Atomic water channel controlling remarkable properties of a single brain microtubule: Correlating single protein to its supramolecular assembly
Open accessAbstract
Microtubule nanotubes are found in every living eukaryotic cells; these are formed by reversible polymerization of the tubulin protein, and their hollow fibers are filled with uniquely arranged water molecules. Here we measure single tubulin molecule and single brain-neuron extracted microtubule nanowire with and without water channel inside to unravel their unique electronic and optical properties for the first time. We demonstrate that the energy levels of a single tubulin protein and single microtubule made of 40,000 tubulin dimers are identical unlike conventional materials. Moreover, the transmitted ac power and the transient fluorescence decay (single photon count) are independent of the microtubule length. Even more remarkable is the fact that the microtubule nanowire is more conducting than a single protein molecule that constitutes the nanowire. Microtubule's vibrational peaks condense to a single mode that controls the emergence of size independent electronic/optical properties, and automated noise alleviation, which disappear when the atomic water core is released from the inner cylinder. We have carried out several tricky state-of-the-art experiments and identified the electromagnetic resonance peaks of single microtubule reliably. The resonant vibrations established that the condensation of energy levels and periodic oscillation of unique energy fringes on the microtubule surface, emerge as the atomic water core resonantly integrates all proteins around it such that the nanotube irrespective of its size functions like a single protein molecule. Thus, a monomolecular water channel residing inside the protein-cylinder displays an unprecedented control in governing the tantalizing electronic and optical properties of microtubule.
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Quantum conductance through photosynthesis protein is enhanced by mechanical vibration, and microtubules appear to have their own mechanical vibrations in megahertz.
“Quantum conductance through photosynthesis protein is enhanced by mechanical vibration [126], and microtubules appear to have their own set of mechanical vibrations (e.g. in megahertz as suggested by Sahu et al. [88,89]).”
From Consciousness in the universe (2014) · cites this paper as [88]
Section 2.2 describes vibrational modes characteristic of microtubules and relates them to elastic-string properties. Sections 2.5–2.6 report electrical resonance measurements and mention an external MHz source, but the passages do not establish that the microtubules’ mechanical vibrations themselves occur at MHz frequencies. The photosynthesis-protein clause is attributed to a different citation, not this paper. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredElectronic conductance along microtubules, normally extremely good insulators, becomes exceedingly high, approaching quantum conductance, at certain specific resonance frequencies of applied AC stimulation.
“First, they found that electronic conductance along microtubules, normally extremely good insulators, becomes exceedingly high, approaching quantum conductance, at certain specific resonance frequencies of applied alternating current (AC) stimulation.”
From Consciousness in the universe (2014) · cites this paper as [88]
Section 2.5 reports sharp increases in conductivity at specific AC resonance frequencies and says the microtubule transmits the signal with less than 0.04 Ω resistance. But the paper does not describe this as approaching quantum conductance, and Section 2.4 says classifying a microtubule as an insulator is incorrect, contrary to the claim that microtubules are normally extremely good insulators. Page numbers are unavailable in the indexed passages. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredGigahertz excitations in MTs may be interpreted as coherent photons.
“the detection of gigahertz excitations in MTs by Bandyopadhyay's group, which may be interpreted as coherent photons [88,89].”
From Consciousness in the universe (2014) · cites this paper as [88]
Section 2.5 reports measured AC resonance peaks in a single microtubule, and the Fig. 5 caption describes measurements extending to 1.3 GHz. The paper does not interpret those gigahertz resonances as coherent photons; its discussion of coherent vibration and photon counting in Section 2.2 concerns separate optical measurements. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCoherent gigahertz, megahertz and kilohertz excitations have been found in single microtubules.
“Bandyopadhyay's group has found coherent gigahertz, megahertz and kilohertz excitations in single MTs [88,89].”
From Consciousness in the universe (2014) · cites this paper as [88]
Section 2.5 reports resonance peaks in a single-microtubule device, and the Fig. 5 caption gives a measurement range of 1 kHz to 1.3 GHz. Section 2.2 describes coherent vibrations, but does not establish that the measured electrical resonances across the kilohertz, megahertz and gigahertz bands are coherent excitations; the Conclusion describes studying those peaks for coherence as future work. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredBandyopadhyay's recent results show electrical resistance drops dramatically at specific frequencies, largely temperature- and length-independent.
“electrical resistance drops dramatically, at certain very specific frequencies, in a largely-temperature independent and length-independent way.”
