Health anxiety disorders: A cognitive construal
Abstract
The features of severe health anxiety, intense and persistent anxiety about one's present and future health, are described. In common with other anxiety disorders such as GAD, PTSD and OCD, the core of HAD is distressing, uncontrollable anxiety, and is classifiable as an Anxiety Disorder, Health Anxiety Disorder (HAD). The cognitive construal of HAD proposes that health anxiety is caused by catastrophic misinterpretations of the significance of sensations and/or changes in bodily functions and appearance (such as swellings, pain, loss of energy, dizzy spells). The nature, causes, triggers, persistence, assessment and treatment of HAD are reviewed, and the present status of the cognitive model is appraised. Suggestions are made for future research and clinical applications, and the need for incisive evaluations of the main premises of the model is emphasized.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
These beliefs contribute to catastrophic misinterpretations of the significance of health-related stimuli, leading to intense anxiety.
“It is proposed that these beliefs contribute to catastrophic misinterpretations of the significance of health-related stimuli, such as bodily sensations or changes in bodily functions or appearance, leading to intense anxiety [45].”
From Illness Anxiety Disorder: A Review of the Current Research and Future Directions (2024) · cites this paper as [45]
Cites
Illusion and well‐being: A social psychological perspective on mental health
Taylor, S. E., & Brown, J. D. (1988) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.103.2.193 · Cited by 7,814 · see citing works
(1975) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 7,245 · see citing works
Cognitive Therapy and the Emotional Disorders
Jaffe, B. (1977) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/s0033-3182(77)71107-7 · Cited by 4,722 · see citing works
Psychotherapy by reciprocal inhibition
Wolpe, J. (1968) · Pavlovian Journal of Biological Science · doi:10.1007/bf03000093 · Cited by 3,389 · see citing works
Psychotherapy by Reciprocal Inhibition
Masserman, J. H. (1958) · Archives of Neurology And Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archneurpsyc.1958.02340090135025 · Cited by 3,087 · see citing works
Health complaints, stress, and distress: Exploring the central role of negative affectivity.
Watson, D., & Pennebaker, J. W. (1989) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.96.2.234 · Cited by 3,030 · see citing works
A cognitive model of social phobia
Adrian Wells, A. (1995) · Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) · Cited by 2,701 · see citing works
Clark, D. M. (1986) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(86)90011-2 · Cited by 2,422 · see citing works
Obsessional-compulsive problems: A cognitive-behavioural analysis
Salkovskis, P. M. (1985) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(85)90105-6 · Cited by 1,842 · see citing works
The Psychology of Physical Symptoms
Pennebaker, J. W. (1982) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-8196-9 · Cited by 1,776 · see citing works
Social phobia: Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment
Franklin, M. E. (1996) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(96)00036-0 · Cited by 1,389 · see citing works
SALKOVSKIS, P. M., RIMES, K. A., WARWICK, H. M. C., & CLARK, D. M. (2002) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291702005822 · Cited by 1,351 · see citing works
(1992) · Cited by 1,154 · see citing works
Frontiers of cognitive therapy
Thase, M. E. (1997) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0163-8343(97)00044-3 · Cited by 1,062 · see citing works
26. Obsessions and Compulsions
Ross, C. (1994) · University of Toronto Press eBooks · doi:10.3138/9781442681972-027 · Cited by 1,001 · see citing works
Thought-action fusion in obsessive compulsive disorder
Shafran, R., Thordarson, D. S., & Rachman, S. (1996) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/0887-6185(96)00018-7 · Cited by 663 · see citing works
Self-citation(1978) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 605 · see citing works
Self-citationWarwick, H. M. C., & Salkovskis, P. M. (1990) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(90)90023-c · Cited by 587 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The diagnosis of hypochondriasis has been criticised (e.g., Abramowitz & Moore, 2007; Asmundson et al., 2001; Creed & Barsky, 2004; Deacon & Abramowitz, 2008; Olatunji, Deacon, & Abramowitz, 2009; Schmidt, 2004; Warwick & Salkovskis, 1990; Wells & Hackmann, 1993; Wise & Birket-Smith, 2002).”
