The Fractalkine/CX3CR1 System Regulates β Cell Function and Insulin Secretion
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Here, we demonstrate that the fractalkine (FKN)/CX3CR1 system represents a regulatory mechanism for pancreatic islet β cell function and insulin secretion. CX3CR1 knockout (KO) mice exhibited a marked defect in glucose and GLP1-stimulated insulin secretion, and this defect was also observed in vitro in isolated islets from CX3CR1 KO mice. In vivo administration of FKN improved glucose tolerance with an increase in insulin secretion. In vitro treatment of islets with FKN increased intracellular Ca(2+) and potentiated insulin secretion in both mouse and human islets. The KO islets exhibited reduced expression of a set of genes necessary for the fully functional, differentiated β cell state, whereas treatment of wild-type (WT) islets with FKN led to increased expression of these genes. Lastly, expression of FKN in islets was decreased by aging and high-fat diet/obesity, suggesting that decreased FKN/CX3CR1 signaling could be a mechanism underlying β cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes.
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Limited human data show acute exercise increases plasma and muscle expression of fractalkine (CX3CL1), which favourably regulates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion by enhancing β-cell function.
“Limited human data show that an acute exercise bout increases plasma and muscle expression levels of fractalkine (encoded by CX3CL1)70, which is a chemokine that favourably regulates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion by enhancing β-cell function114.”
From Exerkines in health, resilience and disease (2022) · cites this paper as [114]
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BackgroundCX3CL1 (Fractalkine)-CX3CR1 Axis in Inflammation-Induced Angiogenesis and Tumorigenesis
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“…the following: ❶ The stimulation of calcium mobilization from intracellular stores via the phospho-lipase C (PLC)/protein kinase C (PKC) pathway [162,163], leading to the activation of the respective kinases, resulting in subsequent downstream signaling within ❷ the Janus kinase (JAK)/STAT…”
BackgroundShah, R. D., Matthews, G. J., Shah, R. Y., McLaughlin, C., Chen, J., Wolman, M., Master, S. R., Chai, B., Xie, D., Rader, D. J., et al. (2015) · American Journal of Kidney Diseases · doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2015.01.021 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Jung, U. J., Seo, Y., Ryu, R., & Choi, M. (2016) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114516002993 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Further, of the three genes CX3CR1, CCR2 and NLRC4, which were down-regulated in both Obese A and Obese B groups, loss of CX3CR1 (encoding a fractalkine receptor) induces hyperglycaemia with reduced insulin secretion((16)).”
Backgroundβ- cell dynamics in type 2 diabetes and in dietary and exercise interventions
Lv, C.-A., Sun, Y., Zhang, Z. Y., Aboelela, Z., Qiu, X., & Meng, Z. (2022) · Journal of Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1093/jmcb/mjac046 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“In 2013, Lee et al. ( 2013 ) discovered that CX3CL1 promotes glucose- or GLP-1-stimulated β-cell insulin secretion in a CX3CR1 and MEK-dependent way, and they also suggested the possible role of exogenous CX3CL1 in promoting insulin secretion and maintaining β-cell function.”
BackgroundCX3CR1 differentiates F4/80low monocytes into pro-inflammatory F4/80high macrophages in the liver
Lee, Y., Kim, M. H., Yi, H., Kim, S. Y., Kim, H., Kim, J. H., Yeon, J. E., Byun, K. S., Byun, J.-S., & Jeong, W. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-33440-9 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationChen, L., Liu, C., Gao, J., Xie, Z., Chan, L., Keating, D. J., Yang, Y., Sun, J., Zhou, F., Wei, Y., et al. (2017) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.20963 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“As shown in Figure 5C, the IKO islet cells expressed lower levels of genes involved in normal beta cell secretory function such as PDX-1, NeuroD, insulin, Glut2, and urocortin3(Supplementary S3) [19].”
