Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and Other Pathogens are Key Causative Factors in Sporadic Alzheimer’s Disease
Open accessAbstract
This review focuses on research in epidemiology, neuropathology, molecular biology, and genetics regarding the hypothesis that pathogens interact with susceptibility genes and are causative in sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD). Sporadic AD is a complex multifactorial neurodegenerative disease with evidence indicating coexisting multi-pathogen and inflammatory etiologies. There are significant associations between AD and various pathogens, including Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), Cytomegalovirus, and other Herpesviridae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, spirochetes, Helicobacter pylori, and various periodontal pathogens. These pathogens are able to evade destruction by the host immune system, leading to persistent infection. Bacterial and viral DNA and RNA and bacterial ligands increase the expression of pro-inflammatory molecules and activate the innate and adaptive immune systems. Evidence demonstrates that pathogens directly and indirectly induce AD pathology, including amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation, phosphorylation of tau protein, neuronal injury, and apoptosis. Chronic brain infection with HSV-1, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, and spirochetes results in complex processes that interact to cause a vicious cycle of uncontrolled neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Infections such as Cytomegalovirus, Helicobacter pylori, and periodontal pathogens induce production of systemic pro-inflammatory cytokines that may cross the blood-brain barrier to promote neurodegeneration. Pathogen-induced inflammation and central nervous system accumulation of Aβ damages the blood-brain barrier, which contributes to the pathophysiology of AD. Apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) enhances brain infiltration by pathogens including HSV-1 and Chlamydophila pneumoniae. ApoE4 is also associated with an increased pro-inflammatory response by the immune system. Potential antimicrobial treatments for AD are discussed, including the rationale for antiviral and antibiotic clinical trials.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Viruses such as herpes viruses, cytomegalovirus, HIV, VZV, EBV, and Hepatitis C virus have been implicated in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis.
“Viruses, such as herpes viruses, cytomegalovirus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Varicela zoster virus (VZV), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), and Hepatitis C virus, have been implicated in Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis [7, 10].”
From Cognitive decline following acute viral infections: literature review and projections for post-COVID-19 (2022) · cites this paper as [7]
Many studies have shown a direct influence of viral infections on cognition, especially in the development of MCI and dementia.
“Many studies have shown a direct influence of viral infections on cognition, especially in the development of MCI and dementia [5–7].”
From Cognitive decline following acute viral infections: literature review and projections for post-COVID-19 (2022) · cites this paper as [7]
Viral presence in the CNS may interfere with pathogenic mechanisms related to neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease.
“Viral presence in the CNS may interfere with pathogenic mechanisms related to neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) [7, 10].”
From Cognitive decline following acute viral infections: literature review and projections for post-COVID-19 (2022) · cites this paper as [7]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Repertoires of Autophagy in the Pathogenesis of Ocular Diseases
Li, Y., Jiang, Q. L., Cao, G.-F., Yao, J., & Yan, B. (2015) · Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1159/000373980 · Cited by 16,351 · see citing works
Microglia-mediated neurotoxicity: uncovering the molecular mechanisms
Block, M. L., Zecca, L., & Hong, J.-S. (2007) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2038 · Cited by 4,110 · see citing works
Neurovascular pathways to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease and other disorders
Zlokovic, B. V. (2011) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3114 · Cited by 2,969 · see citing works
Blood-brain barrier breakdown in the aging human hippocampus
Montagne, A., Barnes, S. R., Sweeney, M. D., Halliday, M. R., Sagare, A. P., Zhao, Z., Toga, A. W., Jacobs, R. E., Liu, C. Y., Amezcua, L., et al. (2015) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.12.032 · Cited by 2,102 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and atherosclerosis.
Davignon, J., Gregg, R. E., & Sing, C. F. (1988) · Arteriosclerosis: An Official Journal of the American Heart Association, Inc. · doi:10.1161/01.atv.8.1.1 · Cited by 1,981 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein E: Far More Than a Lipid Transport Protein
Mahley, R. W., & Rall, S. C. (2000) · Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics · doi:10.1146/annurev.genom.1.1.507 · Cited by 1,836 · see citing works
Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease
Wang, X., Wang, W., Li, L., Perry, G., Lee, H.-G., & Zhu, X. (2014) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.10.015 · Cited by 1,357 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein E controls cerebrovascular integrity via cyclophilin A
Bell, R. D., Winkler, E. A., Singh, I., Sagare, A. P., Deane, R., Wu, Z., Holtzman, D. M., Betsholtz, C., Armulik, A., Sallstrom, J., et al. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11087 · Cited by 1,293 · see citing works
The Alzheimer's Disease-Associated Amyloid β-Protein Is an Antimicrobial Peptide
Soscia, S. J., Kirby, J. E., Washicosky, K. J., Tucker, S. M., Ingelsson, M., Hyman, B., Burton, M. A., Goldstein, L. E., Duong, S., Tanzi, R. E., et al. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009505 · Cited by 1,060 · see citing works
Nau, R., Sörgel, F., & Eiffert, H. (2010) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.00007-10 · Cited by 1,031 · see citing works
Inflammation in Alzheimer Disease--A Brief Review of the Basic Science and Clinical Literature
Wyss-Coray, T., & Rogers, J. (2012) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a006346 · Cited by 975 · see citing works
Hepatitis C virus and other Flaviviridae viruses enter cells via low density lipoprotein receptor
Agnello, V., Ábel, G., Elfahal, M., Knight, G. B., & Zhang, Q.-X. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.22.12766 · Cited by 973 · see citing works
Initial interaction of herpes simplex virus with cells is binding to heparan sulfate
WuDunn, D., & Spear, P. G. (1989) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.63.1.52-58.1989 · Cited by 920 · see citing works
Oxidative Stress and the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease
