De novo gene mutations highlight patterns of genetic and neural complexity in schizophrenia
Open accessAbstract
To evaluate evidence for de novo etiologies in schizophrenia, we sequenced at high coverage the exomes of families recruited from two populations with distinct demographic structures and history. We sequenced a total of 795 exomes from 231 parent-proband trios enriched for sporadic schizophrenia cases, as well as 34 unaffected trios. We observed in cases an excess of de novo nonsynonymous single-nucleotide variants as well as a higher prevalence of gene-disruptive de novo mutations relative to controls. We found four genes (LAMA2, DPYD, TRRAP and VPS39) affected by recurrent de novo events within or across the two populations, which is unlikely to have occurred by chance. We show that de novo mutations affect genes with diverse functions and developmental profiles, but we also find a substantial contribution of mutations in genes with higher expression in early fetal life. Our results help define the genomic and neural architecture of schizophrenia.
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CHD2, SYNGAP1, and SYNCRIP are also affected by LoF de novo SNVs in ID, and SYNGAP1 and DPYD are altered in schizophrenia.
“Three other genes affected by de novo CNVs (also picked by NETBAG)—CHD2, SYNGAP1, and SYNCRIP—are also affected by LoF de novo SNVs in ID,50,52 and two (SYNGAP1 and DPYD [MIM 612779]) are altered in schizophrenia.53”
From Convergence of genes and cellular pathways dysregulated in autism spectrum disorders (2014) · cites this paper as [53]
The authors did not find evidence of dURV enrichment in DPYD (two dURVs in cases, six in controls) or DISC1 (one in cases, two in controls).
“We did not find any evidence of enrichment of dURVs in DPYD19 (in which we found two dURVs in cases and six in controls), nor in DISC120 (one dURV among cases and two in controls) (Supplementary Table 3).”
From Increased burden of ultra-rare protein-altering variants among 4,877 individuals with schizophrenia (2016) · cites this paper as [19]
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“Three other genes affected by de novo CNVs (also picked by NETBAG)—CHD2, SYNGAP1, and SYNCRIP—are also affected by LoF de novo SNVs in ID,(50,52) and two (SYNGAP1 and DPYD [MIM 612779]) are altered in schizophrenia.(53) CHD2 (discussed above) and SYNGAP1 (encoding a Ras/Rap GTP-activating protein) are both involved in…”
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BackgroundDe Novo Mutations in Moderate or Severe Intellectual Disability
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BackgroundResultLarge-scale genomics unveils the genetic architecture of psychiatric disorders
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ResultExome sequencing reveals new causal mutations in children with epileptic encephalopathies
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“The gene is highly expressed in human neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells(59) and has been predicted to be a protein-protein interaction hub associated with de novomutations in individuals with schizophrenia.(60) Interestingly, this particular affected female individual has the highest burden of de nov…”
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Loss-of-Function Variants in Schizophrenia Risk and SETD1A as a Candidate Susceptibility Gene
Takata, A., Xu, B., Ionita-Laza, I., Roos, J. L., Gogos, J. A., & Karayiorgou, M. (2014) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.04.043 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
“…2–5) in genes in which LOF de novo variant(s) were identified in the previous WES studies for SCZ (Girard et al., 2011; Gulsuner et al., 2013; Xu et al., 2012; Xu et al., 2011) or high-reliability candidate(s) were detected in our present analysis from our case subjects, to maximize the…”
InfluentialSelf-citationNovel Findings from CNVs Implicate Inhibitory and Excitatory Signaling Complexes in Schizophrenia
Pocklington, A. J., Rees, E., Walters, J. T. R., Han, J., Kavanagh, D. H., Chambert, K. D., Holmans, P., Moran, J. L., McCarroll, S. A., Kirov, G., et al. (2015) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.04.022 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
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“Deletion or mutation of the topo IIIβ gene is linked to schizophrenia and autism.[53,57,58] InDrosophila, neuronal synapse for-”
BackgroundDiverse types of genetic variation converge on functional gene networks involved in schizophrenia
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Self-citationDe Novo Coding Variants Are Strongly Associated with Tourette Disorder
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“…was reported that a subset of de novo germline mutations, whose important roles in the genetic aetiology of neuropsychiatric disorders such as autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and schizophrenia has been established 6–10 , probably contribute to the risk of ASD and schizophrenia by affecting AS 11 .”
