Myokines mediate the cross talk between skeletal muscle and other organs

Chen, Wentao; Wang, Liyi; You, Wenjing; Shan, Tizhong

doi:10.1002/jcp.30033

Cited by 162Exercise and Physiological ResponsesAdipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic DiseasesMuscle Physiology and Disorders

Myokines mediate the cross talk between skeletal muscle and other organs

Chen, Wentao, Wang, Liyi, You, Wenjing, Shan, Tizhong·2021·Journal of Cellular Physiology

DOI 10.1002/jcp.30033

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Abstract

Myokines are muscle-derived cytokines and chemokines that act extensively on organs and exert beneficial metabolic functions in the whole-body through specific signal networks. Myokines as mediators provide the conceptual basis for a whole new paradigm useful for understanding how skeletal muscle communicates with other organs. In this review, we summarize and discuss classes of myokines and their physiological functions in mediating the regulatory roles of skeletal muscle on other organs and the regulation of the whole-body energy metabolism. We review the mechanisms involved in the interaction between skeletal muscle and nonmuscle organs through myokines. Moreover, we clarify the connection between exercise, myokines and disease development, which may contribute to the understanding of a potential mechanism by which physical inactivity affects the process of metabolic diseases via myokines. Based on the current findings, myokines are important factors that mediate the effect of skeletal muscle on other organ functions and whole-body metabolism.

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Physical exercise influences the predominance of the secretion of anti-inflammatory myokines, adipokines, and hepatokines, such as irisin, IL-6, IL-15, myonectin, adiponectin, and FGF21.
“For these reasons, physical exercise is a powerful ally in the prevention and improvement of the prognosis of cardiovascular diseases, DM2, and obesity, since it influences the predominance of the secretion of anti-inflammatory myokines, adipokines, and hepatokines, such as irisin, IL-6, IL -15, myonectin, adiponectin, FGF21 (which mitigate the harmful effects of myostatin), TNF-α, resistin, cheme”
From Adipokines, Myokines, and Hepatokines: Crosstalk and Metabolic Repercussions (2021) · cites this paper as [101]
These anti-inflammatory cytokines mitigate the harmful effects of myostatin, TNF-α, resistin, chemerin, fetuin-A, and other cytokines.
“For these reasons, physical exercise is a powerful ally in the prevention and improvement of the prognosis of cardiovascular diseases, DM2, and obesity, since it influences the predominance of the secretion of anti-inflammatory myokines, adipokines, and hepatokines, such as irisin, IL-6, IL -15, myonectin, adiponectin, FGF21 (which mitigate the harmful effects of myostatin), TNF-α, resistin, cheme”
From Adipokines, Myokines, and Hepatokines: Crosstalk and Metabolic Repercussions (2021) · cites this paper as [101]

