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A Structured Tumor-Immune Microenvironment in Triple Negative Breast Cancer Revealed by Multiplexed Ion Beam Imaging
Open accessAbstract
The immune system is critical in modulating cancer progression, but knowledge of immune composition, phenotype, and interactions with tumor is limited. We used multiplexed ion beam imaging by time-of-flight (MIBI-TOF) to simultaneously quantify in situ expression of 36 proteins covering identity, function, and immune regulation at sub-cellular resolution in 41 triple-negative breast cancer patients. Multi-step processing, including deep-learning-based segmentation, revealed variability in the composition of tumor-immune populations across individuals, reconciled by overall immune infiltration and enriched co-occurrence of immune subpopulations and checkpoint expression. Spatial enrichment analysis showed immune mixed and compartmentalized tumors, coinciding with expression of PD1, PD-L1, and IDO in a cell-type- and location-specific manner. Ordered immune structures along the tumor-immune border were associated with compartmentalization and linked to survival. These data demonstrate organization in the tumor-immune microenvironment that is structured in cellular composition, spatial arrangement, and regulatory-protein expression and provide a framework to apply multiplexed imaging to immune oncology.
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“Nuclear segmentation was performed with DeepCell (Van Valen et al., 2016) (https://github.com/vanvalenlab/deepcell-tf) as previously described (Keren et al., 2018), using in-house training and validation MIBI imaging datasets from a variety of human clinical tissue types to ensure reproducibility.”
From Multimodal Analysis of Composition and Spatial Architecture in Human Squamous Cell Carcinoma (2020) · cites this paper as Keren et al., 2018
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Asleh, K., Riaz, N., & Nielsen, T. O. (2022) · Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1186/s13046-022-02476-1 · Cited by 235
CellCharter reveals spatial cell niches associated with tissue remodeling and cell plasticity
Varrone, M., Tavernari, D., Santamaria‐Martínez, A., Walsh, L. A., & Ciriello, G. (2023) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-023-01588-4 · Cited by 220
Tumour heterogeneity and the evolutionary trade-offs of cancer
Hausser, J., & Alon, U. S. (2020) · Nature reviews. Cancer · doi:10.1038/s41568-020-0241-6 · Cited by 216
Glial and myeloid heterogeneity in the brain tumour microenvironment
Andersen, B. M., Akl, C. F., Wheeler, M. A., Chiocca, E. A., Reardon, D. A., & Quintana, F. J. (2021) · Nature reviews. Cancer · doi:10.1038/s41568-021-00397-3 · Cited by 216
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If we build it they will come: targeting the immune response to breast cancer
Gatti-Mays, M. E., Balko, J. M., Gameiro, S. R., Bear, H. D., Prabhakaran, S., Fukui, J. A., Disis, M. L., Nanda, R., Gulley, J. L., Kalinsky, K. M., et al. (2019) · npj Breast Cancer · doi:10.1038/s41523-019-0133-7 · Cited by 210
Spatial biology of cancer evolution
Seferbekova, Z., Lomakin, A., Yates, L. R., & Gerstung, M. (2022) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41576-022-00553-x · Cited by 227
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Triple Negative Breast Cancer Treatment: Promising Future Prospects
Thomas, R., Al‐Khadairi, G., & Decock, J. V. (2021) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2020.600573 · Cited by 209
Spatial multi-omics analyses of the tumor immune microenvironment
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Analysis of multispectral imaging with the AstroPath platform informs efficacy of PD-1 blockade
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Immune monitoring using mass cytometry and related high-dimensional imaging approaches
Hartmann, F. J., & Bendall, S. C. (2019) · Nature Reviews Rheumatology · doi:10.1038/s41584-019-0338-z · Cited by 208
SM-Omics is an automated platform for high-throughput spatial multi-omics
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Integration of whole transcriptome spatial profiling with protein markers
Ben‐Chetrit, N., Niu, X., Swett, A. D., Sotelo, J., Jiao, M. S., Stewart, C. M., Potenski, C. J., Mielinis, P., Roelli, P., Stoeckius, M., et al. (2023) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41587-022-01536-3 · Cited by 214
Fountzilas, E., Pearce, T. E., Baysal, M. A., Chakraborty, A., & Tsimberidou, A. M. (2025) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-025-01471-y · Cited by 233
High-resolution alignment of single-cell and spatial transcriptomes with CytoSPACE
Vahid, M. R., Brown, E. L., Steen, C. B., Zhang, W., Jeon, H. S., Kang, M., Gentles, A. J., & Newman, A. M. (2023) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41587-023-01697-9 · Cited by 187
TGF-β suppresses type 2 immunity to cancer
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A spatially resolved timeline of the human maternal–fetal interface
Greenbaum, S., Averbukh, I., Soon, E., Rizzuto, G. A., Baranski, A., Greenwald, N. F., Kagel, A., Bosse, M. M., Greenwood, E. A., Khair, Z., et al. (2023) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06298-9 · Cited by 209
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High-dimensional cell-level analysis of tissues with Ce3D multiplex volume imaging
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Akhoundova, D., & Rubin, M. A. (2022) · Cancer Cell · doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2022.08.011 · Cited by 198
Decoding the tumor microenvironment with spatial technologies
Walsh, L. A., & Quail, D. F. (2023) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-023-01678-9 · Cited by 199
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes: Warriors fight against tumors powerfully
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Mass spectrometry imaging for spatially resolved multi-omics molecular mapping
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Mass Cytometry Imaging for the Study of Human Diseases—Applications and Data Analysis Strategies
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Metadata
- Authors
- Keren, L., Bosse, M., Marquez, D., Angoshtari, R., Jain, S., Varma, S., Yang, S.-R., Kurian, A., Van Valen, D., West, R., Bendall, S. C., & Angelo, M.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bendall, Sean C.
- Angelo, Michael
- ORCID
- Venue
- Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-09
- Volume
- 174
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1373-1387.e19
- ISSN
- 0092-8674 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6132072
- OpenAlex
- W2890156321
- Cited by
- 1,183
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 222 · 2025: 147 · 2024: 141 · 2023: 164 · 2022: 153 · 2021: 167 · 2020: 105 · 2019: 74 · 2018: 9
- FWCI
- 33.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cell (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation (DRG-2292-17, DRG-2017-09)
- EMBO Long-Term fellowship (ALTF 1128-2016)
- NIH F32 Postdoctoral Fellowship
- Burroughs Wellcome PDEP award
- The Allen Discovery Center at Stanford University
- Crowdflower A.I.
- NIH (5R01CA18390402, 1DP2OD022550-01, 1-R00-GM104148-01, 5U19AI116484-02, U19 AI104209, 1-DP5-OD019822, 1R01AG056287-01, 1R01AG057915-01, 1U24CA224309-01)
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
- Stanford Cancer Institute (NSF ECCS-1542152)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Breast Cancer Treatment Studies
- Keywords
- triple-negative breast cancer, tumor immune microenvironment, MIBI, immune checkpoint molecules, PD-1, PD-L1, IDO, immune cell infiltration, patient survival
- MeSH terms
- Machine Learning, Lymphocyte Activation Gene 3 Protein, Female, Humans, Lymphocytes, Mass Spectrometry, Antigens, CD, Cluster Analysis, Principal Component Analysis, Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase, Kaplan-Meier Estimate, Tumor Microenvironment, B7-H1 Antigen, Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor, Spatial Analysis, Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms
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