Cited by 626Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation StudiesEEG and Brain-Computer InterfacesDeep Brain Stimulation and Movement Disorders

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An efficient and accurate new method for locating the F3 position for prefrontal TMS applications

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Beam, William, Borckardt, Jeffrey J., Reeves, Scott T., George, Mark S.·2009·Brain Stimulation

DOI 10.1016/j.brs.2008.09.006PMC PMC2882797

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Abstract

The International 10-20 system is a method for standardized placement of electroencephalogram (EEG) electrodes. The 10-20 system correlates external skull locations with the underlying cortical areas. This system accounts for variability in patient skull size by using certain percentages of the circumference and distances between four basic anatomical landmarks. This 10-20 system has recently been used in transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) research for locating specific cortical areas. In the treatment of depression (and some types of pain), the desired placement of the TMS coil is often above the left dorsalateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) which corresponds to the F3 location given by the 10-20 system. However, for an administrator with little experience with the 10-20 system, the numerous measurements and calculations can be excessively time-consuming. Additionally, with more measurements comes more opportunity for human error. For this reason we have developed a new, simpler and faster way to find the F3 position using only three skull measurements. In this paper, we describe and illustrate the application of the new F3 location system, provide the formulas used in the calculation of the F3 position, and summarize data from 10 healthy adults. After using both the International 10-20 system and this new method, it appears that the new method is sufficiently accurate; however, future investigations may be warranted to conduct more in dept analyses of the method's utility and potential limitations. This system requires less time and training to find the optimal position for prefrontal coil placement and it saves considerable time compared to the 10-20 EEG system.

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Authors: Beam, W., Borckardt, J. J., Reeves, S. T., & George, M. S.
Affiliations: Medical University of South Carolina (US)
ORCID: Borckardt, Jeffrey J.
Reeves, Scott T.
George, Mark S.
Venue: Brain Stimulation
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2009-01
Volume: 2
Issue: 1
Pages: 50-54
ISSN: 1876-4754 (ISSN-L)
1935-861X
DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2008.09.006
PMC: PMC2882797
OpenAlex: W2092028571
Cited by: 626
References: 4
Citations by year: 2026: 85 · 2025: 87 · 2024: 72 · 2023: 72 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 61 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 3
FWCI: 1.76
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Brain stimulation (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (K23NS050485)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces
Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Deep Brain Stimulation and Movement Disorders
Keywords: transcranial magnetic stimulation, prefrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, craniometry, depression treatment, pain management
MeSH terms: Brain Mapping, Electroencephalography, Head, Humans, Models, Anatomic, Prefrontal Cortex, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

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An efficient and accurate new method for locating the F3 position for prefrontal TMS applications

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