The DOI matches its Crossref record; 92 of the 92 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A meta-regression to examine the relationship between aerobic fitness and cognitive performance
Open accessAbstract
Many studies have been conducted to test the potentially beneficial effects of physical activity on cognition. The results of meta-analytic reviews of this literature suggest that there is a positive association between participation in physical activity and cognitive performance. The design of past research demonstrates the tacit assumption that changes in aerobic fitness contribute to the changes in cognitive performance. Therefore, the purpose of this meta-analysis was to use meta-regression techniques to statistically test the relationship between aerobic fitness and cognitive performance. Results indicated that there was not a significant linear or curvilinear relationship between fitness effect sizes (ESs) and cognitive ESs for studies using cross-sectional designs or posttest comparisons. However, there was a significant negative relationship between aerobic fitness and cognitive performance for pre-post comparisons. The effects for the cross-sectional and pre-post comparisons were moderated by the age group of the participants; however, the nature of this effect was not consistent for the two databases. Based on the findings of this meta-analytic review, it is concluded that the empirical literature does not support the cardiovascular fitness hypothesis. To confirm the findings of this review, future research should specifically test the dose-response relationship between aerobic fitness and cognitive performance. However, based upon the findings of this review, we also encourage future research to focus on other physiological and psychological variables that may serve to mediate the relationship between physical activity and cognitive performance.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Etnier and colleagues found a significant improvement in cognition as a function of physical-activity training. However, overall, no significant relationship was found between fitness change (or difference) and cognitive change (or difference).”
From Enrichment Effects on Adult Cognitive Development: Can the Functional Capacity of Older Adults Be Preserved and Enhanced? (2008) · cites this paper as Etnier, Nowell, Landers, and Sibley (2006)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“A 2003 meta-analysis in children (aged 4–18 yrs) demonstrated a significant positive relationship between physical activity levels and perceptual skills, intelligence quotient, achievement, verbal tests, mathematic tests, developmental level/academic readiness, with only an effect on memory not found (172).”
From Lack of Exercise Is a Major Cause of Chronic Diseases (2012) · cites this paper as [172]
In the citing paper
“A meta-analysis was performed on 571 fitness effect sizes from 1306 subjects from 37 studies prior to 2005. Etnier et al. (172) concluded that the empirical literature did not support a relationship between aerobic fitness and cognitive performance.”
From Lack of Exercise Is a Major Cause of Chronic Diseases (2012) · cites this paper as [172]
In the citing paper
“Rather across the same 37 studies designed to test the effects of fitness on cognition, the summary statistic indicated that a positive association existed between physical activity and cognitive performance (172), confirming the findings of three previous meta-analytic reviews of this literature (108, 173, 473).”
From Lack of Exercise Is a Major Cause of Chronic Diseases (2012) · cites this paper as [172]
In the citing paper
“However, higher aerobic fitness levels in older women having the APOE4 genotype had better cognitive function in another cross-sectional study (171), suggesting that physical activity levels that are capable of increasing aerobic fitness are needed to improve cognitive function in those with APOE4 genotypes.”
From Lack of Exercise Is a Major Cause of Chronic Diseases (2012) · cites this paper as [171]
In the citing paper
“Some RCTs have stipulated that AE influences divergent cognitive domains, whereas others have suggested AE had no significant impact on cognition at all (Etnier et al., 2006; van Uffelen et al., 2008; Snowden et al., 2011; Gates et al., 2013; Kelly et al., 2014; Young et al., 2015).”
From Aerobic Exercise as a Tool to Improve Hippocampal Plasticity and Function in Humans: Practical Implications for Mental Health Treatment (2016) · cites this paper as Etnier et al., 2006
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses
Higgins, J. P. T., Thompson, S. G., Deeks, J. J., & Altman, D. G. (2003) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557 · Cited by 63,139
Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta‐analysis
Higgins, J. P. T., & Thompson, S. G. (2002) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.1186 · Cited by 36,763
Wasserman, S. S., Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1988) · Journal of Educational Statistics · doi:10.2307/1164953 · Cited by 10,377
(2014) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 9,400
Cohen, J. (1992) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.112.1.155 · Cited by 8,771
Methods of Meta-Analysis: Correcting Error and Bias in Research Findings
Schmidt, F. L., & Hunter, J. E. (2015) · doi:10.4135/9781483398105 · Cited by 5,542
The combination of estimates from different experiments
Cochran, W. G. (1954) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/3001666 · Cited by 5,380
Statistical Methods for Meta-Analysis.