Molecular mechanisms of ageing and related diseases
Liu, J. (2014) · Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology · doi:10.1111/1440-1681.12247 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“receptor signalling pathway represents a regulatory mechanism that fails in diabetes.(157) Levels of FKN are significantly”
BackgroundInfluentialSima, C., Montero, E., Nguyen, D., Freire, M., Norris, P. C., Serhan, C. N., & Dyke, T. E. V. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-13185-7 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Chromogranin A regulates vesicle storage and mitochondrial dynamics to influence insulin secretion
Wollam, J., Mahata, S., Riopel, M., Hernandez, A. M., Biswas, A., Bandyopadhyay, G. K., Chi, N., Eiden, L. E., Mahapatra, N. R., Corti, A., et al. (2017) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/s00441-017-2580-5 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Primary murine islets were isolated as previously described (Lee et al. 2013).”
Fractalkine (CX3CL1), a new factor protecting β-cells against TNFα
Rütti, S., Arous, C., Schvartz, D., Timper, K., Sanchez, J., Dermitzakis, E. T., Donath, M. Y., Halban, P. A., & Bouzakri, K. (2014) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2014.07.007 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“[20], CX3CL1 did not potentiate GSIS in human islets or rat sorted b-cells.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPolyák, Á., Ferenczi, S., Dénes, Á., Winkler, Z., Kriszt, R., Pintér-Kübler, B., & Kovács, K. (2014) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2014.01.010 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Function of Pro-Resolving Lipid Mediator Resolvin E1 in Type 2 Diabetes
Sima, C., Paster, B. J., & Dyke, T. E. V. (2018) · Critical Reviews in Immunology · doi:10.1615/critrevimmunol.2018026750 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Galectin-3 impairs calcium transients and β-cell function
Jiang, Q., Zhao, Q., Chen, Y., Ma, C., Peng, X., Wu, X., Liu, X., Wang, R., Hou, S., Kong, L., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-47959-1 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
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Metabolic Effects of CX3CR1 Deficiency in Diet-Induced Obese Mice
Shah, R. D., O’Neill, S. M., Hinkle, C. C., Caughey, J. A., Stephan, S. R., Lynch, E., Bermingham, K. M., Lynch, G. M., Ahima, R. S., & Reilly, M. P. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138317 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“A more recent study suggests that Cx3cr1 mice might have a defect in beta cell insulin secretion[16], suggesting a novel pancreatic mechanism by which the CX3CL1 system affects glucose metabolism.”
BackgroundHerlea‐Pana, O., Yao, L., Heuser‐Baker, J., Wang, Q., Wang, Q., Georgescu, C., Zou, M., & Barlic‐Dicen, J. (2015) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1093/cvr/cvv111 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
A Sustained Activation of Pancreatic NMDARs Is a Novel Factor of β-Cell Apoptosis and Dysfunction
Huang, X., Yue, S., Li, C., Huang, Y., Cheng, Q., Li, X., Hao, C., Wang, L., Xu, J.-P., Ji, M., et al. (2017) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2017-00366 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Microbiota-Produced N-Formyl Peptide fMLF Promotes Obesity-Induced Glucose Intolerance
Wollam, J., Riopel, M., Xu, Y., Johnson, A. M. F., Ofrecio, J. M., Ying, W., Ouarrat, D. E., Chan, L. S., Han, A., Mahmood, N., et al. (2019) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db18-1307 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion Assay Primary murine islets were isolated as previously described (29).”
MethodSelf-citationCX3CL1-Fc treatment prevents atherosclerosis in Ldlr KO mice
Riopel, M., Vassallo, M., Ehinger, E., Pattison, J., Bowden, K., Winkels, H., Wilson, M. E., de Jong, R., Patel, S. D., Balakrishna, D., et al. (2018) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2018.11.011 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationChronic fractalkine administration improves glucose tolerance and pancreatic endocrine function
Riopel, M., Seo, J. B., Bandyopadhyay, G. K., Li, P., Wollam, J., Chung, H., Jung, S., Murphy, A. N., Wilson, M. E., de Jong, R., et al. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci94330 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Furthermore, acute administration of soluble FKN increases insulin secretion and improves glucose tolerance in lean chow-fed WT mice (27).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationBergmann, K., & Sypniewska, G. (2014) · Clinical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2014.03.007 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Crosstalk Communications Between Islets Cells and Insulin Target Tissue: The Hidden Face of Iceberg
Langlois, A., Dumond, A., Vion, J., Pinget, M., & Bouzakri, K. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.836344 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“In addition, the injection of fractalkine into C57BL/6N mice made it possible to potentiate their b-cell function, to increase plasma insulin levels and to improve their glucose tolerance (106).”