Zhao, Y., & Zhao, B. (2013) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2013/316523 · Cited by 855 · see citing works
Why neurodegenerative diseases are progressive: uncontrolled inflammation drives disease progression
Gao, H., & Hong, J. (2008) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2008.05.002 · Cited by 822 · see citing works
Rogers, J., Luber-Narod, J., Styren, S. D., & Civin, W. H. (1988) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/s0197-4580(88)80079-4 · Cited by 743 · see citing works
Regulation of starvation- and virus-induced autophagy by the eIF2α kinase signaling pathway
Tallóczy, Z., Jiang, W., Virgin, H. W., Leib, D. A., Scheuner, D. L., Kaufman, R. J., Eskelinen, E., & Levine, B. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.012485299 · Cited by 741 · see citing works
Griffin, W. S. T., Sheng, J. G., Royston, M. C., Gentleman, S., McKenzie, J. E., Graham, D. I., Roberts, G. W., & Mrak, R. E. (1998) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/j.1750-3639.1998.tb00136.x · Cited by 708 · see citing works
Taylor‐Wiedeman, J., Sissons, J. G. P., Borysiewicz, L. K., & Sinclair, J. H. (1991) · Journal of General Virology · doi:10.1099/0022-1317-72-9-2059 · Cited by 700 · see citing works
Mahley, R. W., & Ji, Z.-S. (1999) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)33334-4 · Cited by 693 · see citing works
Capture, crawl, cross: the T cell code to breach the blood–brain barriers
Engelhardt, B., & Ransohoff, R. M. (2012) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2012.07.004 · Cited by 686 · see citing works
Blood-brain barrier disruption in multiple sclerosis
Minagar, A., & Alexander, J. S. (2003) · Multiple Sclerosis · doi:10.1191/1352458503ms965oa · Cited by 685 · see citing works
Herpes simplex virus type 1 in brain and risk of Alzheimer's disease
Itzhaki, R. F., Lin, W., Shang, D., Wilcock, G. K., Faragher, B. E., & Jamieson, G. A. (1997) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(96)10149-5 · Cited by 671 · see citing works
Yamada, T., Searle, J. G., Ahnen, D. J., Aipers, D. H., Greenberg, H. B., Gray, M., Joscelyn, K. B., Joscelyn, J., McNair, M., Jeffrey, J., et al. (1994) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.272.1.65 · Cited by 661 · see citing works
Halliday, M. R., Rege, S. V., Ma, Q., Zhao, Z., Miller, C. A., Winkler, E. A., & Zlokovic, B. V. (2016) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2015.44 · Cited by 649 · see citing works
Cytochrome oxidase deficiency in Alzheimer’s disease
Parker, W. D., Filley, C. M., & Parks, J. K. (1990) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.40.8.1302 · Cited by 598 · see citing works
Matrix metalloproteinases and their multiple roles in neurodegenerative diseases
Rosenberg, G. A. (2009) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(09)70016-x · Cited by 594 · see citing works
Microglia, neuroinflammation, and beta-amyloid protein in Alzheimer’s disease
Cai, Z., Hussain, M. D., & Yan, L.-J. (2014) · International Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.3109/00207454.2013.833510 · Cited by 583 · see citing works
Blood-brain barrier transport of cytokines: a mechanism for neuropathology
Banks, W. (2005) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/1381612053381684 · Cited by 534 · see citing works
Identification and localization of Chlamydia pneumoniae in the Alzheimer's brain
Balin, B. J., Gérard, H. C., Arking, E. J., Appelt, D. M., Branigan, P. J., Abrams, J. T., Whittum-Hudson, J. A., & Hudson, A. P. (1998) · Medical Microbiology and Immunology · doi:10.1007/s004300050071 · Cited by 506 · see citing works
SPECTRUM OF EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS–ASSOCIATED DISEASES
Kutok, J. L., & Wang, F. (2006) · Annual Review of Pathology Mechanisms of Disease · doi:10.1146/annurev.pathol.1.110304.100209 · Cited by 494 · see citing works
Occurrence of T cells in the brain of Alzheimer's disease and other neurological diseases
Togo, T., Akiyama, H., Iseki, E., Kondo, H., Ikeda, K., Kato, M., Oda, T., Tsuchiya, K., & Kosaka, K. (2002) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/s0165-5728(01)00496-9 · Cited by 481 · see citing works
Oxidative stress in Alzheimer disease: A possibility for prevention
Bonda, D., Wang, X., Perry, G. L., Nunomura, A., Tabaton, M., Zhu, X., & Smith, M. A. (2010) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.04.005 · Cited by 481 · see citing works
Basic principles of immunological surveillance of the normal central nervous system
Hickey, W. F. (2001) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.1101 · Cited by 476 · see citing works
Mechanisms of microbial traversal of the blood–brain barrier
Kim, K. S. (2008) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro1952 · Cited by 467 · see citing works
Murphy, Á. C., Lalor, S. J., Lynch, M. A., & Mills, K. H. G. (2010) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2010.01.014 · Cited by 467 · see citing works
Herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA is located within Alzheimer's disease amyloid plaques
Wozniak, M., Mee, A., & Itzhaki, R. (2009) · The Journal of Pathology · doi:10.1002/path.2449 · Cited by 464 · see citing works
Chlamydial Persistence: beyond the Biphasic Paradigm
Hogan, R. J., Mathews, S., Mukhopadhyay, S., et al. (2004) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.72.4.1843-1855.2004 · Cited by 461 · see citing works
Immune System Response in Alzheimer's Disease
McGeer, P. L., Akiyama, H., Itagaki, S., & McGeer, E. G. (1989) · Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques · doi:10.1017/s0317167100029863 · Cited by 460 · see citing works
Helicobacter pylori Update: Gastric Cancer, Reliable Therapy, and Possible Benefits
Graham, D. Y. (2015) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2015.01.040 · Cited by 455 · see citing works
Minocycline and Neurodegenerative Diseases
Kim, H.-S., & Suh, Y.-H. (2009) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2008.09.040 · Cited by 447 · see citing works
de Paula, V. D. J. R., Radanovic, M., Diniz, B. S., & Forlenza, O. V. (2012) · Sub-cellular biochemistry/Subcellular biochemistry · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5416-4_14 · Cited by 444 · see citing works
Dando, S. J., Mackay-Sim, A., Norton, R., Currie, B. J., St. John, J. A., Ekberg, J. A. K., Batzloff, M., Ulett, G. C., & Beacham, I. R. (2014) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.00118-13 · Cited by 428 · see citing works
PKR-Dependent Xenophagic Degradation of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1
Tallóczy, Z., Virgin, H. W., & Levine, B. (2006) · Autophagy · doi:10.4161/auto.2176 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
Riviere, G. R., Riviere, K. H., & Smith, K. S. (2002) · Oral Microbiology and Immunology · doi:10.1046/j.0902-0055.2001.00100.x · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Hickey, W. F. (1991) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/j.1750-3639.1991.tb00646.x · Cited by 357 · see citing works