Shared Molecular Neuropathology Across Major Psychiatric Disorders Parallels Polygenic Overlap
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Recent genetic findings in schizophrenia and their therapeutic relevance
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“Similarly, genes predominantly expressed in fetal brain are less appealing as drug targets, other things being equal, than those abundantly expressed throughout adulthood (see Gulsuner et al., 2013; Xu et al., 2012).”
BackgroundZech, M., Boesch, S., Maier, E. M., Borggraefe, I., Vill, K., Laccone, F. A., Pilshofer, V., Ceballos-Baumann, A., Alhaddad, B., Berutti, R., et al. (2016) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.10.010 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Deletion of TOP3β, a component of FMRP-containing mRNPs, contributes to neurodevelopmental disorders
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Proteomic and genomic evidence implicates the postsynaptic density in schizophrenia
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Self-citationRecapitulation and Reversal of Schizophrenia-Related Phenotypes in Setd1a-Deficient Mice
Mukai, J., Cannavò, E., Crabtree, G. W., Sun, Z., Diamantopoulou, A., Thakur, P., Chang, C., Cai, Y., Lomvardas, S., Takata, A., et al. (2019) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2019.09.014 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Self-citationGenetics of Schizophrenia: Overview of Methods, Findings and Limitations
Henriksen, M. G., Nordgaard, J., & Jansson, L. B. (2017) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00322 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
“Some studies have reported a slightly increased exome-wide level of rare and/or de novo SNVs in patients with schizophrenia compared to controls (Xu et al., 2012; McCarthy et al., 2014a, 2016) but this finding has not been replicated in larger studies (Fromer et al., 2014; Purcell et al., 2014).”
ResultSystems genetics identifies a convergent gene network for cognition and neurodevelopmental disease
Johnson, M. R., Shkura, K., Langley, S. R., Delahaye‐Duriez, A., Srivastava, P. K., Hill, W. D., Rackham, O. J. L., Davies, G., Harris, S. E., Moreno‐Moral, A., et al. (2015) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4205 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
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One gene, many neuropsychiatric disorders: lessons from Mendelian diseases
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Analysis of miR-137 expression and rs1625579 in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Guella, I., Sequeira, A., Rollins, B. L., Morgan, L., Torri, F., van Erp, T. G. M., Myers, R., Barchas, J. D., Schatzberg, A. F., Watson, S. J., et al. (2013) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.05.021 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
“It is noteworthy to mention that a recent paper by Xu et al. (Xu et al., 2012) reported two de novo mutations in the DPYD gene.”
BackgroundCostain, G., Lionel, A. C., Merico, D., Forsythe, P., Russell, K., Lowther, C., Yuen, T., Husted, J., Stavropoulos, D. J., Speevak, M. D., et al. (2013) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddt297 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
“Indeed, there was a notable degree of overlap between the promising candidate genes overlapped by rare CNVs in our sample (Tables 1, 2, 4) and those genes containing rare SNVs in schizophrenia cases in recent next-generation sequencing studies (34,35).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialGenetic Markers of Human Evolution Are Enriched in Schizophrenia
Srinivasan, S., Bettella, F., Mattingsdal, M., Wang, Y., Witoelar, A., Schork, A. J., Thompson, W. K., Zuber, V., Winsvold, B. S., Zwart, J.-A., et al. (2016) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.10.009 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
The Intolerance of Regulatory Sequence to Genetic Variation Predicts Gene Dosage Sensitivity
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Chromosomal contacts connect loci associated with autism, BMI and head circumference phenotypes
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De Novo Mutations in PDE10A Cause Childhood-Onset Chorea with Bilateral Striatal Lesions
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The Pattern of Cortical Dysfunction in a Mouse Model of a Schizophrenia-Related Microdeletion
Fénelon, K., Xu, B., Lai, C. S., Mukai, J., Markx, S., Stark, K. L., Hsu, P.-K., Gan, W.-B., Fischbach, G. D., MacDermott, A. B., et al. (2013) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1611-13.2013 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Self-citationKim, J., Shinde, D. N., Reijnders, M. R. F., Hauser, N. S., Belmonte, R. L., Wilson, G. R., Bosch, D. G. M., Bubulya, P. A., Shashi, V., Petrovski, S., et al. (2016) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.06.029 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
A unified haplotype-based method for accurate and comprehensive variant calling