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Irisin Inhibits Hepatic Cholesterol Synthesis via AMPK-SREBP2 Signaling
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“C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CX3CL1) in human skeletal muscle, which positively regulates both glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and GLP‐1‐stimulated insulin secretion in cultured β‐cells (Lee et al., 2013).”
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Irisin Lowers Blood Pressure by Improvement of Endothelial Dysfunction via AMPK‐Akt‐eNOS‐NO Pathway in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat
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Skeletal Muscle-derived Myonectin Activates the Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Pathway to Suppress Autophagy in Liver
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JNK regulates muscle remodeling via myostatin/SMAD inhibition
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Follistatin Promotes Adipocyte Differentiation, Browning, and Energy Metabolism
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Apelin Is a Negative Regulator of Angiotensin II–Mediated Adverse Myocardial Remodeling and Dysfunction
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Humoral Nature of the Hypoglycemic Factor of Muscular Work
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The effect of physical exercise on cerebral blood flow in Alzheimer's disease
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β‐Aminoisobutyric Acid Prevents Diet‐induced Obesity in Mice With Partial Leptin Deficiency
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Irisin Controls Growth, Intracellular Ca2+ Signals, and Mitochondrial Thermogenesis in Cardiomyoblasts
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Exercise‐induced α‐ketoglutaric acid stimulates muscle hypertrophy and fat loss through OXGR1‐dependent adrenal activation
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“Furthermore, the circulation level and physiological function of myokines are closely related to the types and forms of exercise (Yuan et al., 2020), muscle fiber type (Li, Chen et al., 2019; Son et al., 2017), aging (Giorgetti et al., 2019), and related genes (Ruas et al., 2012).”
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Interleukin-6 gene transfer reverses body weight gain and fatty liver in obese mice
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Identification of mechanosensitive genes in osteoblasts by comparative microarray studies using the rotating wall vessel and the random positioning machine
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Irisin Mediates Effects on Bone and Fat via αV Integrin Receptors
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Blockade of ActRIIB Signaling Triggers Muscle Fatigability and Metabolic Myopathy
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Apelin alleviates diabetes-associated endoplasmic reticulum stress in the pancreas of Akita mice
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Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor Inhibits Bone Formation and Plays a Sex-Specific Role in Bone Growth and Remodeling
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Myostatin signals through miR-34a to regulate Fndc5 expression and browning of white adipocytes
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PRDM16: the interconvertible adipo-myocyte switch
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CX<sub>3</sub>CL1—a macrophage chemoattractant induced by a single bout of exercise in human skeletal muscle
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Apelin administration improves insulin sensitivity in overweight men during hyperinsulinaemic‐euglycaemic clamp
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Short-term exercise training reduces anti-inflammatory action of interleukin-10 in adults with obesity
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Musclin, A Myokine Induced by Aerobic Exercise, Retards Muscle Atrophy During Cancer Cachexia in Mice
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α‐Ketoglutarate prevents skeletal muscle protein degradation and muscle atrophy through PHD3/ADRB2 pathway
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Direct regulation of lipolysis by interleukin-15 in primary pig adipocytes
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Osteocalcin signaling in myofibers is necessary and sufficient for optimum adaptation to exercise
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Myokines (muscle-derived cytokines and chemokines) including ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) inhibit osteoblast differentiation
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Modulation of Microglia by Voluntary Exercise or CSF1R Inhibition Prevents Age-Related Loss of Functional Motor Units
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Myokine irisin-induced protection against oxidative stress in vitro. Involvement of heme oxygenase-1 and antioxidazing enzymes superoxide dismutase-2 and glutathione peroxidase.
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Muscle‐secreted granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor functions as metabolic niche factor ameliorating loss of muscle stem cells in aged mice
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Overexpression of apelin in Wharton’ jelly mesenchymal stem cell reverses insulin resistance and promotes pancreatic β cell proliferation in type 2 diabetic rats
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Liver Plays a Major Role in FGF-21 Mediated Glucose Homeostasis
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Differential metabolic effects of constant moderate versus high intensity interval training in high-fat fed mice: possible role of muscle adiponectin
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FGF-2 targets sclerostin in bone and myostatin in skeletal muscle to mitigate the deleterious effects of glucocorticoid on musculoskeletal degradation
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Irisin evokes bradycardia by activating cardiac-projecting neurons of nucleus ambiguus
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IL‐15 and RANKL Play a Synergistically Important Role in Osteoclastogenesis
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Apelin and APJ orchestrate complex tissue-specific control of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and contractility in the hypertrophy-heart failure transition
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Irisin-encoding gene (FNDC5) variant is associated with changes in blood pressure and lipid profile in type 2 diabetic women but not in men
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Angiogenin and Osteoprotegerin are type II muscle specific myokines protecting pancreatic beta-cells against proinflammatory cytokines
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IL-6 deficiency in mice neither impairs induction of metabolic genes in the liver nor affects blood glucose levels during fasting and moderately intense exercise
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Adipokines, Myokines, and Hepatokines: Crosstalk and Metabolic Repercussions
de Oliveira dos Santos, A. R., de Oliveira Zanuso, B., Miola, V. F. B., Barbalho, S. M., Santos Bueno, P. C., Flato, U. A. P., Detregiachi, C. R. P., Buchaim, D. V., Buchaim, R. L., Tofano, R. J., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22052639 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
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Self-citation
The Role of the Skeletal Muscle Secretome in Mediating Endurance and Resistance Training Adaptations
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Physical Exercise-Induced Myokines in Neurodegenerative Diseases
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“focused on tissue crosstalk mechanisms, highlighting that myokines mediate the effects of muscle work on whole-body metabolism [34].”
Background
Myokines: Metabolic regulation in obesity and type 2 diabetes
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ИСПОЛЬЗОВAНИЕ ПОТЕНЦИAЛA СОЦИAЛЬНЫХ ПAРТНЕРОВ В ПОДГОТОВКЕ БУДУЩИХ ПЕДAГОГОВ
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The effect of resistance training on skeletal muscle inflammatory factors in diabetic rats
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Skeletal muscle is an endocrine organ
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Leukaemia inhibitory factor - an exercise-induced myokine
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Authors: Chen, W., Wang, L., You, W., & Shan, T.
Affiliations: Zhejiang University (CN)
Corresponding author: Shan, Tizhong
ORCID: Chen, Wentao
Wang, Liyi
You, Wenjing
Shan, Tizhong
Venue: Journal of Cellular Physiology
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2020-09-03
Volume: 236
Issue: 4
Pages: 2393-2412
ISSN: 0021-9541 (ISSN-L)
1097-4652
DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30033
OpenAlex: W3083176958
Cited by: 162
References: 191
Citations by year: 2026: 34 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 3
FWCI: 2.30
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Journal of Cellular Physiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Natural Science Foundation of China (31722053, 31672427)
Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (LR17C170001)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
Keywords: myokines, skeletal muscle, organ crosstalk, cytokines, chemokines, whole-body energy metabolism, physical activity, physical inactivity, metabolic disorders
MeSH terms: Animals, Humans, Signal Transduction, Cytokines, Muscle, Skeletal, Paracrine Communication

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Myokines mediate the cross talk between skeletal muscle and other organs

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