BackgroundLee, Y. S., Riopel, M., Cabrales, P., & Bandyopadhyay, G. K. (2019) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaw4176 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Histology Immunohistochemistry analyses and cell mass were performed as described previously (60).”
InfluentialSelf-citationSerum proteomics links suppression of tumor immunity to ancestry and lethal prostate cancer
Minas, T. Z., Candia, J., Dorsey, T. H., Baker, F. S., Tang, W., Kiely, M. L., Smith, C. J., Zhang, A. L., Jordan, S. V., Obadi, O. M., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-29235-2 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Chen, X., Zhao, H., Lu, Y., Liu, H., Meng, F., Lu, Z., & Lu, Y. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms231911086 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“According to Lee et al. (2013) [27], monocytes from newly discovered untreated T2DM patients have increased expression of the inflammasome’s NLRP3 and ASC, as well as enhanced Caspase1 activation.”
BackgroundNutrient regulation of the islet epigenome controls adaptive insulin secretion
Wortham, M., Liu, F., Harrington, A. R., Fleischman, J. Y., Wallace, M., Mulas, F., Mallick, M., Vinckier, N. K., Cross, B. R., Chiou, J., et al. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci165208 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“…receptors of nutri-ent-responsive signaling pathways ( Cx3cl1 , Egf , and Igf2 ) as well as downstream signaling intermediates for these pathways ( Irs2 , Mapkapk3 , and Pak3 ) and nutrient-regulated TFs ( Atf3 , Fos, and Nr4a1 ), which all have positive effects on insulin secretion (11, 36– 40).”
Dong, H., Hu, X., Zhao, J., Li, K., Koh, K., Gao, L., Shao, M., & Chen, H. (2018) · Sensors and Actuators B Chemical · doi:10.1016/j.snb.2018.08.106 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationSREBP1c-PAX4 Axis Mediates Pancreatic β-Cell Compensatory Responses Upon Metabolic Stress
Lee, G., Jang, H., Kim, Y. Y., Choe, S. S., Kong, J., Hwang, I., Park, J., Im, S., & Kim, J. B. (2018) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db18-0556 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Primary Islet Transplantation Transplantation of primary islets was performed as previously described (27).”
Self-citationLuo, R., Guo, S., Li, Y., Yang, Y., Li, M., Han, M., He, X., Ge, S., & Xu, G. (2018) · Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation · doi:10.1093/ndt/gfy169 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
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Huang, X., Liu, W. Q., Zhou, Y., Sun, M., Sun, C., Zhang, C., & Tang, S. (2019) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116612 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Aging Immune System in Acute Ischemic Stroke
Sykes, G. P., Tatuene, J. K., Falcione, S. R., Zehnder, S. V., Munsterman, D., Stamova, B. S., Ander, B. P., Sharp, F. R., & Jickling, G. C. (2021) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.120.032040 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Chan, P., & Hsieh, P. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms222413528 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Circulating myokine levels in different stages of glucose intolerance
Park, K., Ahn, C. W., Park, J. S., Kim, Y.-S., & Nam, J. S. (2020) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000019235 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
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Zheng, C., Xuan, W., Chen, Z., Zhang, R., Huang, X., Zhu, Y., Ma, S., Chen, K., Chen, L., He, M., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.848310 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“It was reported that chronic CX3CL1 administration improves glucose tolerance in high-fat diet mice (Lee et al., 2013; Riopel et al., 2018), suggesting CX3CL1 is beneficial for DM treatment, but it is too early to say that CX3CL1 can be used to treat patients with DM before clarifying the cardiovascular outcome of CX3…”
BackgroundFernando, S., Sellers, J., Smith, S., Bhogoju, S., Junkins, S., Welch, M., Willoughby, O. S., Ghimire, N., Secunda, C., Barmanova, M., et al. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14122475 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Studies showed that in vivo administration of FKN improved glucose tolerance [31].”