Almanzar, G., Schwaiger, S., Jenewein, B., Keller, M., Herndler‐Brandstetter, D., Würzner, R., Schönitzer, D., & Grubeck‐Loebenstein, B. (2005) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.79.6.3675-3683.2005 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Judith Miklossy, A. (2011) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-8-90 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Herpes simplex virus infection causes cellular β-amyloid accumulation and secretase upregulation
Wozniak, M. A., Itzhaki, R. F., Shipley, S. J., & Dobson, C. B. (2007) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2007.09.077 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
Latent herpes simplex virus type 1 in normal and Alzheimer's disease brains
Jamieson, G. A., Maitland, N. J., Wilcock, G. K., Craske, J., & Itzhaki, R. F. (1991) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.1890330403 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Periodontitis is associated with cognitive impairment among older adults: Analysis of NHANES-III
Noble, J. M., Borrell, L. N., Papapanou, P. N., Elkind, M. S. V., Scarmeas, N., & Wright, C. B. (2009) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.2009.174029 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Browne, T. C., McQuillan, K., McManus, R. M., O’Reilly, J.-A., Mills, K. H. G., & Lynch, M. A. (2013) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1200947 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Blood–brain barrier P-glycoprotein function in Alzheimer's disease
van Assema, D. M. E., Lubberink, M., Bauer, M., van der Flier, W. M., Schuit, R. C., Windhorst, A. D., Comans, E. F. I., Hoetjes, N. J., Tolboom, N., Langer, O., et al. (2012) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awr298 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Dodel, R. C. (2004) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.2003.033399 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
18-Month study of intravenous immunoglobulin for treatment of mild Alzheimer disease
Relkin, N. R., Szabo, P., Adamiak, B., Burgut, T., Monthé, C., Lent, R. W., Younkin, S. G., Younkin, L. H., Schiff, R. I., & Weksler, M. E. (2008) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.12.021 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Choi, Y., Kim, H., Shin, K. Y., Kim, E., Kim, M., Kim, H.-S., Park, C. H., Jeong, Y. H., Yoo, J., Lee, J., et al. (2007) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301377 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Induction of neuronal death by ER stress in Alzheimer’s disease
Katayama, T., Imaizumi, K., Manabe, T., Hitomi, J., Kudo, T., & Tohyama, M. (2004) · Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy · doi:10.1016/j.jchemneu.2003.12.004 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Interleukin-1 and inflammatory neurodegeneration
Simi, A., Tsakiri, N., Wang, P., & Rothwell, N. J. (2007) · Biochemical Society Transactions · doi:10.1042/bst0351122 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Chou, J., Chen, J. J., Gross, M., et al. (1995) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.92.23.10516 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infection
O’Connor, A., Gisbert, J. P., & O'Morain, C. A. (2009) · Helicobacter · doi:10.1111/j.1523-5378.2009.00704.x · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Chronic herpesvirus reactivation occurs in aging
Stowe, R., KOZLOVA, E., Yetman, D. L., Walling, D. M., Goodwin, J. S., & Glaser, R. (2007) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2007.01.005 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Blasko, I., Marx, F., Steiner, E., Hartmann, T., & Grubeck-Loebenstein, B. (1999) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fasebj.13.1.63 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease
Zhang, F., & Jiang, L. (2015) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s75546 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Ljøstad, U., Skogvoll, E., Eikeland, R., Midgard, R., Skarpaas, T., Berg, Å., & Mygland, Å. (2008) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(08)70119-4 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
A study on the association between infectious burden and A lzheimer's disease
Bu, X., Yao, X., Jiao, S. ‐., Zeng, F., Liu, Y. ‐., Xiang, Y., Liang, C. ‐., Wang, Q. ‐., Wang, X., Cao, H., et al. (2014) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/ene.12477 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Kamer, A. R., Craig, R. G., Pirraglia, E., Dasanayake, A. P., Norman, R. G., Boylan, R. J., Nehorayoff, A., Glodzik, L., Bryś, M., & de Leon, M. J. (2009) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2009.08.013 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Itagaki, S., McGeer, P. L., & Akiyama, H. (1988) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(88)90690-8 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Fessler, M. B., & Parks, J. S. (2011) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1100253 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Xia, M. Q., Bacskai, B. J., Knowles, R. B., Qin, S. X., & Hyman, B. T. (2000) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/s0165-5728(00)00285-x · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Evidence of Systemic Dissemination ofChlamydia pneumoniaevia Macrophages in the Mouse
Moazed, T. C., Kuo, C., Grayston, J. T., et al. (1998) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/515280 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
HSV-1 DNA in Tears and Saliva of Normal Adults
Kaufman, H. E., Azcuy, A. M., Varnell, E. D., et al. (2004) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.04-0614 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Spontaneous molecular reactivation of herpes simplex virus type 1 latency in mice
Feldman, L. T., Ellison, A. R., Voytek, C. C., et al. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.022301899 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Letenneur, L., Pérès, K., Fleury, H., Garrigue, I., Barberger-Gateau, P., Helmer, C., Orgogozo, J.-M., Gauthier, S., & Dartigues, J.-F. (2008) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003637 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
HIV-infected subjects with the E4 allele for APOE have excess dementia and peripheral neuropathy
Corder, E. H., Robertson, K., Lannfelt, L., Bogdanović, N., Eggertsen, G., Wilkins, J. W., & Hall, C. D. (1998) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/2677 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Floden, A. M., Li, S., & Combs, C. K. (2005) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4998-04.2005 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Systemic antibiotics in the treatment of periodontitis
Feres, M., Figueiredo, L. C., Soares, G. M. S., & Faveri, M. (2014) · Periodontology 2000 · doi:10.1111/prd.12075 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
“Limbic Predilection in Alzheimer Dementia: Is Reactivated Herpesvirus Involved?”