BackgroundAnxiety disorders: Why they persist and how to treat them
Clark, D. M. (1999) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00048-0 · Cited by 556 · see citing works
Thought Action Fusion in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
ÇÝFTÇÝ, &., & Kuru, T. (2013) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 501 · see citing works
A cognitive theory of compulsive checking.
Rachman, S. (2002) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(01)00028-6 · Cited by 487 · see citing works
Self-citationPain as a reason to visit the doctor: a study in Finnish primary health care
Mäntyselkä, P. T., Kumpusalo, E. A., Ahonen, R. S., Kumpusalo, A., Kauhanen, J., Viinamäki, H. T., Halonen, P. M., & Takala, J. (2001) · Pain · doi:10.1016/s0304-3959(00)00361-4 · Cited by 477 · see citing works
Salkovskis, P. M., & Warwick, H. M. C. (1986) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(86)90041-0 · Cited by 475 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The phenomenon of health anxiety described by Salkovskis and Warwick in 1986 provided a foundation for the concept of Health Anxiety Disorders, which is now classifiable as an anxiety disorder in association with PTSD, OCD, SAD, PD and GAD (Noyes, 1999; Salkovskis & Warwick, 1986).”
BackgroundA systematic review of the epidemiology of somatisation disorder and hypochondriasis
Creed, F., & Barsky, A. (2004) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(03)00622-6 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
Steketee, G. S. (1980) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0005-7916(80)90087-7 · Cited by 416 · see citing works
Imagining Can Heighten or Lower the Perceived Likelihood of Contracting a Disease
Sherman, S. J., Cialdini, R. B., Schwartzman, D. F., & Reynolds, K. D. (1985) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167285111011 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Body vigilance in panic disorder: Evaluating attention to bodily perturbations.
Schmidt, N. B., Lerew, D. R., & Trakowski, J. H. (1997) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.65.2.214 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Hypochondriasis
BARSKY, A. J., & Ahern, D. K. (2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.291.12.1464 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Somatization and Hypochondriasis
Kellner, R. (1985) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Two psychological treatments for hypochondriasis: A randomised controlled trial
Clark, D. M., Salkovskis, P. M., Hackmann, A., Wells, A., Fennell, M., Ludgate, J., Ahmad, S., Richards, H. C., & Gelder, M. (1998) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.173.3.218 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Safety behaviour: A reconsideration
Rachman, S., Radomsky, A. S., & Shafran, R. (2007) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2007.11.008 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Self-citationHealth Anxiety, Hypochondriasis, and the Anxiety Disorders
Abramowitz, J. S., Olatunji, B. O., & Deacon, B. J. (2007) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2006.05.001 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
A controlled trial of cognitive-behavioural treatment of hypochondriasis
Warwick, H. M. C., Clark, D. M., Cobb, A. M., & Salkovskis, P. M. (1996) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.169.2.189 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Oxford Guide to Imagery in Cognitive Therapy
(2011) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med:psych/9780199234028.001.0001 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Cognitive and perceptual variables in hypochondriasis and health anxiety: A systematic review
Marcus, D. K., Gurley, J. R., Marchi, M. M., & Bauer, C. (2007) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.09.003 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Internet-based cognitive-behavioural therapy for severe health anxiety: randomised controlled trial
Hedman, E., Andersson, G., Andersson, E., Ljótsson, B., Rück, C., Asmundson, G. J. G., & Lindefors, N. (2011) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.110.086843 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Arntz, A., Rauner, M., & Van den Hout, M. (1995) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(95)00032-s · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Thought-action fusion: a review
Shafran, R., & Rachman, S. (2004) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2004.04.002 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Self-citation(1996) · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Prevalence of pain in general practice
Hasselström, J., Liu, J., & Rasjö‐Wrååk, G. (2002) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/s1090-3801(02)00025-3 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
The effects of safety behaviors on health anxiety: An experimental investigation
Olatunji, B. O., Etzel, E. N., Tomarken, A. J., Ciesielski, B. G., & Deacon, B. (2011) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2011.07.008 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Powers, M. B., Smits, J. A. J., & Telch, M. J. (2004) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.72.3.448 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Memory bias, confidence and responsibility in compulsive checking.
