Immunotherapeutic approaches for Alzheimer’s disease: Exploring active and passive vaccine progress
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegeneration having non-effective treatments. Vaccines or monoclonal antibodies are two typical immunotherapies for AD. Due to Aβ neurotoxicity, most of the treatments target its generation and deposition. However, therapies that specifically target tau protein are also being investigated. UB311 vaccine generates N-terminal anti-Aβ antibodies, that neutralize Aβ toxicity and promote plaque clearance. It is designed to elicit specific B-cell and wide T-cell responses. ACC001 or PF05236806 vaccine has the same Aβ fragment and QS21 as an adjuvant. CAD106 stimulates response against Aβ 1-6. However, Nasopharyngitis and injection site erythema are its side effects. AN1792, the first-generation vaccine was formulated in proinflammatory QS21 adjuvant. However, T-cell epitopes are omitted from the developed epitope AD vaccine with Aβ 1-42 B-cell epitopes. The first-generation vaccine immune response was immensely successful in clearing Aβ, but it was also sufficient to provoke meningoencephalitis. Immunotherapies have been at the forefront of these initiatives in recent years. The review covers the recent updates on active and passive immunotherapy for AD.
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CAD106 is an active Aβ immunotherapy currently undergoing clinical development, involving multiple doses of whole Aβ1-6 peptide linked to ADP-Q carrier, a virus-like particle that generates high-titer anti-Aβ antibodies.
“CAD106, a further active Aβ immunotherapy, is presently undergoing clinical development. It involves administering multiple doses of the whole Aβ1–6 peptide linked to the ADP-Q carrier, a virus-like particle that generates high-titer anti-Aβ antibodies [140,141,153,154].”
From Recent Advances in Therapeutics for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease (2024) · cites this paper as [140]
AN-1792 was withdrawn during Phase II of the trial due to side effects associated with meningoencephalitis, reported in 6% of patients.
“However, AN-1792 was withdrawn during Phase II of the trial due to side effects associated with meningoencephalitis, which were reported in 6% of patients [140,141,142,143,144].”
From Recent Advances in Therapeutics for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease (2024) · cites this paper as [140]
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Recent Advances in Therapeutics for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease
Thawabteh, A. M., Ghanem, A. W., AbuMadi, S., Thaher, D., Jaghama, W., Karaman, D., & Karaman, R. (2024) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules29215131 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“It involves administering multiple doses of the whole A β 1–6 peptide linked to the ADP-Q carrier, a virus-like particle that generates high-titer anti-A β antibodies [140,141,153,154].”
Background
- Authors
- Bhadane, P., Roul, K., Belemkar, S., & Kumar, D.
- Affiliations
- Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Kumar, Devendra
- Venue
- Brain Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2024-10
- Volume
- 1840
- Pages
- 149018
- ISSN
- 0006-8993 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4398174697
- Cited by
- 15
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 2
- FWCI
- 0.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Brain Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Indian Council of Medical Research (IIRP-2023-5582)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, immunotherapy, active immunotherapy, passive immunotherapy, anti-amyloid monoclonal antibodies, tau protein, meningoencephalitis, amyloid plaques, neuroinflammation
- MeSH terms
- Alzheimer Disease, Animals, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humans, Immunization, Passive, Immunotherapy, Amyloid beta-Peptides, Immunotherapy, Active, Alzheimer Vaccines
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