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Inhibiting DNA Methylation Causes an Interferon Response in Cancer via dsRNA Including Endogenous Retroviruses
Open accessAbstract
We show that DNA methyltransferase inhibitors (DNMTis) upregulate immune signaling in cancer through the viral defense pathway. In ovarian cancer (OC), DNMTis trigger cytosolic sensing of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) causing a type I interferon response and apoptosis. Knocking down dsRNA sensors TLR3 and MAVS reduces this response 2-fold and blocking interferon beta or its receptor abrogates it. Upregulation of hypermethylated endogenous retrovirus (ERV) genes accompanies the response and ERV overexpression activates the response. Basal levels of ERV and viral defense gene expression significantly correlate in primary OC and the latter signature separates primary samples for multiple tumor types from The Cancer Genome Atlas into low versus high expression groups. In melanoma patients treated with an immune checkpoint therapy, high viral defense signature expression in tumors significantly associates with durable clinical response and DNMTi treatment sensitizes to anti-CTLA4 therapy in a pre-clinical melanoma model.
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“The IFN-I response could also expose the tumor cells to surveillance by the immune system96, 97.”
From The role of retrotransposable elements in ageing and age-associated diseases (2021) · cites this paper as [97]
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“multiple studies have shown that DNA demethylating agents among other epigenetic modulators can induce a type I IFN response in cancer cells through the de-repression of endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) and activation of the MDA5-MAVS pathway38–40.”
From Epigenetic state determines the in vivo efficacy of STING agonist therapy (2023) · cites this paper as [38]
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“DAC treatment could induce expression of retrotransposons normally silenced by DNA methylation, which could also augment tumor immunogenicity10–14,99.”
From Multi-omic analysis of hepatocellular carcinoma reveals aberrant cis-regulatory changes and dysregulated retrotransposons with prognostic potential (2025) · cites this paper as [12]
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“inactivated typical enhancers were associated with collagen fibril organization and chemotaxis GO terms and were enriched for binding motifs of immune-related TFs, including STAT1 (Fig. 2a, b)12,13.”
From Multi-omic analysis of hepatocellular carcinoma reveals aberrant cis-regulatory changes and dysregulated retrotransposons with prognostic potential (2025) · cites this paper as [12]
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“inhibiting EZH2 activity can either positively or negatively influence tumour-specific immune responses by modulating both tumour immunogenicity and the function of infiltrating T-cells, NK-cells and macrophages 196 .”
From The roles of DNA, RNA and histone methylation in ageing and cancer (2019) · cites this paper as [196]
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“derepression of endogenous retroviral elements coupled to robust type I and type III IFN signaling”
From Immunomodulation by targeted anticancer agents (2021) · cites this paper as Chiappinelli et al., 2015
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“Certainly, this dual epigenetic targeting may influence additional antiproliferative mechanisms and further enhance antitumor surveillance by the immune system (Chiappinelli et al., 2015).”
From HDACs and the epigenetic plasticity of cancer cells: target the complexity (2022) · cites this paper as Chiappinelli et al., 2015
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Metadata
- Authors
- Chiappinelli, K. B., Strissel, P. L., Desrichard, A., Li, H., Henke, C., Akman, B., Hein, A., Rote, N. S., Cope, L. M., Snyder, A., Makarov, V., Buhu, S., Slamon, D. J., Wolchok, J. D., Pardoll, D. M., Beckmann, M. W., Zahnow, C. A., Merghoub, T., Chan, T. A., Baylin, S. B., & Strick, R.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Universitätsklinikum Erlangen (DE)
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (US)
- Case Western Reserve University (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Baylin, Stephen B.
- Strick, Reiner
- ORCID
- Venue
- Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-08
- Volume
- 162
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 974-986
- ISSN
- 0092-8674 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4556003
- OpenAlex
- W1953890763
- Cited by
- 2,022
- References
- 94
- Citations by year
- 2026: 193 · 2025: 188 · 2024: 211 · 2023: 209 · 2022: 225 · 2021: 250 · 2020: 184 · 2019: 163 · 2018: 161 · 2017: 133 · 2016: 93 · 2015: 10
- FWCI
- 65.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cell (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (P50CA058184, CA058184, F32CA183214, P30CA008748)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › interferon and immune responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
- Keywords
- hypomethylating agents, DNA methylation, type I interferon response, double-stranded RNA sensing, endogenous retroviruses, ovarian cancer, melanoma, TLR3, MAVS, interferon-beta, apoptosis, immune checkpoint therapy, CTLA-4, tumor immune microenvironment, epigenetic reprogramming
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Azacitidine, Female, Humans, Immunotherapy, Interferon Type I, Lung Neoplasms, Melanoma, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Ovarian Neoplasms, RNA, Double-Stranded, DNA Modification Methylases, DNA Methylation, Endogenous Retroviruses, Cell Line, Tumor, Mice
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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