Radomsky, A. S., Rachman, S., & Hammond, D. (2001) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(00)00079-6 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Self-citationThe role of traumatic experiences in the genesis of obsessive–compulsive disorder
de Silva, P., & Marks, M. (1999) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(98)00185-5 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Deacon, B., & Abramowitz, J. S. (2008) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.22.2.115 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Newth, S., & Rachman, S. (2001) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(00)00006-1 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Self-citationPost-event processing in social anxiety.
Rachman, S., Gruter-Andrew, J., & Shafran, R. (2000) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00089-3 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Self-citationAn experimental analysis of hypochondriasis
Abramowitz, J. S., & Moore, E. L. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.04.005 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Rachman, S., & Bichard, S. (1988) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(88)90093-1 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Self-citationThe treatment of hypochondriasis: exposure plus response prevention vs cognitive therapy.
Visser, S., & Bouman, T. (2001) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(00)00022-x · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Speckens, A. E. M., Hackmann, A., Ehlers, A., & Cuthbert, B. (2007) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2007.09.004 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Efficacy of participant modeling as a function of response induction aids.
Bandura, A., Jeffery, R. W., & Wright, C. L. (1974) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0036258 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Is hypochondriasis an anxiety disorder?
Olatunji, B. O., Deacon, B. J., & Abramowitz, J. S. (2009) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.108.061085 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
(2001) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Imagery and Core Beliefs in Health Anxiety: Content and Origins
Adrian Wells, A., & Hackmann, A. (1993) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465800010511 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Safety behaviour does not necessarily interfere with exposure therapy
Milosevic, I., & Radomsky, A. S. (2008) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2008.05.011 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Treatment of obsessions: a randomized controlled trial
Whittal, M. L., Woody, S. R., McLean, P. D., Rachman, S. J., & Robichaud, M. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.11.010 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Self-citationMuse, K., McManus, F. V., Hackmann, A., Williams, M. J., & Williams, M. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.05.008 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Does escape behavior strengthen agoraphobic avoidance? A replication
Rachman, S., Craske, M. G., Tallman, K., & Solyom, C. A. E. (1986) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(86)80069-7 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Self-citationParrish, C. L., & Radomsky, A. S. (2009) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.10.010 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
The overprediction and underprediction of pain
Rachman, S., & Arntz, A. R. (1991) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(91)90112-8 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Self-citationHealth anxiety levels in chronic pain clinic attenders
Rode, S., Salkovskis, P., Dowd, H., & Hanna, M. (2006) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2005.07.005 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Reducing contamination by exposure plus safety behaviour
Rachman, S., Shafran, R., Radomsky, A. S., & Zysk, E. (2011) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.02.010 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Self-citationThe relationship of hypochondriasis to anxiety disorders
Noyes, R. (1999) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0163-8343(98)00063-2 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Ruhé, H. G., Dekker, J., Peen, J., Holman, R., & de Jonghe, F. (2005) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2005.03.001 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Williams, P. (2004) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/b:cotr.0000045569.25096.44 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Increased use of safety-seeking behaviors in chronic back pain patients with high health anxiety
Tang, N. K. Y., Salkovskis, P. M., Poplavskaya, E., Wright, K. J., Hanna, M., & Hester, J. (2007) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2007.05.004 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Unwanted intrusive images in obsessive compulsive disorders
Rachman, S. (2007) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2007.10.008 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citationSørensen, P. S., Birket‐Smith, M., Wattar, U., Buemann, I., & Salkovskis, P. M. (2010) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291710000292 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Ritter, B. (1969) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(69)90027-8 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Effects of safety behaviors on fear reduction during exposure
Hood, H. K., Antony, M. M., Koerner, N., & Monson, C. M. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.08.006 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Imagery and Pain: The Prevalence, Characteristics, and Potency of Imagery Associated with Pain
Philips, H. C. (2011) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465811000282 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Hypochondriacal Patients’ Appraisal of Health and Physical Risks
BARSKY, A. J., Ahern, D. K., Bailey, E. D., Saintfort, R., Liu, E., & Peekna, H. M. (2001) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.5.783 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Cognitive-Behavior Therapy for Compulsive Checking in OCD
Radomsky, A. S., Shafran, R., Coughtrey, A. E., & Rachman, S. (2010) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2009.10.002 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationThought action fusion: can it be corrected?
