et al., 2008; Chuang and Zigman, 2010; Patterson et al., 2010, 2013; Chuang et al., 2011; Diz-Chaves, 2011; Schellekens et al., 2012b; Spencer et al., 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Central Nervous System Sites Mediating the Orexigenic Actions of Ghrelin
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The Role of the Ghrelin System in Drug Addiction
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‘As above, so below’ examining the interplay between emotion and the immune system
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“behaviors and that ghrelin signaling also modulates the response to stress (39, 58, 59).”
BackgroundLi, X., Chen, W., Pan, K., Li, H., Pang, P., Guo, Y., Shu, S., Cai, Y., Pei, L., Liu, D., et al. (2018) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0207-0 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Leptin as a Biomarker of Stress: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
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Stress and obesity: The ghrelin connection
Abizaid, A. B. (2019) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.12693 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Linking Stress and Infertility: A Novel Role for Ghrelin
Sominsky, L., Hodgson, D. M., McLaughlin, E. A., Smith, R., Wall, H. M., & Spencer, S. J. (2017) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2016-1133 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Defensive responses: behaviour, the brain and the body
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“In contrast to non-stressed conditions, ghrelin reduces avoidance in the pre-encounter phase after exposure to an acute high-imminence threat (restraint) 180 .”
BackgroundGhrelin and Neurodegenerative Disorders—a Review
Shi, L.-M., Du, X.-X., Jiang, H., & Xie, J.-X. (2016) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-016-9729-1 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Disruption of cue-potentiated feeding in mice with blocked ghrelin signaling
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“Of note, our previous in situ hybridization histochemistry characterization study of GHSR expression in the rat and mouse brains did not reveal amygdala expression [18], although this likely underrepresents the actual amygdala GHSR expression and is in contrast to several subsequent studies: GHSR expression has been l…”
ResultZiko, I., Luca, S. N. D., Dinan, T., Barwood, J. M., Sominsky, L., Cai, G., Kenny, R., Stokes, L., Jenkins, T. A., & Spencer, S. J. (2014) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2014.06.014 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Structural basis of human ghrelin receptor signaling by ghrelin and the synthetic agonist ibutamoren
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Perinatal programming of neuroendocrine mechanisms connecting feeding behavior and stress
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Understanding the Effects of Antipsychotics on Appetite Control
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“However, the drop in ghrelin levels may also be due to stress (170), which is common among psychotic patients.”
BackgroundGhrelin-Derived Peptides: A Link between Appetite/Reward, GH Axis, and Psychiatric Disorders?
Labarthe, A., Fiquet, O., Hassouna, R., Zizzari, P., Lanfumey, L., Ramoz, N., Grouselle, D., Epelbaum, J., & Tolle, V. (2014) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2014.00163 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“Interestingly, exogenous ghrelin reverses the exacerbated neuronal activation in the hypothalamic PVN and medial nucleus of the amygdala in ghrelin−/− mice after acute restraint stress, supporting an anxiolytic action of ghrelin (130).”
BackgroundAnxiolytic-Like Effects of Increased Ghrelin Receptor Signaling in the Amygdala
Jensen, M. G., Ratner, C., Rudenko, O., Christiansen, S. H., Skov, L. J., Hundahl, C., Woldbye, D. P. D., & Holst, B. (2015) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyv123 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“, 2008), and ghrelin KO mice showed increased anxiety-like behavior after acute restraint stress (Spencer et al., 2012).”
Diet-induced obesity causes ghrelin resistance in reward processing tasks
Lockie, S. H., Dinan, T., Lawrence, A. J., Spencer, S. J., & Andrews, Z. B. (2015) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.08.004 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Intriguingly there also appears to be a dual role of ghrelin in anxiety-like behaviour with ghrelin suppressing anxiety in stressful situations but not during non-stressful conditions (Spencer et al., 2012).”
Developing ‘integrative’ zebrafish models of behavioral and metabolic disorders
Nguyen, M., Yang, E., Neelkantan, N., Mikhaylova, A., Arnold, R., Poudel, M. K., Stewart, A., & Kalueff, A. V. (2013) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2013.08.012 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
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Acylated but not des‐acyl ghrelin is neuroprotective in an MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease
Bayliss, J. A., Lemus, M. B., dos Santos, V. V., Deo, M., Elsworth, J. D., & Andrews, Z. B. (2016) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.13576 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Stress, Motivation, and the Gut–Brain Axis: A Focus on the Ghrelin System and Alcohol Use Disorder
Morris, L. S., Voon, V., & Leggio, L. (2018) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.13781 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“For example, ghrelin knockout mice also have reduced corticosterone following acute stress, suggesting that ghrelin mediates the response to stress at least in part via negative feedback (Spencer et al., 2012).”