Ball, M. J. (1982) · Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques · doi:10.1017/s0317167100044115 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Chlamydia pneumoniae induces Alzheimer-like amyloid plaques in brains of BALB/c mice
Little, C. S., Hammond, C. J., MacIntyre, A., Balin, B. J., & Appelt, D. M. (2004) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/s0197-4580(03)00127-1 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Anti‐amyloidogenic activity of tetracyclines: studies in vitro
Forloni, G., Colombo, L., Girola, L., Tagliavini, F., & Salmona, M. (2001) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(00)02380-2 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Herpes simplex virus genomes in human nervous system tissue analyzed by polymerase chain reaction
Baringer, J. R., & Pisani, P. (1994) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410360605 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Doxycycline and Rifampin for Patients with Alzheimer's Disease
Loeb, M. B., Molloy, D. W., Smieja, M., Standish, T., Goldsmith, C. H., Mahony, J. B., Smith, S. R., BORRIE, M. J., Decoteau, E., Davidson, W., et al. (2004) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2004.52109.x · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Cytokine Signaling Modulates Blood-Brain Barrier Function
Pan, W., P. Stone, K., Hsuchou, H., K. Manda, V., Zhang, Y., & J. Kastin, A. (2011) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/138161211798220918 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Halford, W. P., Gebhardt, B. M., & Carr, D. J. J. (1996) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.157.8.3542 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and Alzheimer disease
Kountouras, J., Tsolaki, M., Gavalas, E., Boziki, M. K., Zavos, C., Karatzoglou, P., Chatzopoulos, D., & Venizelos, I. (2006) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000203644.68059.5f · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Kuipers, E. J. (1997) · Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2036.11.s1.5.x · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Alzheimer’s disease-specific tau phosphorylation is induced by herpes simplex virus type 1
Wozniak, M. A., Frost, A. L., & Itzhaki, R. F. (2009) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2009-0963 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
The Influence of Latent Viral Infection on Rate of Cognitive Decline over 4 Years
Aiello, A. E., Haan, M. N., Blythe, L., Moore, K., Gonzalez, J. M., & Jagust, W. (2006) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2006.00796.x · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Inflammation Induced by Infection Potentiates Tau Pathological Features in Transgenic Mice
Sy, M., Kitazawa, M., Medeiros, R., Whitman, L., Cheng, D., Lane, T. E., & LaFerla, F. M. (2011) · The American Journal of Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.02.012 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Dickerson, F., Boronow, J. J., Stallings, C. R., Origoni, A. E., Ruslanova, I., & Yolken, R. H. (2003) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.5.466 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Herpes virus in Alzheimer's disease: relation to progression of the disease
Carbone, I., Lazzarotto, T., Ianni, M., Porcellini, E., Forti, P., Masliah, E., Gabrielli, L., & Licastro, F. (2013) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.06.024 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Cytomegalovirus-induced immunopathology and its clinical consequences
Varani, S., & Landini, M. P. (2011) · Herpesviridae · doi:10.1186/2042-4280-2-6 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Burt, T. D., Agan, B. K., Marconi, V. C., He, W., Kulkarni, H. R., Mold, J. E., Cavrois, M., Huang, Y., Mahley, R. W., Dolan, M. J., et al. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0803526105 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Carter, J. D., Espinoza, L. R., Inman, R. D., Sneed, K., RICCA, L. R., Vasey, F. B., Valeriano, J., Stanich, J. A., Oszust, C., Gerard, H. C., et al. (2010) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/art.27394 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Inflammatory changes parallel the early stages of Alzheimer disease
Parachikova, A., Agadjanyan, M. G., Cribbs, D. H., Blurton-Jones, M., Perreau, V., Rogers, J., Beach, T. G., & Cotman, C. W. (2007) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.08.014 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
APOε4 is associated with enhanced in vivo innate immune responses in human subjects
Gale, S. C., Gao, L., Mikacenic, C., Coyle, S. M., Rafaels, N., Murray Dudenkov, T., Madenspacher, J. H., Draper, D. W., Ge, W., Aloor, J. J., et al. (2014) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2014.01.032 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Reactivated herpes simplex infection increases the risk of Alzheimer's disease
Lövheim, H., Gilthorpe, J. D., Adolfsson, R., Nilsson, L., & Elgh, F. (2014) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2014.04.522 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Itzhaki, R. F. (2014) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2014.00202 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Mechanisms of Cell Signaling and Inflammation in Alzheimers Disease
Ho, G. J., Drego, R., Hakimian, E., & Masliah, E. (2005) · Current Drug Targets - Inflammation & Allergy · doi:10.2174/1568010053586237 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Emerging roles of pathogens in Alzheimer disease
Judith Miklossy, A. (2011) · Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1017/s1462399411002006 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Lokensgard, J. R. (2001) · Journal of NeuroVirology · doi:10.1080/13550280152403254 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Beta-amyloid deposition and Alzheimer's type changes induced by Borrelia spirochetes
Judith Miklossy, A., Kis, A., Rađenović, A., Miller, L. M., Laszlo Forro, C., Martins, R. N., Krzysztof Reiss, F., Darbinian, N., Pushpa Darekar, B., & Mihály, L. (2005) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2005.01.018 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Eradication of Helicobacter pylori may be beneficial in the management of Alzheimer’s disease
Kountouras, J., Boziki, M. K., Gavalas, E., Zavos, C., Grigoriadis, N., Deretzi, G., Tzilves, D., Katsinelos, P., Tsolaki, M., Chatzopoulos, D., et al. (2009) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-009-5011-z · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Infiltration of the brain by pathogens causes Alzheimer’s disease
Itzhaki, R. F., Wozniak, M. A., Appelt, D. M., & Balin, B. J. (2004) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2003.12.021 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Herpesviruses in brain and Alzheimer's disease
Lin, W., Wozniak, M. A., Cooper, R. J., Wilcock, G. K., & Itzhaki, R. F. (2002) · The Journal of Pathology · doi:10.1002/path.1127 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