Zucker, B. G., Craske, M. G., Barrios, V., & Holguin, M. (2002) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(01)00054-7 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Avia, M. D., Ruiz, M. Á., Olivares, M. E., Crespo, M., Guisado, A. B., Sánchez, A., & Varela, A. (1996) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(95)00052-y · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Core cognitions related to health anxiety in self-reported medical and non-medical samples
Hadjistavropoulos, H. D., Janzen, J. A., Kehler, M. D., Leclerc, J., Sharpe, D., & Bourgault-Fagnou, M. D. (2011) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-011-9339-3 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Anxiety-control strategies: Is there room for neutralization in successful exposure treatment?
Parrish, C. L., Radomsky, A. S., & Dugas, M. J. (2008) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2008.07.007 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: The Facts
de Silva, P., & Rachman, S. J. (1992) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationHealth anxiety: Comparison of the latent structure in medical and non-medical samples
Alberts, N. M., Sharpe, D., Kehler, M. D., & Hadjistavropoulos, H. D. (2011) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.01.011 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Does escape behaviour strengthen agoraphobic avoidance? A preliminary study
Silva, P. D., & Rachman, S. (1984) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(84)90038-x · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citationLearning theory and the neurotic paradox.
Mowrer, O. H. (1948) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.1948.tb05122.x · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Who is not reassured following benign diagnosis of breast symptoms?
Meechan, G., Collins, J. P., Moss-Morris, R. E., & Petrie, K. J. (2004) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.841 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Failure to replicate the deleterious effects of safety behaviors in exposure therapy
Sy, J. T., Dixon, L. J., Lickel, J. J., Nelson, E. A., & Deacon, B. J. (2011) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2011.02.005 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Disease phobia and disease conviction are separate dimensions underlying hypochondriasis
Fergus, T. A., & Valentiner, D. P. (2010) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.05.002 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
van den Hout, M., Engelhard, I. M., Toffolo, M. B. J., & van Uijen, S. L. (2011) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.02.009 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Irrational health beliefs and health anxiety
Fulton, J. J., Marcus, D. K., & Merkey, T. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20769 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
The Somatoform Disorders for DSM-V: The Need for Changes in Process and Content
Wise, T. N., & Birket‐Smith, M. (2002) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1176/appi.psy.43.6.437 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Nakao, M., Shinozaki, Y., Ahern, D. K., & BARSKY, A. J. (2011) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000320122 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Bottlenecks in the diagnosis of hypochondriasis
Schmidt, A. J. M. (1994) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0010-440x(94)90024-8 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Somatization and hypochondriasis
Freeman, C. P. L. (1987) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(87)90014-6 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Reexamining the domain of hypochondriasis: Comparing the Illness Attitudes Scale to other approaches
Fergus, T. A., & Valentiner, D. P. (2009) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.02.016 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Making sense of hypochondriasis: a cognitive theory of health anxiety
Salkovskis, P. M., & Warwick, H. M. C. (2001) · Cited by 33 · see citing works
The effects of psychoeducation on thought-action fusion, thought suppression, and responsibility
Marino-Carper, T. A., Negy, C., Burns, G., & Lunt, R. A. (2010) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.02.007 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Obsessive compulsive disorder: The facts
Gallo, M. (1994) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/0887-6185(94)90028-0 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 96 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Cyberchondria: towards a better understanding of excessive health-related internet use
Starcevic, V., & Berle, D. (2013) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/ern.12.162 · Cited by 541 · see citing works
The classification of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders in the ICD-11
Stein, D. J., Kogan, C. S., Atmaca, M., Fineberg, N. A., Fontenelle, L. F., Grant, J. E., Matsunaga, H., Reddy, Y. C. J., Simpson, H. B., Thomsen, P. H., et al. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.10.061 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
te Poel, F., Baumgartner, S. E., Hartmann, T., & Tanis, M. (2016) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.07.009 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Catastrophic Thinking: A Transdiagnostic Process Across Psychiatric Disorders
Gellatly, R., & Beck, A. T. (2016) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-016-9763-3 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Shiina, A., Niitsu, T., Kobori, O., Idemoto, K., Hashimoto, T., Sasaki, T. G., Igarashi, Y., Shimizu, E., Nakazato, M., Hashimoto, K., et al. (2020) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100101 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Illness Anxiety Disorder: Psychopathology, Epidemiology, Clinical Characteristics, and Treatment.
