Cited by 317Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and LipoproteinsAtherosclerosis and Cardiovascular DiseasesDiet, Metabolism, and Disease

Small animal models of cardiovascular disease: tools for the study of the roles of metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerosis

Russell, James C., Proctor, Spencer D.·2006·Cardiovascular Pathology

Abstract

Introduction Cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death in much of the modern world, is the common symptomatic end stage of a number of distinct diseases and, therefore, is multifactorial and polygenetic in character. The two major underlying causes are disorders of lipid metabolism and metabolic syndrome. The ability to develop preventative and ameliorative treatments will depend on animal models that mimic human disease processes. The focus of this review is to identify suitable animal models and insights into cardiovascular disease achieved to date using such models.Criteria for animal models The ideal animal model of cardiovascular disease will mimic the human subject metabolically and pathophysiologically, will be large enough to permit physiological and metabolic studies, and will develop end-stage disease comparable to those in humans. Given the complex multifactorial nature of cardiovascular disease, no one species will be suitable for all studies.Available models Potential larger animal models are problematic due to cost, ethical considerations, or poor pathophysiological comparability to humans. Rabbits require high-cholesterol diets to develop cardiovascular disease, and there are no rabbit models of metabolic syndrome. Spontaneous mutations in rats provide several complementary models of obesity, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes, one of which spontaneously develops cardiovascular disease and ischemic lesions. The mouse, like normal rats, is characteristically resistant to cardiovascular disease, although genetically altered strains respond to cholesterol feeding with atherosclerosis, but not with end-stage ischemic lesions.Conclusions The most useful and valid species/strains for the study of cardiovascular disease appear to be small rodents, rats, and mice. This fragmented field would benefit from a consensus on well-characterized appropriate models for the study of different aspects of cardiovascular disease and a renewed emphasis on the biology of underlying diseases.

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Crossref · 10.1016/j.carpath.2006.09.001

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  • ZDF rats have an additional defect in beta-cells that accelerates beta-cell dysfunction leading to the early onset of severe type 2 diabetes.

    “These animals have an additional defect in beta-cells that accelerates beta-cell dysfunction leading to the early onset of severe type 2 diabetes (305).”

    From Cardiac remodeling in obesity (2008) · cites this paper as [305]

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Authors
Russell, J. C., & Proctor, S. D.
Affiliations
University of Alberta (CA)
Corresponding author
Russell, James C.
Venue
Cardiovascular Pathology
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2006-11
Volume
15
Issue
6
Pages
318-330
ISSN
1054-8807 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W1971716779
Cited by
317
References
160
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 27
FWCI
2.13
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Cardiovascular Pathology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Diseases
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
Keywords
cardiovascular disease, animal models, metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, lipid metabolism, spontaneously hypertensive rats, spontaneously diabetic rats, mouse model, rat model, high-cholesterol diet, insulin resistance, obesity, ischemic lesions
MeSH terms
Animals, Cardiovascular Diseases, Disease Models, Animal, Rabbits, Metabolic Syndrome, Dyslipidemias, Atherosclerosis, Mice, Rats

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