<i>Chlamydophila (Chlamydia) pneumoniae</i>in the Alzheimer's brain
Gérard, H. C., Dreses-Werringloer, U., Wildt, K. S., Deka, S., Oszust, C., Balin, B. J., Frey, W. H., Bordayo, E. Z., Whittum-Hudson, J. A., & Hudson, A. P. (2006) · FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1574-695x.2006.00154.x · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Productive herpes simplex virus in brain of elderly normal subjects and Alzheimer's disease patients
Wozniak, M. A., Shipley, S. J., Combrinck, M., Wilcock, G., & Itzhaki, R. (2005) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.20271 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
T-Cells in Alzheimer's Disease
Town, T., Tan, J., Flavell, R. A., & Mullan, M. (2005) · NeuroMolecular Medicine · doi:10.1385/nmm:7:3:255 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein E-ε4 protects against severe liver disease caused by hepatitis C virus
Wozniak, M. A., Itzhaki, R. F., Faragher, B. E., James, M. W., Ryder, S. D., & Irving, W. L. (2002) · Hepatology · doi:10.1053/jhep.2002.34745 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Cytomegalovirus Infection and Risk of Alzheimer Disease in Older Black and White Individuals
Barnes, L. L., Capuano, A. W., Aiello, A. E., Turner, A. D., Yolken, R. H., Torrey, Ε. F., & Bennett, D. A. (2014) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiu437 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Wozniak, M. A., Frost, A. L., Preston, C. M., & Itzhaki, R. F. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025152 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Jamieson, G. A., Maitland, N. J., Wilcock, G. K., Yates, C. M., & Itzhaki, R. F. (1992) · The Journal of Pathology · doi:10.1002/path.1711670403 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Tyring, S. K., Baker, D. A., & Snowden, W. B. (2002) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/342966 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Chami, L., & Checler, F. (2012) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/1750-1326-7-52 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Miklossy, J., Khalili, K., Gern, L., Ericson, R. L., Darekar, P., Bolle, L., Hurlimann, J., & Paster, B. J. (2005) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2004-6608 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Qosa, H., Abuznait, A. H., Hill, R. A., & Kaddoumi, A. (2012) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2012-120319 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Lurain, N. S., Hanson, B. A., Martinson, J., Leurgans, S. E., Landay, A. L., Bennett, D. A., & Schneider, J. A. (2013) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jit210 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Anthony, I. C., Ramage, S. N., Carnie, F. W., Simmonds, P., & Bell, J. E. (2006) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-006-0037-0 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Judith Miklossy, A., Kasas, S., Zurn, A. D., McCall, S. A., Yu, S. Y., & McGeer, P. L. (2008) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-5-40 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Aloisi, F., Simone, R. D., Cabezas, S. C., Penna, G., & Adorini, L. (2000) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.164.4.1705 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Chiara, G. D., Marcocci, M. E., Civitelli, L., Argnani, R., Piacentini, R., Ripoli, C., Manservigi, R., Grassi, C., Garaci, E., & Palamara, A. T. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013989 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Antibiotic resistance of subgingival species during and after antibiotic therapy
Feres, M., Haffajee, A. D., Allard, K. A., et al. (2002) · Journal Of Clinical Periodontology · doi:10.1034/j.1600-051x.2002.290809.x · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Chlamydophila Pneumoniae and the Etiology of Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease
Balin, B. J., Little, C. S., Hammond, C. J., Appelt, D. M., Whittum‐Hudson, J. A., Gérard, H. C., & Hudson, A. P. (2008) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2008-13403 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 in Alzheimer's Disease: The Enemy Within
Itzhaki, R. F., & Wozniak, M. A. (2008) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2008-13405 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Herpesviruses in brains in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases
Hemling, N., Röyttä, M., Rinne, J. O., Pöllänen, P., Broberg, E., Tapio, V., Vahlberg, T. J., & Hukkanen, V. (2003) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.10662 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Infectious burden and cognitive function: The Northern Manhattan Study
Katan, M., Moon, Y. P., Paik, M. C., Sacco, R. L., Wright, C. B., & Elkind, M. S. V. (2013) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e3182896e79 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
HSV-1 promotes Ca2+-mediated APP phosphorylation and Aβ accumulation in rat cortical neurons
Piacentini, R., Civitelli, L., Ripoli, C., Marcocci, M. E., Chiara, G. D., Garaci, E., Azzena, G. B., Palamara, A. T., & Grassi, C. (2010) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.06.009 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Effect of Apolipoprotein E on the Cerebral Load of Latent Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 DNA
Burgos, J. S., Ramírez, C. D., Sastre, I., & Valdivieso, F. (2006) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.00006-06 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Human cytomegalovirus infection and T cell immunosenescence: A mini review
Koch, S. D., Solana, R., Rosa, O. D., & Pawelec, G. (2006) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/j.mad.2006.01.011 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Alzheimerʼs disease—a spirochetosis?
Miklossy, J. (1993) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-199307000-00002 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Herpes simplex infection and the risk of Alzheimer’s disease: A nested case-control study
Lövheim, H., Gilthorpe, J., Johansson, A., Eriksson, S., Hallmans, G., & Elgh, F. (2015) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2014.07.157 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Haffajee, A. D., Torresyap, G., & Socransky, S. S. (2007) · Journal Of Clinical Periodontology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-051x.2006.01040.x · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Epstein–Barr virus and multiple sclerosis: potential opportunities for immunotherapy
Pender, M. P., & Burrows, S. R. (2014) · Clinical & Translational Immunology · doi:10.1038/cti.2014.25 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Strandberg, T. E., Pitkälä, K. H., Linnavuori, K. H., & Tilvis, R. S. (2003) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.0000086754.32238.da · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Role of oxidative damage in the pathogenesis of viral infections of the nervous system.