Scarella, T. M., Boland, R. J., & Barsky, A. J. (2019) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000691 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Campbell-Jackson, L., Bezance, J., & Horsch, A. (2014) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-014-0423-x · Cited by 96 · see citing works
The Relationship of Hypochondriasis to Anxiety, Depressive, and Somatoform Disorders
Scarella, T. M., Laferton, J. A. C., Ahern, D. K., Fallon, B. A., & Barsky, A. (2016) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/j.psym.2015.10.006 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Tendency to worry and fear of mental health during Italy's COVID-19 lockdown
Baiano, C., Zappullo, I., the LabNPEE Group, & Conson, M. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17165928 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Tanis, M., Hartmann, T., & Poel, F. T. (2016) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2016.01.021 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Haig-Ferguson, A., Cooper, K., Cartwright, E., Loades, M. E., & Daniels, J. (2021) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465820000636 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Health anxiety – An indicator of higher interoceptive sensitivity?
Krautwurst, S., Gerlach, A. L., Gomille, L. K., Hiller, W., & Witthöft, M. (2014) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2014.02.001 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Meulders, A., Daele, T. V., Volders, S., & Vlaeyen, J. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.02.002 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Yuan, Y., Zhang, Y., Liu, R., Li, G., & Mao, S. (2015) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s83501 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Ali, A., Hameed, A., Moin, M. F., & Khan, N. A. (2022) · Aslib Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1108/ajim-08-2021-0216 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Leonidou, C., Panayiotou, G., Bati, A., & Karekla, M. (2016) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105316666657 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
The evolution of behaviour therapy and cognitive behaviour therapy.
Rachman, S. (2015) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.10.006 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationHypochondriasis: considerations for ICD-11
van den Heuvel, O. A., Veale, D., & Stein, D. J. (2014) · Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria · doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2013-1218 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Rask, C. U., Munkholm, A., Clemmensen, L., Rimvall, M. K., Ørnbøl, E., Jeppesen, P., & Skovgaard, A. M. (2016) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-015-0071-2 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Health‐Related Dysfunctional Beliefs and Health Anxiety: Further Evidence of Cognitive Specificity
Fergus, T. A. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22012 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Factors influencing health anxiety: the stimulus–organism–response model perspective
Yang, X., Gu, D., Wu, J., Liang, C., Ma, Y., & Li, J. (2021) · Internet Research · doi:10.1108/intr-10-2020-0604 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Video-based cognitive-behavioral intervention for COVID-19 anxiety: a randomized controlled trial
Shabahang, R., Aruguete, M. S., & McCutcheon, L. (2021) · Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy · doi:10.47626/2237-6089-2020-0056 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Leonidou, C., & Panayiotou, G. (2018) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2018.06.001 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Repetitive Thought and Health Anxiety: Tests of Specificity
Fergus, T. A. (2013) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-013-9340-y · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Altered functional connectivity of interoception in illness anxiety disorder
Grossi, D., Longarzo, M., Quarantelli, M., Salvatore, E., Cavaliere, C., Luca, P. D., Trojano, L., & Aiello, M. (2016) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2016.10.018 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Investigation of health anxiety and its related factors in nursing students
Yuan, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhao, Y., Mao, S., & Li, G. (2014) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s61568 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Illness Anxiety Disorder: A Review of the Current Research and Future Directions
Kikas, K., Werner-Seidler, A., Upton, E., & Newby, J. (2024) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-024-01507-2 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Several life experiences have been proposed as pre-cipitants of health anxiety, such as experiencing major life stress, a serious threat to one’s health, witnessing a loved one’s illness, and being exposed to health-threatening information [34, 45].”
