Microtubule polymerases and depolymerases
Abstract
The variety of shapes and sizes of the microtubule cytoskeleton is as great as the number of different cell types. This large variety is a consequence of the dynamic properties of microtubules, which allow them to adopt distributions of arbitrary size and form. How is the distribution of microtubule lengths controlled? Recent work suggests that the length distribution is controlled, at least in part, by the activity of microtubule polymerases and depolymerases, which accelerate microtubule growth and shrinkage. Specifically, biochemical and single-molecule studies have shown how MCAK (kinesin-13) and Kip3p (kinesin-8) accelerate depolymerization and how XMAP215 may accelerate growth. Studies on the yeast Dam1 complex have shown how proteins can couple a cellular structure, the kinetochore, to the ends of polymerizing and depolymerizing microtubules.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
MCAK is a potent microtubule depolymerase.
“The kinesin-13 family member mitotic centromere-associated kinesin (MCAK) is a potent microtubule depolymerase [1-4].”
From In vitro reconstitution of the functional interplay between MCAK and EB3 at microtubule plus ends (2010) · cites this paper as [3]
Cites
Mechanics of Motor Proteins and the Cytoskeleton
Howard, & Clark (2002) · Applied Mechanics Reviews · doi:10.1115/1.1451234 · Cited by 2,909 · see citing works
Dynamics and mechanics of the microtubule plus end
Howard, J., & Hyman, A. A. (2003) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01600 · Cited by 750 · see citing works
Self-citationKin I kinesins are microtubule-destabilizing enzymes
Desai, A., Verma, S., Mitchison, T. J., & Walczak, C. E. (1999) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80960-5 · Cited by 708 · see citing works
Assembly dynamics of microtubules at molecular resolution
Kerssemakers, J., Munteanu, E., Laan, L., Noetzel, T., Janson, M., & Dogterom, M. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04928 · Cited by 586 · see citing works
The depolymerizing kinesin MCAK uses lattice diffusion to rapidly target microtubule ends
Helenius, J., Brouhard, G., Kalaidzidis, Y., Diez, S., & Howard, J. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04736 · Cited by 454 · see citing works
Self-citationYeast kinesin-8 depolymerizes microtubules in a length-dependent manner
Varga, V., Helenius, J., Tanaka, K., Hyman, A. A., Tanaka, T. U., & Howard, J. (2006) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/ncb1462 · Cited by 445 · see citing works
Self-citationCLASP1 and CLASP2 bind to EB1 and regulate microtubule plus-end dynamics at the cell cortex
Mimori‐Kiyosue, Y., Grigoriev, I., Lansbergen, G. W. A., Sasaki, H., Matsui, C., Severin, F. F., Galjart, N., Grosveld, F. G., Vorobjev, I. A., Tsukita, S., et al. (2005) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.200405094 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
Hunter, A., Caplow, M., Coy, D. L., Hancock, W., Diez, S., Wordeman, L., & Howard, J. (2003) · Molecules and Cells · doi:10.1016/s1097-2765(03)00049-2 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
Self-citationGard, D. L., & Kirschner, M. W. (1987) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.105.5.2203 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Gupta, M. L., Carvalho, P., Roof, D. M., & Pellman, D. S. (2006) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/ncb1457 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Microtubule plus-end-tracking proteins: mechanisms and functions
Akhmanova, A. S., & Hoogenraad, C. C. (2004) · Current Opinion in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ceb.2004.11.001 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Nucleotide-dependent bending flexibility of tubulin regulates microtubule assembly
Wang, H., & Nogales, E. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03606 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Formation of a Dynamic Kinetochore- Microtubule Interface through Assembly of the Dam1 Ring Complex
Westermann, S., Avila-Sakar, A., Wang, H., et al. (2005) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2004.12.019 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
The yeast DASH complex forms closed rings on microtubules
Miranda, J. L., Wulf, P. D., Sorger, P. K., & Harrison, S. C. (2005) · Nature Structural & Molecular Biology · doi:10.1038/nsmb896 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Length Control of the Metaphase Spindle
Goshima, G., Wollman, R., Stuurman, N., Scholey, J. M., & Vale, R. D. (2005) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2005.09.054 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
The Dam1 kinetochore ring complex moves processively on depolymerizing microtubule ends
Westermann, S., Wang, H., Avila-Sakar, A., Drubin, D. G., Nogales, E., & Barnes, G. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04409 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Force generation by dynamic microtubules
Dogterom, M., Kerssemakers, J. W. J., Romet‐Lemonne, G., & Janson, M. E. (2004) · Current Opinion in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ceb.2004.12.011 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Marshall, W. F., Qin, H., Rodrigo-Brenni, M. C., & Rosenbaum, J. L. (2004) · Molecular Biology of the Cell · doi:10.1091/mbc.e04-07-0586 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Microtubule Plus End: A Hub of Cellular Activities