Freeman, P. R., Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1986) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2531069 · Cited by 4,839
The Neuropsychological Assessment
Ogden, J. A. (2005) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195171358.003.0002 · Cited by 4,382
Fitness Effects on the Cognitive Function of Older Adults: A Meta-Analytic Study
Colcombe, S., & Kramer, A. F. (2003) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.t01-1-01430 · Cited by 3,782
Human cognitive abilities a survey of factor-analytic studies
Carroll, J. B. (2004) · Cited by 3,395
Methods of Meta-Analysis: Correcting Error and Bias in Research Findings.
Raudenbush, S. W., Hunter, J. E., & Schmidt, F. L. (1991) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2289738 · Cited by 2,368
Hippocampal BDNF mediates the efficacy of exercise on synaptic plasticity and cognition
Vaynman, S., Ying, Z., & Gomez‐Pinilla, F. (2004) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03720.x · Cited by 1,460
Ageing, fitness and neurocognitive function
Kramer, A. F., Hahn, S., Cohen, N. J., Banich, M. T., McAuley, E., Harrison, C. R., Chason, J., Vakil, E., Bardell, L., Boileau, R. A., et al. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/22682 · Cited by 1,394
Human cognitive abilities: A survey of factor-analytic studies
Eysenck, H. J. (1994) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(94)90126-0 · Cited by 1,392
The relationship between physical activity and cognition in children: a meta-analysis
Sibley, B. A., & Etnier, J. L. (2003) · Pediatric Exercise Science · doi:10.1123/pes.15.3.243 · Cited by 1,308
Self-citationControlling the risk of spurious findings from meta-regression
Higgins, J. P. T., & Thompson, S. G. (2004) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.1752 · Cited by 1,267
Aerobic fitness reduces brain tissue loss in aging humans.
Colcombe, S. J., Erickson, K. I., Raz, N., Webb, A. G., Cohen, N. J., McAuley, E., & Kramer, A. F. (2003) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/58.2.m176 · Cited by 1,017
The influence of physical fitness and exercise upon cognitive functioning: a meta-analysis
Etnier, J. L., Salazar, W., Landers, D. M., Petruzzello, S. J., Han, M., & Nowell, P. (1997) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.19.3.249 · Cited by 768
Self-citationEffect of Exercise on Depression
NORTH, T. C., McCULLAGH, P., & TRAN, Z. V. (1990) · Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews · doi:10.1249/00003677-199001000-00016 · Cited by 657
Summing up evidence: one answer is not always enough
Lau, J., Ioannidis, J. P. A., & Schmid, C. H. (1998) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(97)08468-7 · Cited by 655
Swain, R. A., Harris, A. B., Wiener, E. C., Dutka, M. V., Morris, H. D., Theien, B. E., Konda, S., Engberg, K., Lauterbur, P. C., & Greenough, W. T. (2003) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00664-4 · Cited by 655
A Longitudinal Study of Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Cognitive Function in Healthy Older Adults
Barnes, D. E., Yaffe, K., Satariano, W. A., & Tager, I. B. (2003) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1046/j.1532-5415.2003.51153.x · Cited by 608
Aerobic exercise training and improved neuropsychological function of older individuals
Dustman, R. E., Ruhling, R. O., Russell, E. M., Shearer, D. E., Bonekat, H. W., Shigeoka, J. W., Wood, J. S., & Bradford, D. C. (1984) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/0197-4580(84)90083-6 · Cited by 552
Vaynman, S., & Gomez-Pinilla, F. (2005) · Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair · doi:10.1177/1545968305280753 · Cited by 420
Fabre, C., Chamari, K., Mucci, P., Massé-Biron, J., & Préfaut, C. (2002) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-2002-33735 · Cited by 416
Hansen, A. L., Johnsen, B. H., Sollers, J. J., Stenvik, K., & Thayer, J. F. (2004) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-004-1208-0 · Cited by 354
Emery, C. F., Schein, R. L., Hauck, E. R., & MacIntyre, N. R. (1998) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037//0278-6133.17.3.232 · Cited by 353
Emery, C. F., Schein, R. L., Hauck, E. R., & MacIntyre, N. R. (1998) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.17.3.232 · Cited by 353
Mechanisms of stroke protection by physical activity
Endres, M., Gertz, K. R., Lindauer, U., Katchanov, J., Schultze, J., Schröck, H., Nickenig, G., Kuschinsky, W., Dirnagl, U., & Laufs, U. (2003) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.10722 · Cited by 324
Long-term Effects of Exercise on Psychological Functioning in Older Men and Women
Blumenthal, J. A., Emery, C. F., Madden, D. J., Schniebolk, S., Walsh-riddle, M., George, L. K., McKee, D. C., Higginbotham, M. B., Cobb, F. R., & Coleman, R. E. (1991) · Journal of Gerontology · doi:10.1093/geronj/46.6.p352 · Cited by 241
Age and fitness effects on EEG, ERPs, visual sensitivity, and cognition
Dustman, R. E., Emmerson, R. Y., Ruhling, R. O., Shearer, D. E., Steinhaus, L. A., Johnson, S. C., Bonekat, H. W., & Shigeoka, J. W. (1990) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/0197-4580(90)90545-b · Cited by 233
Physiologic, psychologic, and health predictors of 6-minute walk performance in older people
Lord, S. R., & Menz, H. B. (2002) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1053/apmr.2002.33227 · Cited by 230
Beneficial effects of exercise and its molecular mechanisms on depression in rats.