BackgroundAlberts, N. M., & Hadjistavropoulos, H. D. (2014) · Anxiety, Stress, & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2013.835401 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Kogan, C. S., Stein, D. J., Rebello, T. J., Keeley, J. W., Chan, K. J., Fineberg, N. A., Fontenelle, L. F., Grant, J. E., Matsunaga, H., Simpson, H. B., et al. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.103 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Illness‐related intrusive thoughts and illness anxiety disorder
Arnáez, S., García‐Soriano, G., López‐Santiago, J., & Belloch, A. (2021) · Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12267 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Illness cognition and health anxiety in parents of children with cancer
Bilani, N., Jamali, S., Chahine, A., Zorkot, M., Homsi, M., Saab, M., Saab, R. H., Nabulsi, M. M., & Chaaya, M. (2019) · Journal of Psychosocial Oncology · doi:10.1080/07347332.2019.1600629 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Choi, C., & Bum, C.-H. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17134871 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Calling Dr. Internet: Analyzing News Coverage of Cyberchondria
Zheng, H., & Tandoc, E. C. (2020) · Journalism Practice · doi:10.1080/17512786.2020.1824586 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Neural underpinnings of fine motor skills under stress and anxiety: A review
Martins, L. A., Schiavo, A., Paz, L. V., Xavier, L. L., & Mestriner, R. G. (2024) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114593 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Zvolensky, M. J., Kauffman, B. Y., Garey, L., Viana, A. G., & Matoska, C. T. (2022) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2022.104141 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Vera, B. P., & Belloch, A. (2017) · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2017.09.001 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Linking Illness in Parents to Health Anxiety in Offspring: Do Beliefs about Health Play a Role?
Alberts, N. M., Hadjistavropoulos, H. D., Sherry, S., & Stewart, S. H. (2014) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465814000319 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Health anxiety and medical utilization: The moderating effect of age among patients in primary care
Fergus, T. A., Griggs, J. O., Cunningham, S. C., & Kelley, L. P. (2017) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.06.002 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Norbye, A. D., Abelsen, B., Førde, O. H., & Ringberg, U. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720004122 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Jin, K., Xu, D., Shen, Z., Feng, G., Zhao, Z., Lü, J., Lyu, H., Pan, F., Shang, D., Chen, J., et al. (2021) · Acta Neuropsychiatrica · doi:10.1017/neu.2021.9 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
A randomised controlled trial of computerised interpretation bias modification for health anxiety
Antognelli, S. L., Sharrock, M. J., & Newby, J. M. (2019) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2019.101518 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Schmidt, E., Witthöft, M., Kornadt, A. E., Rist, F., & Bailer, J. (2013) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-013-9540-5 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Weck, F., & Höfling, V. (2014) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2014.913253 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Schreiber, F., Neng, J. M. B., Heimlich, C., Witthöft, M., & Weck, F. (2014) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.07.004 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Jamalamadaka, T., Griffith, E., Steer, H., & Salkovskis, P. (2020) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12253 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Diamond, P. R., Dysch, L., & Daniels, J. (2022) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2021.2022778 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Chen, X., Jing, L., Wang, H., & Yang, J. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191811181 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Anagnostopoulos, F., & Botse, T. (2016) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244016653641 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Measurement invariance across Genders on the Childhood Illness Attitude Scales (CIAS)
Thorisdottir, A. S., Villadsen, A., LeBouthillier, D. M., Rask, C. U., Wright, K. D., Walker, J. R., Feldgaier, S., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2017) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2017.05.006 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Neal, R. L., & Radomsky, A. S. (2019) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-019-10007-0 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Vera, B. P., & Belloch, A. (2021) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2636 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Hypochondriasis: treatment options for a diagnostic quagmire
Starčević, V. (2015) · Australasian Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1039856215587234 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Dai, L., Bailey, R., & Yun-long, D. (2018) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-017-1780-5 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Nilsson, J.-E., Knutsson, J., Jalamo, B.-S., & Lundh, L.-G. (2019) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2019.101491 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Somatic symptom distress is not related to cardioceptive accuracy