Vályi-Nagy, T., & Dermody, T. S. (2005) · PubMed · doi:10.14670/hh-20.957 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Santana, S., Recuero, M., Bullido, M. J., Valdivieso, F., & Aldudo, J. (2011) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.12.010 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Alzheimer Disease -- A Spirochetosis?
Judith Miklossy, A. (1994) · Birkhäuser Boston eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-8149-9_7 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Molloy, D. W., Standish, T., Zhou, Q. X., Guyatt, G. H., & The DARAD Study Group (2012) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.3846 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Stewart, R. J., Sabbah, W., Tsakos, G., D’Aiuto, F., & Watt, R. G. (2008) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3181870aec · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Feres, M., Haffajee, A. D., Allard, K. A., Som, S., & Socransky, S. S. (2001) · Journal Of Clinical Periodontology · doi:10.1034/j.1600-051x.2001.028007597.x · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Neurologic complications of infectious mononucleosis
Connelly, K. P., & DeWitt, L. D. (1994) · Pediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/0887-8994(94)90021-3 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Cytomegalovirus disease in immunocompetent adults
Lancini, D. V., Faddy, H. M., Flower, R. L., et al. (2014) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/mja14.00183 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Zambrano, Á., Solís, L., Salvadores, N., Cortés, M., Lerchundi, R., & Carola Otth, L. (2008) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2008-14301 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Defense at the Border: The Blood–Brain Barrier Versus Bacterial Foreigners
van Sorge, N. M., & Doran, K. S. (2012) · Future Microbiology · doi:10.2217/fmb.12.1 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Haffajee, A. D., Patel, M., & Socransky, S. S. (2008) · Oral Microbiology and Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1399-302x.2007.00403.x · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Increased Cerebrospinal Fluid Helicobacter Pylori Antibody in Alzheimer’s Disease
Kountouras, J., Boziki, M. K., Gavalas, E., Zavos, C., Deretzi, G., Grigoriadis, N., Tsolaki, M., Chatzopoulos, D., Katsinelos, P., Tzilves, D., et al. (2009) · International Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/00207450902782083 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Acyclovir Levels in Serum and Cerebrospinal Fluid after Oral Administration of Valacyclovir
Lycke, J., Malmeström, C., & Ståhle, L. (2003) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.47.8.2438-2441.2003 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Five-year Survival After Helicobacter pylori Eradication in Alzheimer Disease Patients
Kountouras, J., Boziki, M. K., Gavalas, E., Zavos, C., Deretzi, G., Chatzigeorgiou, S., Katsinelos, P., Grigoriadis, N., Giartza‐Taxidou, E., & Venizelos, I. (2010) · Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology · doi:10.1097/wnn.0b013e3181df3034 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Wang, X., Zeng, J., Yang, Y., Xiong, Y., Zhang, Z., Qiu, M., Xiong, Y., Sun, X., Tuo, Q., Liu, R., et al. (2014) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-140198 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Environmental and dietary risk factors in Alzheimer’s disease
Dosunmu, R., Wu, J., Basha, R. M., & Zawia, N. H. (2007) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/14737175.7.7.887 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Intravenous ceftriaxone compared with oral doxycycline for the treatment of Lyme neuroborreliosis
Borg, R., Dotevall, L., Hagberg, L., Maraspin, V., Lotrič‐Furlan, S., Cimperman, J., & Strle, F. (2005) · Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1080/00365540510027228 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Ramesh, G., Borda, J. T., Dufour, J., Kaushal, D., Ramamoorthy, R., Lackner, A. A., & Philipp, M. T. (2008) · American Journal Of Pathology · doi:10.2353/ajpath.2008.080483 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Review part 2: Human herpesvirus‐6 in central nervous system diseases
Yao, K., Crawford, J. R., Komaroff, A. L., Ablashi, D. V., & Jacobson, S. (2010) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.21861 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein E genotype and hepatitis C, HIV and herpes simplex disease risk: a literature review
Kuhlmann, I., Minihane, A. M., Huebbe, P., Nebel, A., & Rimbach, G. H. (2010) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/1476-511x-9-8 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Labus, J., Häckel, S., Lucka, L., & Danker, K. (2014) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.03.002 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Matrix Metalloproteinases, New Insights into the Understanding of Neurodegenerative Disorders
Kim, Y.-S., & Joh, T. H. (2012) · Biomolecules & Therapeutics · doi:10.4062/biomolther.2012.20.2.133 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Álvarez, G., Aldudo, J., Alonso, M., Santana, S., & Valdivieso, F. (2012) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.23003 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Neuroinflammatory Cytokine Signaling and Alzheimer's Disease
Griffin, W. S. T. (2013) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmcibr1214546 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Itzhaki, R. F., & Wozniak, M. A. (2005) · Progress in Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2005.11.003 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
MacIntyre, A., Abramov, R., Hammond, C. J., Hudson, A. P., Arking, E. J., Little, C. S., Appelt, D. M., & Balin, B. J. (2002) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.10519 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Magga, J. M., Puli, L., Pihlaja, R., Kanninen, K. M., Neulamaa, S., Malm, T., Härtig, W., Grosche, J., Goldsteins, G., Tanila, H., et al. (2010) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-7-90 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Oteo, A., Herrera, D., Figuero, E., O’Connor, A., González, I., & Sanz, M. (2010) · Journal Of Clinical Periodontology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-051x.2010.01607.x · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Satpute‐Krishnan, P., DeGiorgis, J. A., & Bearer, E. L. (2003) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1046/j.1474-9728.2003.00069.x · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Shirts, B. H., Prasad, K. M. R., Pogue‐Geile, M. F., Dickerson, F., Yolken, R., & Nimgaonkar, V. L. (2008) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2008.07.017 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein ε3 allele is associated with persistent hepatitis C virus infection
Price, D., Bassendine, M. F., Norris, S. M., et al. (2005) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gut.2005.079905 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Cribbs, D. H., Azizeh, B. Y., Cotman, C. W., & LaFerla, F. M. (2000) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi000029f · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Yolken, R. H., Torrey, Ε. F., Lieberman, J. A., Yang, S., & Dickerson, F. (2011) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2011.01.020 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Activation of mixed glia by Aβ-specific Th1 and Th17 cells and its regulation by Th2 cells
McQuillan, K., Lynch, M. A., & Mills, K. H. G. (2010) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2010.01.003 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Mild forms of herpes encephalitis.