BackgroundFractalkine: an inflammatory chemokine elevated in subjects with polycystic ovary syndrome
Demir, I. E., Güler, A., Alarslan, P., Işıl, A. M., Ucman, O., Aslanıpour, B., & Çalan, M. (2019) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-019-01972-3 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Phospholipase C‐β1 potentiates glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion
Hwang, H.-J., Yang, Y. R., Kim, H. Y., Choi, Y., Park, K.-S., Lee, H., Ma, J. S., Yamamoto, M., Kim, J., Chae, Y. C., et al. (2019) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.201802732rr · Cited by 20 · see citing works
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Galectin-3 in metabolic disorders: mechanisms and therapeutic potential
Jiang, Q., Zhao, Q., & Li, P. (2024) · Trends in Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2024.11.006 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Interorgan Crosstalk in Pancreatic Islet Function and Pathology
Evans, R., & Wei, Z. (2022) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1002/1873-3468.14282 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Kawamura, N., Katsuura, G., Yamada-Goto, N., Nakama, R., Kambe, Y., Miyata, A., Furuyashiki, T., Narumiya, S., Ogawa, Y., & Inui, A. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-16944-3 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Dubé, C., Aguer, C., Adamo, K. B., & Bainbridge, S. A. (2017) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2016-0446 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Deficiencies in FKN/CX3CL1 signalling have further been implicated in pancreatic islet β-cell dysfunction, insufficient insulin secretion and decreased glucose uptake in cases of type 2 diabetes (Lee et al. 2013).”
BackgroundLeber, A. J., Bassaganya-Riera, J., Tubau‐Juni, N., Zoccoli-Rodriguez, V., Viladomiu, M., Abedi, V., Lu, P., & Hontecillas, R. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0167440 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Schinzari, F., Tesauro, M., Campia, U., & Cardillo, C. (2020) · Vascular Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.vph.2020.106676 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Liang, Y.-C., Jia, M.-J., Li, L., Liu, D., Chu, S.-F., & Li, H.-L. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1358311 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
MicroRNA expression profile and identification of novel microRNA biomarkers for metabolic syndrome
Liu, G., Lei, Y., Luo, S., Huang, Z., Chen, C., Wang, K., Yang, P., & Huang, X. (2021) · Bioengineered · doi:10.1080/21655979.2021.1952817 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Yoo, B. H., Khan, I. A., Koomson, A., Gowda, P. S., Sasazuki, T., Shirasawa, S., Gujar, S. A., & Rosen, K. V. (2017) · Autophagy · doi:10.1080/15548627.2017.1370171 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Zhong, L., Yeh, T.-Y. J., Hao, J., Pourtabatabaei, N., Mahata, S. K., Shao, J., Chessler, S. D., & Chi, N. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0122948 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Indeed, high glucose levels and glucokinase activator both caused TNKS downregulation in MIN6 cells but not HEK293 or 3T3-L1 cells (Fig 4A).”
MethodInfluentialBishehsari, F., Drees, M., Adnan, D., Sharma, D., Green, S. J., Koshy, J., Giron, L. B., Goldman, A. R., Abdel‐Mohsen, M., Rasmussen, H. E., et al. (2023) · PROTEOMICS · doi:10.1002/pmic.202300023 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“CX3CL1/Fractalkine, whose deficiency is associated with abnormal insulin secretion, was negatively correlated with more MetS features in our subjects [105, 106].”
Baldane, S., Kendir, İ. C., Kıraç, C. O., İpekçi, S. H., Tekin, G., Ünlü, A., & Kebapçılar, L. (2018) · Journal of Medical Biochemistry · doi:10.1515/jomb-2017-0070 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“(17), the b cells of mice with another strain of CX3CR1 gene knockout were demonstrated to have defective insulin secretion, and they developed hyperglycemia with a high-fat diet.”