Petzke, T. M., Köteles, F. G., Pohl, A., & Witthöft, M. (2024) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2024.111655 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Svestkova, A., Šmahel, D., & Kvardová, N. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1079730 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Neal, R. L., & Radomsky, A. S. (2019) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s135246581900050x · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Health anxiety symptoms in children and adolescents diagnosed with OCD
Villadsen, A., Thorgaard, M. V., Hybel, K. A., Jensen, J. S., Thomsen, P. H., & Rask, C. U. (2017) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-016-0884-8 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
A 2-Study Psychometric Evaluation of the Modified Dementia Worry Scale
Roberts, J. R., & Maxfield, M. (2021) · American Journal of Alzheimer s Disease & Other Dementias® · doi:10.1177/1533317521995322 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Reassurance and its alternatives: Overview and cognitive behavioural conceptualisation
Halldorsson, B., & Salkovskis, P. M. (2023) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2023.100783 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Psychological Treatments for Hypochondriasis: A Narrative Review
Bouman, T. K. (2014) · Current Psychiatry Reviews · doi:10.2174/1573400509666131119010612 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Commons, D., Greenwood, K. M., & Anderson, R. (2015) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465815000454 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Leonidou, C., Pollatos, O., & Panayiotou, G. (2019) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.107812 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Salgın Hastalık Kaygı Ölçeği: Geçerlilik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması
Sayar, G. H., Ünübol, H., Tutgun-Ünal, A., & Tarhan, N. (2020) · Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry · doi:10.18863/pgy.808280 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Gehrt, T. B., Frostholm, L., Obermann, M., & Berntsen, D. (2019) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-019-10058-3 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Cheng, S., Chen, Z., Wu, C., Li, X., Shen, X., Qiu, R., Tang, N., Feng, C., Wang, W., Lv, J., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1567448 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
A confirmatory factor analysis of a cognitive model of COVID-19 related anxiety and depression
Delz, L. A. K., Gaynor, K., O'Connor, R., Schmieder, L., & Somers, E. (2023) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.103861 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Evaluation of the Factor Structure and Content Specificity of the Interpretation Bias Task (IBT)
Chan, F. H. F., Takano, K., Lau, J. Y. F., & Barry, T. J. (2020) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-020-10138-9 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
COVID-19 symptoms, internet information seeking, and stigma influence post-lockdown health anxiety
Li, Q., Yang, X., Wang, X., Zhang, H., Ding, N., Zhao, W., Tian, W., He, J., Du, M., Hu, H., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1228294 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Alshayea, A. K. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.1177/2043808720912629 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Rumination and self-defining memories in the context of health concerns
Sansom‐Daly, U. M., Bryant, R. A., Cohn, R. J., & Wakefield, C. E. (2015) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2015.1059860 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Duholm, C. S., Højgaard, D. R. M. A., Skarphéðinsson, G., Thomsen, P. H., & Rask, C. U. (2021) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-021-01774-x · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Somatoforme Störungen – somatoforme Belastungsstörung und verwandte Störungen
Kapfhammer, H. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-49295-6_74 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Rask, C. U., Gehrt, T. B., Rimvall, M. K., & Frostholm, L. (2020) · Zeitschrift für Psychologie · doi:10.1027/2151-2604/a000407 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The psychological impact of food allergy and undergoing a food challenge test in adult age
Makatsori, M., & Miles, A. (2021) · European Annals of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.23822/eurannaci.1764-1489.187 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Amin, K. M., Mohammadkhani, P., Mazidi, M., Kami, M., Nodooshan, M. B., & Shahidi, S. (2016) · Practice in Clinical Psychology · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Gong, H., Deng, S., Wang, H., & Cao, G. (2023) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076231208559 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Sahm, A. H. J., Witthöft, M., Bailer, J., & Mier, D. U. (2024) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000001313 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Tao, T. J., Chan, F. H. F., Jin, J., & Barry, T. J. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0001223 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The level of health anxiety before and during the COVID-19 pandemic