Lansbergen, G. W. A., & Akhmanova, A. S. (2006) · Traffic · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0854.2006.00400.x · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Srayko, M., Kaya-Çopur, A., Stamford, J., & Hyman, A. A. (2005) · Developmental Cell · doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2005.07.003 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Self-citationArchitecture of the budding yeast kinetochore reveals a conserved molecular core
Westermann, S., Cheeseman, I. M., Anderson, S., Yates, J. R., Drubin, D. G., & Barnes, G. (2003) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.200305100 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Reconstitution of Physiological Microtubule Dynamics Using Purified Components
Kinoshita, K., Arnal, I., Desai, A. B., Drechsel, D. N., & Hyman, A. A. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1064629 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Self-citationEB1 and EB3 Control CLIP Dissociation from the Ends of Growing Microtubules
Komarova, Y. A., Lansbergen, G. W. A., Galjart, N., Grosveld, F. G., Borisy, G. G., & Akhmanova, A. S. (2005) · Molecular Biology of the Cell · doi:10.1091/mbc.e05-07-0614 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Structural intermediates in microtubule assembly and disassembly: how and why?
Nogales, E., & Wang, H. (2006) · Current Opinion in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ceb.2006.02.009 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
The Dam1 kinetochore complex harnesses microtubule dynamics to produce force and movement
Asbury, C. L., Gestaut, D. R., Powers, A. F., Franck, A. D., & Davis, T. N. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0602249103 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Mennella, V., Rogers, G. C., Rogers, S. L., Buster, D. W., Vale, R. D., & Sharp, D. J. (2005) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/ncb1222 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
A Kinesin-like Motor Inhibits Microtubule Dynamic Instability
Bringmann, H., Skiniotis, G., Spilker, A. C., Kandels-Lewis, S. E., Vernos, I., & Surrey, T. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1094838 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Mitotic motors in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Hildebrandt, E. R., & Hoyt, M. A. (2000) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research · doi:10.1016/s0167-4889(00)00012-4 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Distinct roles of doublecortin modulating the microtubule cytoskeleton
Moores, C. A., Perderiset, M., Kappeler, C., Kain, S., Drummond, D. R., Perkins, S. J., Chelly, J., Cross, R. A., Houdusse, A., & Francis, F. (2006) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7601335 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
MCAK associates with the tips of polymerizing microtubules
Moore, A. T., Rankin, K. E., von Dassow, G., Peris, L., Wagenbach, M., Ovechkina, Y., Andrieux, A., Job, D., & Wordeman, L. (2005) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.200411089 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Cik1 Targets the Minus-End Kinesin Depolymerase Kar3 to Microtubule Plus Ends
Sproul, L. R., Anderson, D. J., Mackey, A. T., Saunders, W. S., & Gilbert, S. P. (2005) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2005.06.066 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Stu2p binds tubulin and undergoes an open-to-closed conformational change
Al‐Bassam, J., van Breugel, M., Harrison, S. C., et al. (2006) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.200511010 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Heald, R., & Nogales, E. (2002) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.115.1.3 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
The DASH complex and Klp5/Klp6 kinesin coordinate bipolar chromosome attachment in fission yeast
Sánchez‐Pérez, I., Renwick, S. J., Crawley, K., Karig, I., Buck, V., Meadows, J. C., Franco, A., Fleig, U. N., Toda, T., & Millar, J. B. A. (2005) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7600761 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
van Breugel, M., Drechsel, D. N., & Hyman, A. A. (2003) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.200211097 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Nucleotide Switch of Tubulin and Microtubule Assembly: A Polymerization-Driven Structural Change
Buey, R. M., Díaz, J. F., & Andreu, J. M. (2006) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi060334m · Cited by 118 · see citing works
How motor proteins influence microtubule polymerization dynamics
Hunter, A. W., & Wordeman, L. G. (2000) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.113.24.4379 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Analysis of kinesin motor function at budding yeast kinetochores
Tytell, J. D., & Sorger, P. K. (2006) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.200509101 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Shirasu‐Hiza, M., Coughlin, P., & Mitchison, T. J. (2003) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.200211095 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