Zheng, H., Liu, Y., Li, W., Yang, B., Chen, D., Wang, X., Jiang, Z., Wang, H., Wang, Z., Cornelisson, G., et al. (2006) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2005.10.007 · Cited by 212
The Impact of Long-term Exercise Training on Psychological Function in Older Adults
Hill, R., Storandt, M., & Malley, M. T. (1993) · Journal of Gerontology · doi:10.1093/geronj/48.1.p12 · Cited by 209
Physical Fitness and Cognitive Functioning in Aging
Chodzko-Zajko, W. J., & Moore, K. (1994) · Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews · doi:10.1249/00003677-199401000-00009 · Cited by 209
The relationship of age and cardiovascular fitness to cognitive and motor processes
Hillman, C. H., Weiss, E. P., Hagberg, J. M., & Hatfield, B. D. (2002) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1017/s0048577201393058 · Cited by 160
Physical Activity, Age, and Cognitive-Neuropsychological Function
Dustman, R. E., Emmerson, R. Y., & Shearer, D. E. (1994) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.2.2.143 · Cited by 159
Madden, D. J., Blumenthal, J. A., Allen, P. A., & Emery, C. F. (1989) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037//0882-7974.4.3.307 · Cited by 158
Madden, D. J., Blumenthal, J. A., Allen, P. A., & Emery, C. F. (1989) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.4.3.307 · Cited by 158
Influence of Physical Exercise on Simple Reaction Time: Effect of Physical Fitness
Brisswalter, J., Arcelin, R., Audiffren, M. F., & Delignières, D. (1997) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1997.85.3.1019 · Cited by 147
Aerobic capacity and cognitive performance in a cross-sectional aging study
van Boxtel, M. P. J., PAAS, F. G. W. C., Houx, P. J., Adam, J. J., Teeken, J. C., & JOLLES, J. (1997) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199710000-00013 · Cited by 140
Human Factors Interventions for the Health Care of Older Adults
(2001) · doi:10.1201/b12459 · Cited by 117
Dunn, A. L., Trivedi, M. H., Kampert, J. B., Clark, C. G., & Chambliss, H. (2002) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/s0197-2456(02)00226-x · Cited by 107
Périco, C. D. A.-M., Skaf, C. R., Yamada, A. S., Duran, F., Buchpiguel, C. A., de Castro, C. C., Soares, J. C., & Busatto, G. F. (2005) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2005.04.088 · Cited by 102
Emery, C. F., Shermer, R. L., Hauck, E. R., Hsiao, E. T., & MacIntyre, N. R. (2003) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.22.6.598 · Cited by 101
Catecholamine System Involvement in Age‐related Memory Dysfunction
Zornetzer, S. F. (1985) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1985.tb37594.x · Cited by 97
Reaction and Movement Times in Men of Different Ages: A Population Study
Era, P. A., Jokela, J., & Heikkinen, E. M. (1986) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1986.63.1.111 · Cited by 97
Effects of Exercise Training on Cognitive Functioning among Depressed Older Men and Women
Khatri, P., Blumenthal, J. A., Babyak, M. A., Craighead, W. E., Herman, S., Baldewicz, T. T., Madden, D. J., Doraiswamy, M. P., WAUGH, R. A., & Krishnan, K. R. (2001) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.9.1.43 · Cited by 97
Effects of aerobic exercise training, age, and physical fitness on memory-search performance.
Blumenthal, J. A., & Madden, D. J. (1988) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037//0882-7974.3.3.280 · Cited by 93
Elsayed, M., Ismail, A. H., & Young, R. J. (1980) · Journal of Gerontology · doi:10.1093/geronj/35.3.383 · Cited by 92
The Use of Meta-Analysis in Exercise and Sport: A Tutorial
Thomas, J. R., & French, K. E. (1986) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.1986.10605397 · Cited by 91
Blocks in choice responding as a function of age and physical fitness.