Farajdokht, F., Babri, S., Karimi, P., Alipour, M. R., Bughchechi, R., & Mohaddes, G. (2016) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.13486 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“demonstrate that ghrelin has anxiolytic effect (Lutter et al., 2008; Spencer et al., 2012).”
Ghrelin as a Neuroprotective and Palliative Agent in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease
dos Santos, V. V., Rodrigues, A. L. S., de Lima, T. C. M., de Barioglio, S. R., Raisman‐Vozari, R., & Prediger, R. D. (2013) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/13816128113199990411 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Ghrelin as a Biomarker of Stress: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Bouillon‐Minois, J., Trousselard, M., Thivel, D., Gordon, B. A., Schmidt, J., Moustafa, F., Oris, C., & Dutheil, F. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13030784 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“The increase in ghrelin in response to stress can be an adaptive mechanism that may help people with stress [30].”
BackgroundInfluentialMetabolic and Microbiota Measures as Peripheral Biomarkers in Major Depressive Disorder
Horne, R. G., & Foster, J. A. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00513 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
The interplay between stress, circadian clocks, and energy metabolism
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Potential gut–brain mechanisms behind adverse mental health outcomes of bariatric surgery
Brown, R. M., Guerrero-Hreins, E., Brown, W. A., le Roux, C. W., & Sumithran, P. (2021) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-021-00520-2 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Mood disorders: A potential link between ghrelin and leptin on human body?
Zarouna, S. (2015) · World Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.5493/wjem.v5.i2.103 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Reichenbach, A., Steyn, F. J., Sleeman, M. W., & Andrews, Z. B. (2012) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2012-1622 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Endocrinology, November 2012, 153(11):5452–5466 endo.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPeripheral Biomarkers in DSM-5 Anxiety Disorders: An Updated Overview
Vismara, M. E. M., Girone, N., Cirnigliaro, G., Fasciana, F., Vanzetto, S., Ferrara, L., Priori, A., D’Addario, C., Viganò, C. A., & Dell’Osso, B. M. (2020) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci10080564 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“In several studies, ghrelin has been reported to induce anxious effects [95] and increased ghrelin secretion in stressful conditions determines anxious behaviors and activation of the HPA axis [96].”
BackgroundKhosravi, Y., Seow, S. W., Amoyo, A. A., Chiow, K. H., Tan, T. L., Wong, W. Y., Poh, Q. H., Sentosa, I. M. D., Bunte, R. M., Pettersson, S., et al. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep08731 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Ghrelin as a biomarker of stress: a systematic review and meta-analysis
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“Thus, GR increase in CRBI rats after ghrelin treatment was possibly associated with the inhibition of HPA through up-regulation of GHS-R1a in hypothalamus 47 .”
Kenny, R., Dinan, T., Cai, G., & Spencer, S. J. (2014) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.1002/phy2.265 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Interestingly, we have previously seen the gastrointestinal peptide, ghrelin, elevated during fasting, is able to protect against stress (Spencer et al. 2012).”
BackgroundThe Role of Ghrelin in Neuroprotection after Ischemic Brain Injury
Spencer, S., Miller, A. A., & Andrews, Z. (2013) · Brain Science · doi:10.3390/brainsci3010344 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“For instance, we have recently shown ghrelin attenuates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis response to acute stress, probably by acting on the anterior pituitary to stimulate adrenocorticotropic hormone release and thus enhance glucocorticoid negative feedback [16].”
BackgroundGhrelin and ghrelin receptor modulation of psychostimulant action
Wellman, P. J., Clifford, P. S., & Rodriguez, J. A. (2013) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2013.00171 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Another linkage between stress and GHR-R is that GHRR null mice show diminished HPA response to acute restraint stress (Spencer et al., 2012).”
