Immunotherapeutic Approaches for Alzheimer’s Disease

Wisniewski, Thomas; Goñi, Fernando

doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.12.064

Cited by 284Alzheimer's disease research and treatmentsNeuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration MechanismsDementia and Cognitive Impairment Research

Immunotherapeutic Approaches for Alzheimer’s Disease

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Wisniewski, Thomas, Goñi, Fernando·2015·Neuron

DOI 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.12.064PMC PMC4366618

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Abstract

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia worldwide and is an emerging global epidemic. It is characterized by an imbalance between production and clearance of amyloid β (Aβ) and tau proteins. Oligomeric forms of Aβ and tau are believed to be the most toxic. Dramatic results from AD animal models showed great promise for active and passive immune therapies targeting Aβ. However, there is very limited evidence in human studies of the clinical benefits from these approaches. Immunotherapies targeting only tau pathology have had some success but are limited so far to mouse models. The majority of current methods is based on immunological targeting of a self-protein; hence, benefits need to be balanced against risks of stimulating excessive autoimmune toxic inflammation. For greater efficacy the next generation of vaccines needs to focus more on concurrently targeting all the intermediate toxic conformers of oligomeric Aβ and tau species.

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Humanized antibodies targeting misfolded proteins such as amyloid-beta have been developed and are being tested in clinical trials.
“Humanized antibodies that target misfolded proteins, such as Aβ, have been developed and are currently being tested in clinical trials (188, 189).”
From Microglia Function in the Central Nervous System During Health and Neurodegeneration (2017) · cites this paper as [188]
Passive and active immunization are the two key immunotherapeutic methods for promoting Aβ clearance that are presently under investigation in various phases of analyses.
“Passive and active immunization are the 2 key immunotherapeutic methods for promoting Aβ clearance that are presently under investigation in various phases of analyses (Wisniewski et al., 2015).”
From An update on the novel and approved drugs for Alzheimer disease (2022) · cites this paper as Wisniewski et al., 2015
Immunotherapeutic approaches have dominated in the past 15 years with negative results until now.
“Immunotherapeutic approaches have dominated in the past 15 years with negative results until now.”
From Current and Future Treatments in Alzheimer Disease: An Update (2020) · cites this paper as [56]
Antigen-presenting cells present immunogens to B cells; use of Aβ or ptau peptides produces antibodies to Aβ or ptau epitopes, respectively; use of pBri produces antibodies to both Aβ and ptau epitopes.
“Antigen-presenting cells present the immunogens to B cells. Use of Ab or ptau peptides will produce antibodies to Ab or ptau epitopes, respectively. Use of pBri will produce antibodies to both Aβ and ptau epitopes.56”
From Current and Future Treatments in Alzheimer Disease: An Update (2020) · cites this paper as [56]
Stimulation of innate immunity either by active or passive immunization also ameliorates the pathology of Alzheimer disease by promoting microglia and macrophage function.
“Stimulation of innate immunity either by active or passive immunization also ameliorates the pathology of the disease by promoting microglia and macrophage function.56”
From Current and Future Treatments in Alzheimer Disease: An Update (2020) · cites this paper as [56]

Monoclonal antibodies to Aβ, ptau, or β sheet epitopes are systemically infused for blood-brain barrier penetration; as antibodies cross the blood-brain barrier, they clear, degrade, disaggregate, or neutralize their targets.
“Monoclonal Abs to Ab, ptau, or b sheet epitopes are systemically and adequately for BBB penetration infused. As antibodies cross the BBB, they act to clear, degrade, or alternatively disaggregate or neutralize their targets.56”
From Current and Future Treatments in Alzheimer Disease: An Update (2020) · cites this paper as [56]
It is possible that effective Alzheimer disease immunotherapies must be able to simultaneously target both ptau and Aβ pathologies.
“Consequently, it is possible that effective AD immunotherapies must be able to simultaneously target both ptau and Aβ pathologies.56”
From Current and Future Treatments in Alzheimer Disease: An Update (2020) · cites this paper as [56]
Lessons from these failures have altered the current immunotherapy development research for Alzheimer disease.
“However, lessons from these fails have altered the current immunotherapy development research for AD.56”
From Current and Future Treatments in Alzheimer Disease: An Update (2020) · cites this paper as [56]
The two main immunotherapeutic approaches that intend to promote Aβ clearance and are currently tested in clinical and preclinical studies are active and passive immunization.
“The 2 main immunotherapeutic approaches that intend to promote Aβ clearance and are currently tested in clinical and preclinical studies are active and passive immunization:56”
From Current and Future Treatments in Alzheimer Disease: An Update (2020) · cites this paper as [56]
Initial transgenic models expressing wild-type human APP in mice had increased Aβ production but failed to consistently show extensive AD-associated neuropathology.
“Initial transgenic models expressed wild-type human APP in mice, however while these transgenic mice had increased Aβ production, they failed to consistently show extensive AD associated neuropathology [14, 34, 117, 172, 173].”
From Alzheimer's disease: experimental models and reality (2017) · cites this paper as [172]

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Sigurdsson EM Scholtzova H Mehta P Frangione B Wisniewski T 2001b Immunization with a nontoxic/nonfibrillar amyloid-β homologous peptide reduces Alzheimer’s disease associated pathology in transgenic mice Am J Pathol 159 439 447 11485902 PMC1850561

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Immunotherapy for Alzheimer's disease
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Self-citation
Novel immunological approaches for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Prefilament tau species as potential targets for immunotherapy for Alzheimer disease and related disorders
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Authors: Wisniewski, T., & Goñi, F.
Affiliations: New York University (US)
ORCID: Goñi, Fernando
Venue: Neuron
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2015-03
Volume: 85
Issue: 6
Pages: 1162-1176
ISSN: 0896-6273 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.12.064
PMC: PMC4366618
OpenAlex: W2094564834
Cited by: 284
References: 153
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 52 · 2015: 13 · 2012: 1
FWCI: 5.78
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 383 d)
Locations: Neuron (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
National Institute on Aging (AG20245, P30AG008051, AG 08051, R01AG020245)
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS073502, R01NS073502)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
Keywords: Alzheimer's disease, immunotherapy, amyloid-beta, tau protein, oligomeric amyloid, active immunotherapy, passive immunotherapy, autoimmune inflammation
MeSH terms: Alzheimer Disease, Animals, Antibodies, Disease Models, Animal, Humans, Immunotherapy, Amyloid beta-Peptides, tau Proteins

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Immunotherapeutic Approaches for Alzheimer’s Disease

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