Iron-catalyzed fast hydrothermal liquefaction of Cladophora socialis macroalgae into high quality fuel precursor
Abstract
Fast hydrothermal liquefaction of acid-washed Cladophora socialis macroalgae has been studied over homogeneous (KOH, K 2 CO 3, H 3 PO 4, HCOOH) and heterogeneous (H-ZSM-5, Raney Ni, Ru/C, Fe metal) catalysts in a batch reactor at 350 °C. Biocrude with maximum yield (36.2%) and energy density (37.1 MJ kg-1) and minimum heteroatom contents (3.8% N and 10.1% O) were achieved with metallic Fe. GC-MS indicates reduction in content of carbonyls, acids and N-containing substances and increase in levels of phenols and hydrocarbons in biocrude while 1 H NMR suggests the enhanced formation of oxygenated/nitrogenous compounds in aqueous phase over Fe catalyst compared to non-catalytic test. Such carbonyls and acids removal was proposed to occur via hydride reduction and decarboxylation pathways, respectively. GPC and TAN confirm vast improvement in stability and corrosiveness properties of Fe-catalyzed biocrude. Regeneration of used catalyst has been conducted and the regenerated catalyst exhibited slight deactivation, likely due to sintering of Fe particles.
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From 2018 to 2020, the number of publications in Bioresource Technology decreased until reaching three publications, and in 2021, five papers were published.
“From 2018 to 2020, the number decreased until reaching three publications, and, in 2021, five papers were published [39, 68–71].”
From Research Progress, Trends, and Future Prospects on Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Algae for Biocrude Production: A Bibliometric Analysis (2024) · cites this paper as [68]
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- Authors
- Nguyen, S. T., Le, T. M., & Nguyen, H. V.
- Affiliations
- Phenikaa University (VN)
- Corresponding author
- Nguyen, Son Tang
- ORCID
- Nguyen, Hieu Van
- Venue
- Bioresource Technology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-10
- Volume
- 337
- Pages
- 125445
- ISSN
- 0960-8524 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3176905398
- Cited by
- 39
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 11
- FWCI
- 2.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Bioresource Technology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (103.02-2019.52)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Catalysis and Hydrodesulfurization Studies
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Algal biology and biofuel production
- Keywords
- seaweed, iron catalysts, biocrude, fuel precursors, hydride reduction, decarboxylation, catalyst regeneration, catalyst sintering, energy density
- MeSH terms
- Catalysis, Iron, Seaweed, Temperature, Water, Biomass, Biofuels
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