BackgroundSchuette, L. M., Gray, C. C., & Currie, P. J. (2013) · Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science · doi:10.4236/jbbs.2013.38060 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“The stomach-derived peptide is also involved in the neural control of stress and anxiety-like behavior [5-8], memory [9-10] as well as reward mechanisms of the mesolimbic dopamine system [11-14].”
BackgroundKu, J., Andrews, Z., Barsby, T., Reichenbach, A., Lemus, M., Drummond, G., Sleeman, M., Spencer, S., Sobey, C., & Miller, A. A. (2015) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2014-1415 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Ku, J., Taher, M., Chin, K.-Y., Barsby, T., Austin, V., Wong, C. H. Y., Andrews, Z., Spencer, S., & Miller, A. A. (2016) · Clinical science · doi:10.1042/cs20160077 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“in Parkinson’s disease) by activating UCP2-dependent mitochondrial mechanisms, and has antidepressant and anxiolytic effects (7, 10).”
BackgroundMéquinion, M., Foldi, C. J., & Andrews, Z. B. (2020) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2019.00190 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Nevertheless, all psychological or physical stressors increase plasma ghrelin (128) and ghrelin regulates the HPA axis at the level of the pituitary and hypothalamus (129).”
BackgroundThe olfactory bulb: A neuroendocrine spotlight on feeding and metabolism
Stark, R. (2024) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.13382 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“49 Although ghrelin is known to promote food intake, reduces anxiety, 120 increases motivation, exploration and food-seeking, 121 these studies also highlight exogenous ghrelin affects olfaction.”
BackgroundGHS-R1a Deficiency Alleviates Depression-Related Behaviors After Chronic Social Defeat Stress
Guo, L., Niu, M., Yang, J., Li, L., Liu, S., Sun, Y., Zhou, Z., & Zhou, Y. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.00364 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Desacyl Ghrelin Decreases Anxiety-like Behavior in Male Mice
Mahbod, P., Smith, E. P., Fitzgerald, M. E., Morano, R. L., Packard, B. A., Ghosal, S., Scheimann, J. R., Pérez–Tilve, D., Herman, J. P., & Tong, J. (2017) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2017-00540 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Prior studies suggest that Ghr KO only reduces anxiety-related behaviors in the context of an acute stressor (53).”
BackgroundReward-related brain activity and behavior are associated with peripheral ghrelin levels in obesity
Bogdanov, V. B., Bogdanova, O. V., Dexpert, S., Delgado, I., Beyer, H., Aubert, A., Dilharreguy, B., Beau, C., Forestier, D., Ledaguenel, P., et al. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104520 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Gupta, D., Patterson, A. M., Osborne-Lawrence, S. L., Bookout, A. L., Varshney, S., Shankar, K., Singh, O., Metzger, N. P., Richard, C. P., Wyler, S. C., et al. (2021) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101258 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Acyl-ghrelin’s glucoregulatory actions in some scenarios also likely include its known actions to stimulate eating and/or increase glucocorticoid levels (such as corticosterone) [48,55].”
BackgroundSempach, L., Doll, J. P. K., Limbach, V., Marzetta, F., Schaub, A.-C., Schneider, E., Kettelhack, C., Mählmann, L., Schweinfurth, N., Ibberson, M. R., et al. (2024) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-024-03030-7 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Takeoka, A., Tayama, J., Kobayashi, M., Sagara, I., Ogawa, S., Saigo, T., Hayashida, M., Yamasaki, H., Fukudo, S., & Shirabe, S. (2017) · Helicobacter · doi:10.1111/hel.12445 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Sarker, M. R., Franks, S. F., & Caffrey, J. L. (2013) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2013.09.046 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Ghrelin effects expression of several genes associated with depression-like behavior
Poretti, M. B., Rask‐Andersen, M., Kumar, P., de Barioglio, S. R., de Cúneo, M. F., Schiöth, H. B., & Carlini, V. P. (2014) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.09.012 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“…been frequently associated with MDD (Barden, 2004; Holsboer and Barden, 1996; Nemeroff et al., 1984; Raadsheer et al., 1994; Scott and Dinan, 1998) and HPA activation is a potential mechanism by which Ghr could be regulating depression-related behavior (Smith and Vale, 2006; Spencer et al., 2012).”
