The DOI matches its Crossref record; 24 of the 36 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Challenges in developing ventilation and indoor air quality standards: The story of ASHRAE Standard 62
Open accessAbstract
Building ventilation has long been recognized for its role in occupant health, comfort and productivity, with some of the first recommendations on building ventilation rates published in the 19 th century. These recommendations were subsequently transformed into more rigorous standards and guidance in the 20 th century, with the first version of ASHRAE Standard 62 published in 1973. Since that time, ventilation standards have been issued in several countries around the world and have dealt with an increasingly complex and challenging range of issues as research on indoor air quality and the state of knowledge of building performance have progressed. This paper reviews and discusses some of the issues that have been addressed in the development of ventilation standards in recent years using the development of ASHRAE Standard 62 as context, including: the scientific bases for ventilation requirements, perceived indoor air quality, contaminant sources from occupants and the building, outdoor air quality, airborne contaminant limits, indoor carbon dioxide concentrations, environmental tobacco smoke, and performance-based design. Issues that are expected to be dealt with as Standard 62 and other standards are developed into the future are also reviewed.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Following the basic ventilation standards for indoor spaces such as schools and kindergartens, we noticed that they are designed to dilute bio-effluents and achieve basic levels of acceptable indoor air quality rather than to control infection [4].”
From Bacteria Filtration Efficiency for Different Types of Protective Face Masks (2023) · cites this paper as [4]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Schwarz, S. (1941) · Columbia University Press eBooks · doi:10.7312/schw92626-009 · Cited by 4,698
Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality
Falih, M. (2019) · Cited by 2,497
Satish, U., Mendell, M. J., Shekhar, K., Hotchi, T., Sullivan, D., Streufert, S., & Fisk, W. J. (2012) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.1104789 · Cited by 1,064
Ventilation rates and health: Multidisciplinary review of the scientific literature
Sundell, J., Levin, H., Nazaroff, W. W., Cain, W. S., Fisk, W. J., Grimsrud, D. T., Gyntelberg, F., Li, Y., Persily, A. K., Pickering, A. C., et al. (2011) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2010.00703.x · Cited by 740
Associations between classroom CO2 concentrations and student attendance in Washington and Idaho
Shendell, D. G., Prill, R., Fisk, W. J., Apte, M. G., Blake, D., & Faulkner, D. (2004) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2004.00251.x · Cited by 462
Fanger, P. O. (1988) · Energy and Buildings · doi:10.1016/0378-7788(88)90051-5 · Cited by 372
Apte, M. G., Fisk, W. J., & Daisey, J. M. (2000) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0668.2000.010004246.x · Cited by 341
Ventilation and performance in office work
Seppanen, O., Fisk, W. J., & Lei, Q. H. (2006) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2005.00394.x · Cited by 303
Mendell, M. J., Eliseeva, E. A., Davies, M. M., Spears, M., Lobscheid, A. B., Fisk, W. J., & Apte, M. G. (2013) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/ina.12042 · Cited by 302
Non-Specific Symptoms In Office Workers: A Review And Summary Of The Epidemiologic Literature
Mendell, M. J. (1993) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.1993.00003.x · Cited by 282
Flagged first, then by citations
12 of the 36 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- Klauss, 1970, History of the changing concepts in ventilation requirements, ASHRAE J, 12, 51
- Jennings, 1971, Ventilation theory and practice, ASHRAE Trans, 77, 50
- Janssen, 1994, The V in ASHRAE: an historical perspective, ASHRAE J, 36, 126
- Janssen, 1999, The history of ventilation and temperature control, ASHRAE J, 41, 48
- Stanke, 1999, Ventilation through the years: a perspective, ASHRAE J, 41, 40
- Persily, 1997, Evaluating building IAQ and ventilation with indoor carbon dioxide, ASHRAE Trans, 103, 193
- Bridges, 2013, Application of the standard 62.1-2007 indoor air quality procedure to retail stores, ASHRAE Trans, 119, 265
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–249 of 249
Jain, S., Addya, A., & Goel, A. (2023) · Lecture notes in civil engineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-4681-5_11 · Cited by 2