Klapper, P. E., Cleator, G. M., & Longson, M. (1984) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.47.11.1247 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Azizeh, B. Y., Cribbs, D. H., Cotman, C. W., & LaFerla, F. M. (2006) · Kluwer Academic Publishers eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-306-46881-6_287 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Spontaneous Reactivation of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 in Latently Infected Murine Sensory Ganglia
Margolis, T. P., Elfman, F. L., Leib, D. A., et al. (2007) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.00243-07 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Reactivation of herpes simplex virus type 1 is associated with cytomegalovirus and age
Stowe, R. P., Peek, M. K., Cutchin, M. P., & Goodwin, J. S. (2012) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.23397 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Failure To Detect Chlamydia pneumoniae in Brain Sections of Alzheimer's Disease Patients
Gieffers, J., Reusche, E., Solbach, W., & Maass, M. (2000) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.38.2.881-882.2000 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
The load of Chlamydia pneumoniae in the Alzheimer's brain varies with APOE genotype
Gérard, H. C., Wildt, K. S., Whittum‐Hudson, J. A., Lai, Z., Ager, J. W., & Hudson, A. P. (2005) · Microbial Pathogenesis · doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2005.05.002 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Recent developments in anti-herpesvirus drugs
Field, H. J., & Hodge, R. A. V. (2013) · British Medical Bulletin · doi:10.1093/bmb/ldt011 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Penetration of rifampicin into the cerebrospinal fluid of adults with uninflamed meninges
Nau, R., Prange, H. W., Menck, S., et al. (1992) · Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy · doi:10.1093/jac/29.6.719 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Exposure to Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and Cognitive Impairments in Individuals With Schizophrenia
Prasad, K. M. R., Watson, A. M. M., Dickerson, F., Yolken, R. H., & Nimgaonkar, V. L. (2012) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbs046 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
A randomized clinical trial of valacyclovir in multiple sclerosis
Friedman, J. E., Zabriskie, J. B., Plank, C. R., Ablashi, D. V., Whitman, J., Shahan, B., Edgell, R. C., Shieh, M., Rapalino, O., Zimmerman, R. D., et al. (2005) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1191/1352458505ms1185oa · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Failure To Detect <i>Chlamydia pneumoniae</i> in the Late-Onset Alzheimer's Brain
Ring, R. H., & Lyons, J. M. (2000) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.38.7.2591-2594.2000 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Dickerson, F., Stallings, C. R., Origoni, A. E., Vaughan, C., Khushalani, S., & Yolken, R. H. (2011) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2011.10.003 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Acyclovir or Aβ42 peptides attenuate HSV-1-induced miRNA-146a levels in human primary brain cells
Lukiw, W. J., Cui, J. G., Yuan, L. Y., Bhattacharjee, P. S., Corkern, M., Clément, C., Kammerman, E. M., Ball, M. J., Zhao, Y., Sullivan, P. M., et al. (2010) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/wnr.0b013e32833da51a · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Association between Helicobacter pylori infection and mild cognitive impairment
Kountouras, J., Tsolaki, M., Boziki, M. K., Gavalas, E., Zavos, C., Stergiopoulos, C., Kapetanakis, N., Chatzopoulos, D., & Venizelos, I. (2007) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2007.01827.x · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Mancuso, R., Baglio, F., Cabinio, M., Calabrese, E., Hernis, A., Nemni, R., & Clerici, M. (2013) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-130977 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Treatment ofHelicobacter pyloriinfection: Past, present and future
Papastergiou, V. (2014) · World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology · doi:10.4291/wjgp.v5.i4.392 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Cytochrome Oxidase Deficiency in Alzheimer's Diseasea
Parker, W. D. (1991) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb00191.x · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Tarter, K. D., Simanek, A. M., Dowd, J. B., & Aiello, A. E. (2014) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jit616 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Herpes Simplex Virus Dances with Amyloid Precursor Protein while Exiting the Cell
Cheng, S., Ferland, P., Webster, P. C., & Bearer, E. L. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017966 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Viruses and schizophrenia: a focus on herpes simplex virus.
Yolken, R. H. (2004) · PubMed · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Advances in PET Imaging of P-Glycoprotein Function at the Blood-Brain Barrier
Syvänen, S., & Eriksson, J. (2012) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/cn3001729 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Wang, X., Zeng, J., Feng, J., Tian, Y., Liu, Y., Qiu, M., Xiong, Y., Yang, Y., Xiong, Y., Zhang, Z., et al. (2014) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2014.00066 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Valacyclovir for Herpes Simplex Encephalitis
Pouplin, T., Pouplin, J. N., Toi, P. V., Lindegårdh, N., van Doorn, H. R., Hien, T. T., Farrar, J., Török, M. E., & Chau, T. T. H. (2011) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.01023-10 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Dastoor, S. F., Travan, S., Neiva, R., Rayburn, L. A., Giannobile, W. V., & Wang, H. (2007) · Journal of Periodontology · doi:10.1902/jop.2007.070072 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Kobayashi, N., Nagata, T., Shinagawa, S., Oka, N., Shimada, K., Shimizu, A., Tatebayashi, Y., Yamada, H., Nakayama, K., & Kondo, K. (2012) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.12.054 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Alzheimer's disease, herpes virus in brain, apolipoprotein E4 and herpes labialis
Lin, W., Graham, J. B., MacGowan, S., et al. (1998) · Alzheimers Reports · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Inflammatory and Neurodegeneration Markers during Asymptomatic HSV-1 Reactivation
Martín, C., Aguila, B., Araya, P., Vío, K., Valdivia, S., Zambrano, Á., Concha, M. I., & Carola Otth, L. (2014) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-131706 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
The decrease of CD8-positive lymphocytes in Alzheimer's disease
Pirttilä, T., Mattinen, S., & Frey, H. (1992) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/0022-510x(92)90284-r · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Cytomegalovirus Is Present in a Very High Proportion of Brains from Vascular Dementia Patients
Lin, W., Wozniak, M. A., Wilcock, G. K., & Itzhaki, R. F. (2002) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1006/nbdi.2001.0465 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and Alzheimer’s disease: a connection to remember?