BackgroundPancreatic Stellate Cells and CX3CR1
Uchida, M., Ito, T., Nakamura, T., Hijioka, M., Igarashi, H., Oono, T., Kato, M., Nakamura, K., Suzuki, K., Takayanagi, R., et al. (2014) · Pancreas · doi:10.1097/mpa.0000000000000109 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
HIF-2α Preserves Mitochondrial Activity and Glucose Sensing in Compensating β-Cells in Obesity
Moon, J.-S., Riopel, M., Seo, J. B., Herrero-Aguayo, V., Isaac, R., & Lee, Y. S. (2022) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db21-0736 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationMechanisms and routes of G-protein coupled receptor-mediated Tau degradation in Alzheimer’s disease
Ananthanarayana, V., Chidambaram, H., Govindaraj, P., Vijayalakshmi, K., & Chinnathambi, S. (2025) · Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2025.07.003 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Chemokine CX3CL1 (Fractalkine) Signaling and Diabetic Encephalopathy
Wątroba, M., Grabowska, A. D., & Szukiewicz, D. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25147527 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“…axis utilizes several well-described pathways to activate numerous transcription factors, such as signal transducer and activator of transcription protein (STAT), NF-κβ , and CREB, while inhibiting other factors (e.g., members of the class O forkhead box transcription factor [FOXO]) [85–87].”
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Faridvand, Y., Haddadi, P., Nejabati, H. R., Ghaffari, S., Zamani-Gharehchamani, E., Nozari, S., Nouri, M., & Jodati, A. (2020) · Molecular Biology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11033-020-05875-9 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Previous studies have found that CX3CR1 deficiency (CX3CR-/-) in high fat diet-induced mice associated with a more chronic state by a reduction in insulin secretion and impaired β cell function [11].”
BackgroundRen, M., Zhang, J., Dai, S., Wang, C., Chen, Z., Zhang, S., Xu, J., Qin, X., & Liu, F. (2022) · Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1177/15353702221128573 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Zafirlukast promotes insulin secretion by increasing calcium influx through L‐type calcium channels
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“Furthermore, AKT pathways optimize β-cell function, including cell survival (Lee et al., 2013) and insulin secretion by inducing activation of SNARE proteins such as STX1, SNAP25, and VAMP2 (Kaneko et al., 2010; Cheng et al., 2012) and modulation of L-VDCCs (Cui, Yang, Pan, Zhang, & Yang, 2012).”
BackgroundInsights on the Role of Putative Muscle-Derived Factors on Pancreatic Beta Cell Function
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“Interestingly, recent research suggests that fractalkine (FKN), a chemokine expressed by neurons, plays a regulatory role in insulin signaling (Lee et al. 2013).”
BackgroundExercise and inactivity as modifiers of β cell function and type 2 diabetes risk
Hall, L. G., Thyfault, J. P., & Johnson, J. D. (2023) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00472.2022 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Katz, D. H., Lindholm, M. E., & Ashley, E. A. (2024) · Physiology · doi:10.1152/physiol.00024.2024 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
- Authors
- Lee, Y. S., Morinaga, H., Kim, J. J., Lagakos, W., Taylor, S., Keshwani, M., Perkins, G., Dong, H., Kayali, A. G., Sweet, I. R., & Olefsky, J.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- Corresponding author
- Olefsky, Jerrold
- ORCID
- Venue
- Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-04
- Volume
- 153
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 413-425
- ISSN
- 0092-8674 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3717389
- OpenAlex
- W1965673611
- Cited by
- 141
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 12.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cell (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK063491, DK 074868, DK 033651, T32DK007494, R37DK033651, R01DK101395, P01DK074868, R01DK033651, P30DK017047, P30DK063491)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U54HD012303)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Pancreatic function and diabetes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Diabetes and associated disorders
- Keywords
- fractalkine, CX3CR1, beta-cell function, insulin secretion, pancreatic islets, glucose tolerance, glucagon-like peptide-1, intracellular calcium, beta cell differentiation, aging, high-fat diet, obesity, type 2 diabetes, chemokine signaling
- MeSH terms
- CX3C Chemokine Receptor 1, Insulin Secretion, Adult, Aging, Animals, Cadaver, Glucose, Humans, Hyperglycemia, Insulin, Islets of Langerhans, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Middle Aged, Signal Transduction, Gene Expression, Mice, Knockout, Receptors, Chemokine, Insulin-Secreting Cells, Mice, Chemokine CX3CL1, Diet, High-Fat
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