Cortical development, electroencephalogram rhythms, and the sleep/wake cycle

Cirelli, Chiara; Tononi, Giulio

doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.12.017

Cited by 117Sleep and Wakefulness ResearchNeural dynamics and brain functionNeuroscience of respiration and sleep

Cortical development, electroencephalogram rhythms, and the sleep/wake cycle

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Cirelli, Chiara, Tononi, Giulio·2015·Biological Psychiatry

DOI 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.12.017PMC PMC4444390

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Abstract

During adulthood, electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings are used to distinguish wake, non-rapid eye movement sleep, and rapid eye movement sleep states. The close association between behavioral states and EEG rhythms is reached late during development, after birth in humans and by the end of the second postnatal week in rats and mice. This critical time is also when cortical activity switches from a discontinuous to a continuous pattern. We review the major cellular and network changes that can account for this transition. After this close link is established, new evidence suggests that the slow waves of non-rapid eye movement sleep may function as markers to track cortical development. However, before the EEG can be used to identify behavioral states, two distinct sleep phases--quiet sleep and active sleep--are identified based on behavioral criteria and muscle activity. During this early phase of development, cortical activity is far from being disorganized, despite the presence of long periods of neuronal silence and the poor modulation by behavioral states. Specific EEG patterns, such as spindle bursts and gamma oscillations, have been identified very early on and are believed to play a significant role in the refinement of brain circuits. Because most early EEG patterns do not map to a specific behavioral state, their contribution to the presumptive role of sleep in brain maturation remains to be established and should be a major focus for future research.

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Authors: Cirelli, C., & Tononi, G.
Affiliations: University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
Corresponding author: Cirelli, Chiara
ORCID: Cirelli, Chiara
Tononi, Giulio
Venue: Biological Psychiatry
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2015-06
Volume: 77
Issue: 12
Pages: 1071-1078
ISSN: 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.12.017
PMC: PMC4444390
OpenAlex: W2076311857
Cited by: 117
References: 70
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 4 · 2013: 1
FWCI: 0.74
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH091326)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroscience of respiration and sleep
Keywords: cortical development, sleep-wake cycle, behavioral state, NREM sleep, REM sleep, slow waves, quiet sleep, active sleep, sleep spindles, gamma oscillations, postnatal development
MeSH terms: Animals, Cerebral Cortex, Electroencephalography, Humans, Sleep Stages, Mice, Rats, Brain Waves, Gamma Rhythm

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Cortical development, electroencephalogram rhythms, and the sleep/wake cycle

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