Shima, K., Kuhlenbäumer, G., & Rupp, J. (2010) · Medical Microbiology and Immunology · doi:10.1007/s00430-010-0162-1 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Ramesh, G., Alvarez, A. L., Roberts, E. D., et al. (2003) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.200323872 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Neuroanatomic and cognitive abnormalities related to herpes simplex virus type 1 in schizophrenia
Schretlen, D. J., Vannorsdall, T. D., Winicki, J. M., Mushtaq, Y., Hikida, T., Sawa, A., Yolken, R. H., Dickerson, F., & Cascella, N. G. (2010) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2010.01.008 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Ohnishi, S., Koide, A., & Koide, S. (2000) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1006/jmbi.2000.3980 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [129]Miklossy J 1994 The spirochetal etiology of Alzheimer’s disease: A putative therapeutic approach Giacobini E Becker R In Alzheimer Disease: Therapeutic Strategies. Proceedings of the Third International Springfield Alzheimer Symposium 41 48 Birkhauser Boston
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A systemic view of Alzheimer disease — insights from amyloid-β metabolism beyond the brain
Wang, J., Gu, B. J., Masters, C. L., & Wang, Y.-J. (2017) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2017.111 · Cited by 808 · see citing works
Eimer, W. A., Vijaya Kumar, D. K., Navalpur Shanmugam, N. K., Rodriguez, A. S., Mitchell, T., Washicosky, K. J., György, B., Breakefield, X. O., Tanzi, R. E., & Moir, R. D. (2018) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2018.06.030 · Cited by 674 · see citing works
The gut microbiome in human neurological disease: A review
Tremlett, H., Bauer, K. C., Appel‐Cresswell, S., Finlay, B. B., & Waubant, E. (2017) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.24901 · Cited by 535 · see citing works
Tzeng, N.-S., Chung, C.-H., Lin, F.-H., Chiang, C.-P., Yeh, C.-B., Huang, S.-Y., Lu, R.-B., Chang, H.-A., Kao, Y.-C., Yeh, H.-W., et al. (2018) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-018-0611-x · Cited by 356 · see citing works
The olfactory bulb as the entry site for prion-like propagation in neurodegenerative diseases
Rey, N. L., Wesson, D. W., & Brundin, P. (2018) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2016.12.013 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
A 3D human brain–like tissue model of herpes-induced Alzheimer’s disease
Cairns, D. M., Rouleau, N., Parker, R. N., Walsh, K. G., Gehrke, L., & Kaplan, D. L. (2020) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aay8828 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Mancuso, C., & Santangelo, R. (2018) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2017.12.009 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Morris, G. P., Clark, I. A., & Vissel, B. (2018) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-018-1918-8 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Patrick, K. L., Bell, S. L., Weindel, C. G., & Watson, R. O. (2019) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2019.00138 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Advance of sporadic Alzheimer's disease animal models
Zhang, L., Chen, C., Mak, M. S., Lu, J., Wu, Z., Chen, Q., Han, Y., Li, Y., & Pi, R. (2020) · Medicinal Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/med.21624 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Polymicrobial Infections In Brain Tissue From Alzheimer’s Disease Patients
Pisa, D., Alonso, R., Fernández-Fernández, A. M., Rábano, A., & Carrasco, L. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-05903-y · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Damiano, R. F., Guedes, B. F., de Rocca, C. C., de Pádua Serafim, A., Castro, L. H. M., Munhoz, C. D., Nitrini, R., Filho, G. B., Miguel, E. C., Lucchetti, G., et al. (2022) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-021-01286-4 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Ullah, R., Park, T. J., Huang, X., & Kim, M. O. (2021) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2021.101451 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Impact of COVID-19 on Alzheimer’s Disease Risk: Viewpoint for Research Action
Abate, G., Memo, M., & Uberti, D. (2020) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare8030286 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Unified theory of Alzheimer’s disease (UTAD): implications for prevention and curative therapy
Nehls, M. (2016) · Journal of Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s40303-016-0018-8 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Roles of HSV-1 infection-induced microglial immune responses in CNS diseases: friends or foes?
Wang, Y., Jia, J., Wang, Y., Li, F., Song, X., Qin, S., Wang, Z., Kitazato, K., & Wang, Y. (2019) · Critical Reviews in Microbiology · doi:10.1080/1040841x.2019.1660615 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Mullane, K., & Williams, M. (2018) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2018.09.027 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Immunotherapeutic approaches for Alzheimer’s disease: Exploring active and passive vaccine progress
Bhadane, P., Roul, K., Belemkar, S., & Kumar, D. (2024) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2024.149018 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Potential Role for Herpesviruses in Alzheimer’s Disease
Duggan, M. R., Torkzaban, B., Ahooyi, T. M., & Khalili, K. (2020) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-200814 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
- Authors
- Harris, S. A., & Harris, E. A.
- Affiliations
- St Vincent Hospital (US)
- Indiana University School of Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Harris, Steven A.
- Venue
- Journal of Alzheimer's Disease
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2015-09-09
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 319-353
- ISSN
- 1387-2877 (ISSN-L)
- 1875-8908
- PMC
- PMC4923765
- OpenAlex
- W2213335032
- Cited by
- 279
- References
- 274
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 2.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Journal of Alzheimer s Disease (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- IUScholarWorks (Indiana University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Publisher
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- sporadic Alzheimer's disease, herpes simplex virus type 1
- MeSH terms
- Alzheimer Disease, Animals, Brain, Herpes Simplex, Humans, Herpesvirus 1, Human
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