Norbye, A. D., Farbu, E. H., Terjesen, C. L., Fleten, N., & Höper, A. C. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0285799 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Sağlık Bilişleri Anketi (SBA)’nin Türkçe Versiyonunun Psikometrik Özelliklerinin İncelenmesi
Yılmaz, Ö., & Di̇ri̇k, G. (2018) · Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi · doi:10.7816/nesne-06-13-05 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Zhang, L., Cheng, X., & Li, Z. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1029049 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Schreiber, F., Witthöft, M., Neng, J. M. B., & Weck, F. (2015) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.07.005 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Predictors of health anxiety in cancer patients' loved ones: A controlled comparison
Lorimer, S., Sansom‐Daly, U. M., Stech, E. P., & Newby, J. M. (2020) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.5517 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Cognitive and Behavioral Mechanisms of Health Anxiety
Fergus, T. A., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2019) · The Clinician's Guide to Treating Health Anxiety · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-811806-1.00004-4 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Gehrt, T. B., Obermann, M., Toth, F. E., & Frostholm, L. (2022) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12856 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Kabir, R. S. (2019) · Hiroshima University Acedemic Information Repository (Hiroshima University) · doi:10.15027/48517 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Norbye, A. D., Abelsen, B., Førde, O. H., & Ringberg, U. (2022) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/s12875-022-01749-0 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Hlynsson, J. I., Bergström, J., & Carlbring, P. (2025) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2025.100967 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Söyler, S., Çavmak, Ş., & Çavmak, D. (2023) · British Journal of Healthcare Management · doi:10.12968/bjhc.2021.0127 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Rumination and anxiety-related disorders
Borders, A. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-812545-8.00002-4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Hosseinchi, P., Ghalibaf, E., Kamyab, G., Eghbali, A., & Khatibi, A. (2023) · Journal of Cancer Survivorship · doi:10.1007/s11764-023-01431-z · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Dysfunctional beliefs about health and illness: A family study
Arnáez, S., García‐Soriano, G., & Belloch, A. (2018) · Anales de Psicología · doi:10.6018/analesps.35.1.317501 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Jakes, K. S., Jessup, S. C., Rosenfield, D., & Olatunji, B. O. (2025) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2025.104790 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Halldorsson, B., & Salkovskis, P. M. (2023) · The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist · doi:10.1017/s1754470x23000144 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Kaya, A., Mukba, G., & ÖZOK, H. İ. (2023) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941231203561 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Zhao, W., Ding, N., Hu, H., Tian, W., He, J., Du, M., Zhao, C., & Zhang, G. (2024) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s493345 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Shi, C., Du, X., & Ren, Z. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.01.019 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Desarrollo y Validación de la Escala de Ansiedad por Enfermedad en Puerto Rico
González-Rivera, J. A., Santiago-Olmo, K. L., Cruz-Rodríguez, A. S., Pérez-Ojeda, R., & Torres-Cuevas, H. (2019) · Revista Caribeña de Psicología · doi:10.37226/rcp.v4i1.1891 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Sagliano, L., Nappo, R., Mario Liotti, A., Fiorenza, M., Gargiulo, C., Trojano, L., & Conson, M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18179104 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
- Authors
- Rachman, S.
- Affiliations
- University of London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Rachman, S.
- ORCID
- Rachman, S.
- Venue
- Behaviour Research and Therapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-08
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 7-8
- Pages
- 502-512
- ISSN
- 0005-7967 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1990760775
- Cited by
- 161
- References
- 96
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 6
- FWCI
- 1.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Behaviour Research and Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Keywords
- catastrophic misinterpretation, cognitive models, somatic symptoms, bodily sensations, anxiety disorders, health anxiety, cognitive construal
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety Disorders, Attitude to Health, Cognition Disorders, Humans, Hypochondriasis, Models, Psychological, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Personality Inventory, Safety, Health Behavior, Panic Disorder
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review