Bunce, D. J., Warr, P. B., & Cochrane, T. (1993) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037//0882-7974.8.1.26 · Cited by 84
Association between aerobic fitness and visuospatial performance in healthy older adults.
Shay, K. A., & Roth, D. L. (1992) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037//0882-7974.7.1.15 · Cited by 79
Brown, D. R., Hunter, R., Wyper, D., Patterson, J. C., Kelly, R. C., Montaldi, D., & McCulloch, J. (1996) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3956(95)00032-1 · Cited by 79
Härmä, M., Ilmarinen, J., Knauth, P., Rutenfranz, J., & Hänninen, O. (1988) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140138808966648 · Cited by 76
Etnier, J. L., Johnston, R., Dagenbach, D., Pollard, R., Rejeski, W. J., & Berry, M. J. (1999) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.116.4.953 · Cited by 74
Self-citationEffects of aerobic exercise training, age, and physical fitness on memory-search performance.
Blumenthal, J. A., & Madden, D. J. (1988) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.3.3.280 · Cited by 73
Kozora, E., Tran, Z. V., & Make, B. (2002) · Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/00008483-200211000-00008 · Cited by 70
Fluid intelligence in an older COPD sample after short- or long-term exercise
ETNIER, J. L., & BERRY, M. (2001) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200110000-00002 · Cited by 69
Self-citationSelf-reported physical activity, subjective health, and cognitive performance in older adults
van Boxtel, M. P. J., Langerak, K., Houx, P. J., & JOLLES, J. (1996) · Experimental Aging Research · doi:10.1080/03610739608254017 · Cited by 67
Motor Performance and Motor Learning as a Function of Age and Fitness
Etnier, J. L., & Landers, D. M. (1998) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.1998.10607679 · Cited by 67
Self-citationAssociation between aerobic fitness and visuospatial performance in healthy older adults.
Shay, K. A., & Roth, D. L. (1992) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.7.1.15 · Cited by 67
Blocks in choice responding as a function of age and physical fitness.
Bunce, D. J., Warr, P. B., & Cochrane, T. (1993) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.8.1.26 · Cited by 66
Physical Activity and Cognitive Performance in the Older Population
Moul, J. L., Goldman, B. A., & Warren, B. J. (1995) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.3.2.135 · Cited by 64
Exercise for older women: a training method and its influences on physical and cognitive performance
Hassmén, P., Ceci, R. L., & B�ckman, L. (1992) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00625068 · Cited by 63
Barry, A. J., Steinmetz, J. R., Page, H. F., & Rodahl, K. (1966) · Journal of Gerontology · doi:10.1093/geronj/21.2.192 · Cited by 61
INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL EXERTION ON MENTAL PERFORMANCE WITH REFERENCE TO TRAINING
Zervas, Y., Danis, A., & Klissouras, V. (1991) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1991.72.3c.1215 · Cited by 57
Effects of Physical Conditioning on Information-Processing Efficiency
Blomquist, K. B., & Danner, F. (1987) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1987.65.1.175 · Cited by 57
Hasçelik, Z., Başgöze, O., Türker, K., Narman, S., & Özker, R. (1989) · PubMed · Cited by 51
The Influence of Physical Fitness on Automatic and Effortful Memory Changes in Aging
Chodzko-Zajko, W. J., Schuler, P. B., Solomon, J., Heinl, B., & Ellis, N. R. (1992) · The International Journal of Aging and Human Development · doi:10.2190/ujaq-4lk5-2wan-11dl · Cited by 48
Moss, M. C., Franks, M., Briggs, P., Kennedy, D. O., & Scholey, A. B. (2005) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803390490515450 · Cited by 48
Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Cognitive Function in African Americans
Izquierdo‐Porrera, A. M., & Waldstein, S. R. (2002) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/57.4.p377 · Cited by 46
Traumatic memories and pseudomemories in posttraumatic stress disorder
Bryant, R. A., & Harvey, A. G. (1998) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0720(199802)12:1 · Cited by 37
Exercise, Aging, and Cognition: Healthy Body, Healthy Mind?
Rogers, W. A., & Fisk, A. D. (2001) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b12459-12 · Cited by 37
Impact of Physical Fitness on Strategy Development in Decision-Making Tasks
Suominen-Troyer, S. M., Davis, K. J., Ismail, A. H., & Salvendy, G. (1986) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1986.62.1.71 · Cited by 35
Reaction Time Unchanged in Older Women following Aerobic Training
WHITEHURST, M. A. (1991) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1991.72.1.251 · Cited by 32
Effect of exercise on cognitive processing in adult men.