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The FMRP regulon: from targets to disease convergence
Fernández, E., Rajan, N., & Bagni, C. (2013) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2013.00191 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“Recently, it has been observed that topoisomerase Top3β, a risk gene for SCZ and ASD (Iossifov et al., 2012; Xu et al., 2012; Stoll et al., 2013), binds to FMRP and modifies the function of this protein in vitro, thereby supporting normal neurodevelopment and averting mental disorders (Xu et al.,…”
BackgroundThe developmental transcriptome of the human brain: implications for neurodevelopmental disorders
Tebbenkamp, A. T. N., Willsey, A. J., State, M. W., & Šestan, N. (2014) · Current Opinion in Neurology · doi:10.1097/wco.0000000000000069 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
The evolutionary paradox and the missing heritability of schizophrenia
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Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Ketamine
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Self-citationRees, E., Creeth, H., Hwu, H., Chen, W. J., Tsuang, M. T., Glatt, S. J., Rey, R., Kirov, G., Walters, J., Holmans, P., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-25532-4 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Next-generation sequencing for research and diagnostics in kidney disease
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Schizophrenia in 2020: Trends in diagnosis and therapy
Gäebel, W., & Zielasek, J. (2015) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.12322 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
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“Overall these findings of cognitive deficits in the face of largely normal hippocampal electrophysiological function suggest that the primary dysfunction in the deletion syndrome mouse is likely due to a primary functional deficit in PFC microcircuit function and the connectivity between the PFC…”
BackgroundSelf-citationBreen, M. S., Dobbyn, A. L., Li, Q., Roussos, P., Hoffman, G. E., Stahl, E. A., Chess, A. J., Sklar, P. B., Li, J. B., Devlin, B., et al. (2019) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-019-0463-7 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
“Large-scale mapping of genetic risk variants has identified multiple rare copy number variants 3 , several rare single nucleotide variants 4,5 , and >100 common genetic loci 6 , the latter exerting small polygenetic effects on disease risk.”
Network-assisted analysis to prioritize GWAS results: principles, methods and perspectives
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“With the growing awareness of NAA's advantages, many original GWA or genetic studies have included such analyses to help interpret their association results (Arning et al. 2012; Neale et al. 2012; Xu et al. 2012).”
BackgroundPOGZ truncating alleles cause syndromic intellectual disability
White, J. J., Beck, C. R., Harel, T., Posey, J. E., Jhangiani, S. N., Tang, S., Hagman, K. D. F., Powis, Z., Mendelsohn, N. J., Baker, J. A., et al. (2016) · Genome Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13073-015-0253-0 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“NDDs [5, 7, 8].”
Prenatal Expression Patterns of Genes Associated With Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Birnbaum, R., Jaffe, A. E., Hyde, T. M., Kleinman, J. E., & Weinberger, D. R. (2014) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13111452 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Lal, D., Ruppert, A., Trucks, H., Schulz, H., de Kovel, C. G. F., Trenité, D. G. A. K.-N., Sonsma, A. C. M., Koeleman, B. P. C., Lindhout, D., Weber, Y. G., et al. (2015) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005226 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“3 [32 – 34], CADM2 /3p12.”
The genomics of schizophrenia: update and implications
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“Xu et al. carried out exome sequencing of 231 trios with no family history (i.e., “sporadic” cases) and 34 unaffected trios (58, 59).”
Stuck in traffic: an emerging theme in diseases of the nervous system
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Questions about DISC1 as a genetic risk factor for schizophrenia
Sullivan, P. F. (2013) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2012.182 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Identification and functional characterization of rare SHANK2 variants in schizophrenia
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Fernández, E., Collins, M. O., Frank, R., Zhu, F., Kopanitsa, M. V., Nithianantharajah, J., Lemprière, S. A., Fricker, D. G., Elsegood, K. A., McLaughlin, C. L., et al. (2017) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2017.09.045 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“…epilepsy (EuroEPINOMICS-RES Consortium et al., 2014), ID (de Ligt et al., 2012; Hamdan et al., 2014; Rauch et al., 2012), and schizophrenia (Fromer et al., 2014; Girard et al., 2011; Gulsuner et al., 2013; Kirov et al., 2012; McCarthy et al., 2014; Xu et al., 2012 do not contain NMDA receptors.”