Effect of natural ventilation on indoor air quality parameters in different microenvironments
Gunes, G., & Undar, O. T. (2024) · International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology · doi:10.1007/s13762-024-06251-x · Cited by 1
Porras-Salazar, J. A., Mishra, A. K., & Flor, J.-F. (2025) · Atmosphere · doi:10.3390/atmos16091013 · Cited by 1
Factors That Impact Human Health in the Built Environment
Hu, M. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-51292-7_3 · Cited by 2
Use of Grey-Box Modeling to Determine the Air Ventilation Flows in a Room
Macarulla, M., Casals, M., Forcada, N., & Gangolells, M. (2020) · Lecture notes in management and industrial engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-54410-2_32 · Cited by 1
Influence of Air Supply Height on Sleep Comfort Through Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation
Gao, X., Shang, L., Xia, R., Zhang, X., & Yao, W. (2021) · International Journal of Heat and Technology · doi:10.18280/ijht.390415 · Cited by 1
Indoor Environmental Quality—Ventilation
Sandberg, M. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-409548-9.10197-6 · Cited by 1
Izadyar, N. (2020) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.206905 · Cited by 1
Pathak, S., Kottapalli, K., Santarpia, J. L., Botham, A. D., Molyneux, S. D., & Balarashti, J. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.05.05.23289521 · Cited by 1
Indoor Environmental Quality — Ventilation
Sandberg, M. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-90386-8.00118-2 · Cited by 1
Farrie, H., Gillani, S., Ameaka, F. N., Campbell, E., Toner, E. S., Ravi, S., Soneja, S. I., & Rivers, C. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.03.26.25324620 · Cited by 1
Statistical Inference and Ensemble Machine Learning for Dependent Data
Davies, M. M. (2015) · eScholarship (California Digital Library)
Saha, B. B., Thu, K., & Wijayanta, A. T. (2018) · Evergreen · doi:10.5109/1957499
Numerical Analysis of Indoor Air Quality in Hospital Case Study: Bronchoscopy Unit
Hachimi, H., Mokhi, C. E., Alsulami, B. T., & Lakhouit, A. (2020) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.91894
Indoor Air Quality: An Emerging Problem Domain
Saini, J., Dutta, M., & Marques, G. (2022) · Internet of things · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-96486-3_1
A brief account of Building and Environment's 50-year history
(2015) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.04.001
Jones, B., & Molina, C. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-90386-8.00023-1
Trends in Variable Refrigerant Flow Systems
Enteria, N. A., Sawachi, T., & Saito, K. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-6833-4_1
https://jnanoworld.com/articles/v9s1/nwj-s1-vinaykumar-singh.pdf
(2023) · NanoWorld Journal · doi:10.17756/nwj.2023-s1-057
Exploring the Implementation of Green Lean Six Sigma for Indoor Air Quality Improvement
Alzaabi, Y. J., Rashid, H. S., & Shamsuzzaman, M. (2022) · International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management (IEOM) · doi:10.46254/in02.20220503
Optimising the design of temporary zero-consumption living spaces
Garzón-Juan, M. (2023) · Digital Repository (Polytechnic University of Cartagena) · doi:10.31428/10317/12784
Housing and Indoor Factor Influencing Spread of COVID-19
Malaysia, U. K., Yusop, H., Puteh, S. E. W., & Malaysia, U. K. (2023) · International Journal of Public Health Research · doi:10.17576/ijphr.1302.2023.02.11
Adetitun, D. O., Suberu, R., & Rajee, A. O. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3875081/v1
Comparative Analysis of Meteorological versus In Situ Variables in Ship Thermal Simulations
Arce, E., Suárez‐García, A., López-Vázquez, J. A., & Devesa‐Rey, R. (2024) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s24082454
Su, Y., Dai, Y., & Pfrang, C. (2026) · Results in Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.rineng.2026.110563
Chetehouna, K., Sellami, I., Abdulrahman, S. A., Cablé, A., & Kadoche, M. (2024) · Thermal Science and Engineering Progress · doi:10.1016/j.tsep.2024.103163
Pei, J., Qu, M., Dong, X., Xu, X., Lv, M., Wang, X., Zhao, R., & Zhao, Z.-Z. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5271798
Contractual Risk Planning and Mitigation in Sustainable Construction
Aladdin, R., & Ataei, H. (2025) · Journal of Legal Affairs and Dispute Resolution in Engineering and Construction · doi:10.1061/jladah.ladr-1340