XMAP215 is a long thin molecule that does not increase microtubule stiffness
Cassimeris, L., Gard, D. L., Tran, P. T., et al. (2001) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.114.16.3025 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Lucky 13-microtubule depolymerisation by kinesin-13 motors
Moores, C. A., & Milligan, R. A. (2006) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.03224 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Mini spindles, the XMAP215 homologue, suppresses pausing of interphase microtubules in Drosophila
Brittle, A. L., & Ohkura, H. (2005) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7600629 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Grallert, Á., Beuter, C., Craven, R. A., et al. (2006) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.381306 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Kinesin-13s form rings around microtubules
Tan, D., Asenjo, A. B., Mennella, V., Sharp, D. J., & Sosa, H. (2006) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.200605194 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Cui, W., Sproul, L. R., Gustafson, S. M., et al. (2005) · Molecular Biology of the Cell · doi:10.1091/mbc.e05-06-0582 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Microtubule binding proteins CLIP‐170, EB1, and p150Glued form distinct plus‐end complexes
Ligon, L. A., Shelly, S. S., Tokito, M. K., et al. (2006) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2006.01.050 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
The Role of the Kinesin-13 Neck in Microtubule Depolymerization
Moores, C. A., Cooper, J. R., Wagenbach, M., et al. (2006) · Cell Cycle · doi:10.4161/cc.5.16.3134 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Kar3 interaction with Cik1 alters motor structure and function
Chu, H. M. A., Yun, M., Anderson, D. E., Sage, H. J., Park, H., & Endow, S. A. (2005) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7600790 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Global and local control of microtubule destabilization promoted by a catastrophe kinesin MCAK/XKCM1
Kinoshita, K., Noetzel, T. L., Arnal, I., Drechsel, D. N., & Hyman, A. A. (2006) · Journal of Muscle Research and Cell Motility · doi:10.1007/s10974-005-9045-2 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationNoetzel, T. L., Drechsel, D. N., Hyman, A. A., & Kinoshita, K. (2005) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2004.1613 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A minimal midzone protein module controls formation and length of antiparallel microtubule overlaps
Bieling, P., Telley, I. A., & Surrey, T. (2010) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2010.06.033 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Tanenbaum, M. E., Macurek, L., van der Vaart, B., Galli, M., Akhmanova, A., & Medema, R. H. (2011) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.07.017 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
In vitro reconstitution of the functional interplay between MCAK and EB3 at microtubule plus ends
Montenegro Gouveia, S., Leslie, K., Kapitein, L. C., Buey, R. M., Grigoriev, I., Wagenbach, M., Smal, I., Meijering, E., Hoogenraad, C. C., Wordeman, L., et al. (2010) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2010.08.020 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Aurora A phosphorylates MCAK to control ran-dependent spindle bipolarity
Zhang, X., Ems-McClung, S. C., & Walczak, C. E. (2008) · Molecular Biology of the Cell · doi:10.1091/mbc.e08-02-0198 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Kif18B interacts with EB1 and controls astral microtubule length during mitosis
Stout, J. R., Yount, A. L., Powers, J. A., LeBlanc, C., Ems-McClung, S. C., & Walczak, C. E. (2011) · Molecular Biology of the Cell · doi:10.1091/mbc.e11-04-0363 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
- Authors
- Howard, J., & Hyman, A. A.
- Affiliations
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (DE)
- Max Planck Society (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Howard, Jonathon
- Venue
- Current Opinion in Cell Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-02
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 31-35
- ISSN
- 0955-0674 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2140085943
- Cited by
- 294
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 28
- FWCI
- 1.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Opinion in Cell Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Microtubule and mitosis dynamics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Treatment and Pharmacology
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Synthesis and biological activity
- Keywords
- microtubule polymerase, microtubule depolymerase, microtubule length distribution, microtubule dynamics, MCAK, kinesin-13, kinesin-8, XMAP215, Dam1 complex, kinetochore, microtubule growth and shrinkage
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Microtubule-Associated Proteins, Microtubules, Kinesins, Kinetochores, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins, Xenopus Proteins
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review