Ismail, A. H., & El-Naggar, A. M. (1981) · PubMed · Cited by 24
Emery, C. F. (1994) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/089826439400600101 · Cited by 22
Impact of exercise training on plasma adrenocorticotropin response to a well-learned vigilance task
Blaney, J., Sothmann, M. S., Raff, H., Hart, B. A., & Horn, T. S. (1990) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/0306-4530(90)90068-k · Cited by 22
Bunce, D. J. (2001) · Experimental Aging Research · doi:10.1080/713842729 · Cited by 20
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHYSICAL AND COGNITIVE FUNCTION IN HEALTHY OLDER MEN: A ROLE FOR AEROBIC POWER?
Aleman, A., de Haan, E. H. F., Verhaar, H. J. J., Samson, M., de Vries, W. R., & Koppeschaar, H. P. F. (2000) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2000.tb03042.x · Cited by 20
Neuromuscular, metabolic and hormonal profiles of young tennis players and untrained boys
Mero, A. A., Jaakkola, L., & Komi, P. V. (1989) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640418908729828 · Cited by 19
Relationship between physiological status, cognition, and age in adult men
Offenbach, S. I., Chodzko-Zajko, W. J., & Ringel, R. L. (1990) · Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society · doi:10.3758/bf03333978 · Cited by 19
30% Oxygen Inhalation Enhances Cognitive Performance through Robust Activation in the Brain
Sohn, J., Chung, S.-C., & Jang, E.-H. (2005) · Journal of PHYSIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY and Applied Human Science · doi:10.2114/jpa.24.51 · Cited by 9
Physical training effect on relationship of physical, mental, and emotional fitness in adult men.
el-Naggar, A. M. (1986) · PubMed · Cited by 7
INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL EXERTION ON MENTAL PERFORMANCE WITH REFERENCE TO TRAINING
Zervas, Y. (1991) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.72.4.1215-1221 · Cited by 6
REACTION TIME UNCHANGED IN OLDER WOMEN FOLLOWING AEROBIC TRAINING
WHITEHURST, M. A. (1991) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.72.1.251-256 · Cited by 5
Cosky, A. C. (1990) · Huskie Commons (Northern Illinois University) · Cited by 3
The relationship among cognitive complexity, oxygen, and activity level in older women
Abourezk, T. (1990) · University Microfilms International eBooks · Cited by 2
The effects of an aerobic conditioning program on reaction times of older sedentary adults
Russell, E. M. (1982) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2
McCrory, M. L. (1980) · SHAREOK (University of Oklahoma; Oklahoma State University; Central Oklahoma University) · Cited by 1
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Palmer, A., 1995. The effect of an aerobic exercise program on cognitive ability and creativity in senior citizens. Doctoral Dissertation, Educational Leadership, Florida State University, Jacksonville, FL.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Janssen, I., & LeBlanc, A. G. (2010) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/1479-5868-7-40 · Cited by 4,829
Be smart, exercise your heart: Exercise effects on brain and cognition
Hillman, C. H., Erickson, K. I., & Kramer, A. F. (2008) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2298 · Cited by 3,563
Physical fitness in childhood and adolescence: a powerful marker of health
Ortega, F. B., Ruiz, J. R., Castillo, M. J., & Sjöstróm, M. (2007) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803774 · Cited by 2,885
Lack of Exercise Is a Major Cause of Chronic Diseases
Booth, F. W., Roberts, C. K., & Laye, M. J. (2012) · Comprehensive Physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c110025 · Cited by 2,575
Smith, P. J., Blumenthal, J. A., Hoffman, B. M., Cooper, H., Strauman, T. A., Welsh-Bohmer, K., Browndyke, J. N., & Sherwood, A. (2010) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3181d14633 · Cited by 1,714
Metadata
- Authors
- Etnier, J. L., Nowell, P. M., Landers, D. M., & Sibley, B. A.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Greensboro (US)
- Arizona State University (US)
- Miami University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Etnier, Jennifer L.
- ORCID
- Etnier, Jennifer L.
- Venue
- Brain Research Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006-08
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 119-130
- ISSN
- 0165-0173 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2071762564
- Cited by
- 749
- References
- 85
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 52 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 54 · 2016: 49 · 2015: 55 · 2014: 54 · 2013: 56 · 2012: 56
- FWCI
- 12.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- libres.uncg.edu
- Locations
- Brain Research Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- NC Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship (The University of North Carolina at Greensboro) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Keywords
- cardiorespiratory fitness, cognitive performance, physical activity, exercise and cognition, age differences, pre-post test comparison, cross-section design, dose-response relationship
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Child, Child, Preschool, Cognition, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Regression Analysis, Retrospective Studies, Exercise
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