Li, H., Yin, R., Liu, M., Kong, X., Fan, M., & Jia, J. (2025) · Journal of Building Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2025.114515
Indoor air quality legislation: A focus on the current standards
Dimitroulopoulou, S., Dudzińska, M. R., Emmerich, S. J., Jacobs, P., Maula, H., Toyinbo, O., Staszowska, A., & Haverinen‐Shaughnessy, U. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-26643-0.00017-0
A Practical Protocol for Developing Indoor CO2 Limits to Verify Target Ventilation RatesPreprint
Chen, W., Persily, A. K., Kumagai, K., & Mendell, M. J. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5829364
Aganović, A., Cao, G., Kurnitski, J., & Wargocki, P. L. (2025) · International Journal of Ventilation · doi:10.1080/14733315.2025.2591470
On-Device Tree-Based IAQ Forecasting on ESP32: A Comparative Evaluation
Mahir, H., Zihan, T. H., Munir, M. S., Kamal, M. M., Hasan, M., & Habib, M. T. (2026) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-13006-8_41
Microbial and Chemical Drivers of Indoor Air Quality in Educational Environments
Linšak, D. T., Zekić, L., Žeželj, S. P., Šantić, M., Linšak, Ž., Glad, M., & Broznić, D. (2026) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1155/ina/2529495
An, P., Assaad, D. A., zhang, C., & Breesch, H. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6214801
Saleh, A. D., Khoukhi, M., Mohammad, A., Marzouqi, A. H. A., & Bessadok-Jemai, A. (2026) · Environmental Challenges · doi:10.1016/j.envc.2026.101471
Evolution of CO2 concentration in indoor-room environments with different ventilation modes
García-Corral, Á., Düsing, S., Alas, H. D. C., Hof, H., Ziegler, V., García‐Ybarra, P. L., & Castillo, J. L. (2026) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114671
Li, L., Wang, S., Mansor, N., Azmi, A., Ye, C., & Xiang, J. (2026) · Environmental Research Communications · doi:10.1088/2515-7620/ae69a3
Surrogate for Ventilation for Infection Control: Using Carbon Dioxide Biomarker
Singh, R., Madaan, N., & Dewan, A. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-8624-0_5
Dilution Ventilation as the Means for Airborne Infection Control
Singh, R., Madaan, N., & Dewan, A. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-8624-0_4
Hu, J., Wang, Y., Qiao, L., Liu, R., & Feng, H. (2026) · Energy and Buildings · doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117849
Enforcement of Indoor Air Quality Legislation in European Countries: Systematic Review
Silva, G., Duarte, J., Baptista, J. S., & Rufo, J. C. (2026) · Studies in systems, decision and control · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-02045-1_23
A SynAir‐G Position Statement for the Improvement of Indoor Air Quality for Children
Siemens, K., Abramidze, T., Akdiş, C. A., Akdiş, M., Annesi‐Maesano, I., Antoniou, N., Antoniou, S., Broussous, S., Caimmi, D. P., Chadha, Y., et al. (2026) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1155/ina/9690417
Impacts of Housing Retrofits on Indoor Environmental Quality and Energy Consumption: A Review
Qian, J., Dai, Y., Bartington, S., Čavoški, A., Chung, C. Y., Ghaffarpasand, O., Muller, C., Prestwood, E., Tong, C., Wang, X., et al. (2026) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1155/ina/3883472
Pisaniello, D., Nguyen, L., Ramkissoon, C., Jiang, W., Parker, M., Lloyd, N. D. R., & 蔡丽诗 (2026) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph23101285
Sai Sumanth, M., & Sarkar, A. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.7601407
Metadata
- Authors
- Persily, A.
- Affiliations
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (US)
- Corresponding author
- Persily, Andrew
- ORCID
- Persily, Andrew
- Venue
- Building and Environment
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-09
- Volume
- 91
- Pages
- 61-69
- ISSN
- 0360-1323 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6605073
- OpenAlex
- W1987070984
- Cited by
- 249
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 5
- FWCI
- 8.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Building and Environment (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Standards and Technology
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Indoor Air Quality and Microbial Exposure
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Building Energy and Comfort Optimization
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Infection Control and Ventilation
- Keywords
- building ventilation, indoor air quality, ventilation standards, indoor carbon dioxide, environmental tobacco smoke, outdoor air quality, performance-based design
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