BackgroundExome Sequencing in 53 Sporadic Cases of Schizophrenia Identifies 18 Putative Candidate Genes
Guipponi, M., Santoni, F. A., Setola, V., Gehrig, C., Rothärmel, M., Cuenca, M., Guillin, O., Dikeos, D. G., Georgantopoulos, G., Papadimitriou, G. N., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0112745 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“conserved splice site (¡2) and frameshift Indels) [20, 21, 22, 23] and this study (Table S5) revealed a marginally significant enrichment for genes involved in cellular component morphogenesis (GOTERM_BP_FAT Gene Ontology, Benjamini p-value 53.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPagel, K. A., Pejaver, V. R., Lin, G. N., Nam, H.-J., Mort, M. E., Cooper, D. N., Sebat, J. L., Iakoucheva, L. M., Mooney, S. D., & Predrag Radivojac, A. (2017) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btx272 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“…and a control set of 172 de novo LOF mutations from healthy siblings (Gulsuner et al. , 2013; Iossifov et al. , 2012, 2014; O’Roak et al. , 2011, 2012b; Rauch et al. , 2012; Sanders et al. , 2012; Xu et al. , 2011, 2012; S.Jonathan et al., unpub-lished data, doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/102327).”
InfluentialPaternal-age-related de novo mutations and risk for five disorders
Taylor, J. L., Debost, J.-C., Morton, S. U., Wigdor, E. M., Heyne, H., Lal, D., Howrigan, D. P., Bloemendal, A., Larsen, J. T., Kosmicki, J. A., et al. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-11039-6 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Coding mutations in NUS1 contribute to Parkinson’s disease
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“A collection of 22,866 individual inherited mutations, which were thought to be rare neutral mutations (21), was used for comparison with de novo mutations in probands and siblings as benchmark to evaluate their probability of being genetic risk factors for disease.”
BackgroundSusser, E., & Clair, D. S. (2013) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.02.049 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“Moreover, converging lines of evidence suggest substantial overlap in the causes of autism and schizophrenia (Karayiorgou, Flint, Gogos, & Malenka, 2012; State & Sestan, 2012; Sullivan et al., 2012; Xu et al., 2012).”
BackgroundProgress in the Genetics of Polygenic Brain Disorders: Significant New Challenges for Neurobiology
McCarroll, S. A., & Hyman, S. E. (2013) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2013.10.046 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
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Self-citationSchizophrenia genetics: emerging themes for a complex disorder
Kavanagh, D. H., Tansey, K. E., O’Donovan, M. C., & Owen, M. J. (2014) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2014.148 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Delahaye‐Duriez, A., Srivastava, P. K., Shkura, K., Langley, S. R., Laaniste, L., Moreno‐Moral, A., Danis, B., Mazzuferi, M., Foerch, P., Gazina, E. V., et al. (2016) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-016-1097-7 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“For controls, we used 1891 non-neurological control samples from seven published studies [61, 63, 90, 94, 96, 101, 102].”
Method
- Authors
- Xu, B., Ionita-Laza, I., Roos, J. L., Boone, B., Woodrick, S., Sun, Y., Levy, S., Gogos, J. A., & Karayiorgou, M.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University (US)
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gogos, Joseph A
- Karayiorgou, Maria
- Venue
- Nature Genetics
- Published
- 2012-10-03
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1365-1369
- ISSN
- 1061-4036 (ISSN-L)
- 1546-1718
- PMC
- PMC3556813
- OpenAlex
- W2166328287
- Cited by
- 442
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 45 · 2016: 55 · 2015: 48 · 2014: 65 · 2013: 56 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 39.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Genetics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH061399, R01MH061399, R01MH077235, MH077235, R01MH095797)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genomic variations and chromosomal abnormalities
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genomics and Rare Diseases
- Keywords
- schizophrenia, de novo mutations, non-synonymous mutations, LAMA2, dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, TRRAP, VPS39, fetal brain development
- MeSH terms
- Autophagy-Related Proteins, Adult, Base Sequence, Brain, Female, Humans, Laminin, Male, Molecular Sequence Data, Mutation, Neurons, Nuclear Proteins, Schizophrenia, South Africa, United States, Cohort Studies, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Vesicular Transport Proteins, Dihydrouracil Dehydrogenase (NADP), Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing, Young Adult, Exome
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