BackgroundNeonatal overfeeding attenuates acute central pro-inflammatory effects of short-term high fat diet
Cai, G., Dinan, T., Barwood, J. M., Luca, S. N. D., Soch, A., Ziko, I., Chan, S. M. H., Zeng, X., Li, S., Molero, J. C., et al. (2015) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2014.00446 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Intermittent access to a nutritionally complete high-fat diet attenuates alcohol drinking in rats
Sirohi, S., Cleef, A. V., & Davis, J. F. (2016) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2016.12.009 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Prior reports indicate that ghrelin reduces activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis (Spencer et al., 2015, 2012), thereby reducing psychological stress.”
Lockie, S. H., Stark, R., Méquinion, M., Ch’ng, S. S., Kong, D., Spanswick, D. C., Lawrence, A. J., & Andrews, Z. B. (2018) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2018-00536 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Stark, R., Reichenbach, A., & Andrews, Z. B. (2015) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2015.08.002 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Türkoğlu, M., Baran, A., Sulukan, E., Ghosigharehagaji, A., Yıldırım, S., Ceyhun, H. A., Bolat, İ., Arslan, M., & Ceyhun, S. B. (2021) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-021-01140-5 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Cano, G., Hernan, S. L., & Sved, A. F. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11081005 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Kluge, M., Schmidt, D., Uhr, M., & Steiger, A. (2013) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.05.010 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Lockie, S. H., McAuley, C. V., Rawlinson, S., Guiney, N., & Andrews, Z. B. (2017) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2017.00024 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“We suggest that this result is due to an interaction between ghrelin signaling and the novelty and anxiogenic nature of the arena, as ghrelin has been shown to reduce anxiety in the face of stress (Spencer et al., 2012).”
BackgroundSmith, J. T., Reichenbach, A., Lemus, M. B., Mani, B. K., Zigman, J. M., & Andrews, Z. B. (2013) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2013.06.012 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
You, Z., Galaj, E., Alén, F., Wang, B., Bi, G., Moore, A. R., Buck, T. G., Crissman, M. E., Pari, S., Xi, Z., et al. (2021) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-021-01249-2 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Kenny, R., Cai, G., Bayliss, J., Clarke, M., Choo, Y. L., Miller, A. A., Andrews, Z., & Spencer, S. (2013) · American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00594.2012 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“We (3, 67) and others (74) have also described this mouse line previously.”
BackgroundLu, Y.-C., Niu, M., Qiu, X., Cao, H.-S., Xing, B., Sun, Y.-X., Zhou, Z., & Zhou, Y. (2019) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.05.067 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Acyl-ghrelin Is Permissive for the Normal Counterregulatory Response to Insulin-Induced Hypoglycemia
Shankar, K., Gupta, D., Mani, B. K., Findley, B. G., Lord, C., Osborne-Lawrence, S., Metzger, N. P., Pietra, C., Liu, C., Berglund, E., et al. (2019) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db19-0438 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Additionally, elevations in plasma ACTH and/or corticosterone are attenuated in ghrelin-KO mice following a 15-min restraint stress protocol and in GHSR-deficient mice following exposure to a 10-day chronic social defeat stress protocol (45,46).”
Background
- Authors
- Spencer, S. J., Xu, L., Clarke, M. A., Lemus, M., Reichenbach, A., Geenen, B., Kozicz, T., & Andrews, Z. B.
- Affiliations
- Monash University (AU)
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Andrews, Zane B.
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-09
- Volume
- 72
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 457-465
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2068804599
- Cited by
- 241
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 8.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- figshare.com
- Licence
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RMIT Research Repository (RMIT University Library) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (1011274)
- Australian Research Council (DP109339)
- Monash Fellowship (FT100100966)
- National Health and Medical Research Council Peter Doherty Research Fellowship (465167)
- Endocrine Society of Australia Postdoctoral Fellowship (FT110100084)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
- Keywords
- ghrelin, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, anxiety, acute stress, restraint stress, corticosterone, glucocorticoid negative feedback, ACTH, anterior pituitary, growth hormone secretagogue receptor, proopiomelanocortin, Edinger-Westphal nucleus, urocortin 1, paraventricular nucleus, amygdala, stress response
- MeSH terms
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Analysis of Variance, Animals, Anxiety, Corticosterone, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, Dexamethasone, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Restraint, Physical, Stress, Psychological, Mice, Knockout, Mice, Ghrelin, Receptors, Ghrelin
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