From Consciousness in the universe (2014) · cites this paper as [88]
Section 2.5 reports a sharp increase in conductivity at resonance frequencies, near-zero resistance to an AC signal at particular frequencies, and AC power transmission independent of microtubule length. It does not establish that the frequency-specific resistance drop is largely temperature-independent; Section 2.4 instead describes conductivity changing under thermal noise and heating. The indexed passages provide no page number for these sections. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The group of Anirban Bandyopadhyay has discovered conductive resonances in single microtubules that are observed when there is an applied alternating current at specific frequencies in gigahertz, megahertz and kilohertz ranges.
“The group of Anirban Bandyopadhyay at National Institute for Material Sciences in Tsukuba, Japan, has indeed discovered conductive resonances in single microtubules that are observed when there is an applied alternating current at specific frequencies in gigahertz, megahertz and kilohertz ranges [88,89].”
From Consciousness in the universe (2014) · cites this paper as [88]
Quantum effects occur in microtubules at biological temperatures.
“The group has made a series of remarkable discoveries suggesting that quantum effects do occur in microtubules at biological temperatures.”
From Consciousness in the universe (2014) · cites this paper as [88]
Sections 2.1–2.2 report energy-level transitions and coherent vibrations in microtubules, and §2.6 says their resonance survived immersion in serum. But our copy does not identify these findings as quantum effects or establish that quantum effects occur at biological temperatures (searched: quantum, room temperature, physiological temperature). (LLM, conf=0.70)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe differences in anaesthetic effect between xenon isotopes must depend on the value of the nuclear spin.
“As the results do not show a correlation between anaesthetic effect and atomic mass they conclude that the differences must depend on the value of the nuclear spin.”
From Quantum effects in the brain: A review (2020) · cites this paper as [70]
Xenon isotopes with non-zero nuclear spin have a lower anaesthetic effect.
“Their results demonstrate that xenon isotopes with non-zero nuclear spin have a lower anaesthetic effect.”
From Quantum effects in the brain: A review (2020) · cites this paper as [70]
MTs have also been theorized to have special conducting properties involving the lumen but there has been no direct experimental determination of the electric properties of the MT lumen.
“MTs have also been theorized to have special conducting properties involving the lumen [55] but there has been no direct experimental determination of the electric properties of the MT lumen.”
From An Overview of Sub-Cellular Mechanisms Involved in the Action of TTFields (2016) · cites this paper as [55]
MTs at certain specific AC frequencies were found to be approximately 1000 times more conductive, exhibiting conductivities in the range of 103 to 105 S/m.
“MTs at certain specific AC frequencies (in several frequency ranges) were found to be approximately 1000 times more conductive, exhibiting astonishing values for the MT conductivities in the range of 103 to 105 S/m [55,76].”
From An Overview of Sub-Cellular Mechanisms Involved in the Action of TTFields (2016) · cites this paper as [55]
For MTs, the corresponding resonance peaks were given as: 120, 240, and 320 kHz; 12, 20, 22, 30, 101, 113, 185, and 204 MHz; and 3, 7, 13, and 18 GHz.
“for MTs, the corresponding resonance peaks were given as: 120, 240, and 320 kHz; 12, 20, 22, 30, 101, 113, 185, and 204 MHz; and 3, 7, 13, and 18 GHz.”
From An Overview of Sub-Cellular Mechanisms Involved in the Action of TTFields (2016) · cites this paper as [55]
The high conductivity of the MT at specific AC frequencies only occurred when the water channel inside the lumen of the MT remained intact.
“These authors showed experimental evidence that the high conductivity of the MT at specific AC frequencies only occurred when the water channel inside the lumen of the MT remained intact [55].”
From An Overview of Sub-Cellular Mechanisms Involved in the Action of TTFields (2016) · cites this paper as [55]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Sahu, S., Ghosh, S., Ghosh, B., Aswani, K., Hirata, K., Fujita, D., & Bandyopadhyay, A.
- Affiliations
- National Institute for Materials Science (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Bandyopadhyay, Anirban
- Venue
- Biosensors and Bioelectronics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-09
- Volume
- 47
- Pages
- 141-148
- ISSN
- 0956-5663 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2048182751
- Cited by
- 172
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 10.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Biosensors and Bioelectronics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Asian Office of Aerospace Research and Development
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- National Institute for Materials Science
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Molecular Junctions and Nanostructures
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Biofield Effects and Biophysics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Nanopore and Nanochannel Transport Studies
- Keywords
- microtubules, tubulin, electronic properties, optical properties, vibrational modes, electromagnetic resonance, fluorescence decay, single photon counting, noise reduction, supramolecular self-assembly, brain neurons
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Kinetics, Microtubules, Tubulin, Water, Nanotubes, Protein Multimerization
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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