Toll-like Receptors and the Control of Immunity

Defective LPS Signaling in C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCr Mice: Mutations in Tlr4 Gene

Poltorak, A., He, X., Smirnova, I., Liu, M.-Y., Huffel, C. V., Du, X., Birdwell, D., Alejos, E., Silva, M., Galanos, C., et al. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.282.5396.2085 · Cited by 7,631

Cleavage of GSDMD by inflammatory caspases determines pyroptotic cell death

Shi, J., Zhao, Y., Wang, K., Shi, X., Wang, Y., Huang, H., Zhuang, Y., Cai, T., Wang, F., & Shao, F. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature15514 · Cited by 6,659

Origin and physiological roles of inflammation

Medzhitov, R. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07201 · Cited by 6,618

A Toll-like receptor recognizes bacterial DNA

Hemmi, H., Takeuchi, O., Kawai, T., Kaisho, T., Sato, S., Sanjo, H., Matsumoto, M., Hoshino, K., Wagner, H., Takeda, K., et al. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35047123 · Cited by 6,491

A human homologue of the Drosophila Toll protein signals activation of adaptive immunity

Medzhitov, R., Preston-Hurlburt, P., & Janeway, C. A. J. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/41131 · Cited by 6,137

Recognition of double-stranded RNA and activation of NF-κB by Toll-like receptor 3

Alexopoulou, L., Holt, A. C., Medzhitov, R., & Flavell, R. A. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35099560 · Cited by 6,129

The Inflammasome

Martinon, F., Burns, K., & Tschopp, J. (2002) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/s1097-2765(02)00599-3 · Cited by 6,066

Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase Is a Cytosolic DNA Sensor That Activates the Type I Interferon Pathway

Sun, L., Wu, J., Du, F., Chen, X., & Chen, Z. J. (2013) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1232458 · Cited by 4,996

Mutations affecting segment number and polarity in Drosophila

Nüsslein‐Volhard, C., & Wieschaus, E. F. (1980) · Nature · doi:10.1038/287795a0 · Cited by 4,370

The Dorsoventral Regulatory Gene Cassette spätzle/Toll/cactus Controls the Potent Antifungal Response in Drosophila Adults

Lemaître, B., Nicolas, E., Michaut, L., Reichhart, J., & Hoffmann, J. A. (1996) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80172-5 · Cited by 4,224

Programmed polymersomes with spatio-temporal delivery of antigen and dual-adjuvants for efficient dendritic cells-based cancer immunotherapy

Wang, H., Yang, X., Hu, C., Huang, C., Wang, H., Zhu, D., & Zhang, L. (2022) · Chinese Chemical Letters · doi:10.1016/j.cclet.2022.02.022 · Cited by 18

TIR domains produce histidine-ADPR conjugates as immune signaling molecules in bacteriaPreprint

Sabonis, D., Avraham, C., Lu, A., Herbst, E., Šilanskas, A., Leavitt, A., Yirmiya, E., Zaremba, M., Amitai, G., Kranzusch, P., et al. (2024) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.01.03.573942 · Cited by 15

TLR5 agonist in combination with anti-PD-1 treatment enhances anti-tumor effect through M1/M2 macrophage polarization shift and CD8+ T cell priming

Lee, J., Im, K.-I., Gil, S., Na, H., Min, G. J., Kim, N., & Cho, S. (2024) · Cancer Immunology Immunotherapy · doi:10.1007/s00262-024-03679-5 · Cited by 17

The role of SIRT1 in kidney diseases

Wang, W. J., Hu, Y., Ding, N., Wei, J., & Li, C. (2024) · International Urology and Nephrology · doi:10.1007/s11255-024-04162-x · Cited by 17

Engineering Probiotics for Diabetes Management: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions in Translational Microbiology

Zhang, S., Ma, J., Ma, Y., Yi, J., Wang, B., Wang, H., Yang, Q., Zhang, K., Yan, X., Sun, D., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Nanomedicine · doi:10.2147/ijn.s492651 · Cited by 17

Patterns of pathogenesis in innate immunity: insights from C. elegans

Tse, S. Y., Wani, K. A., & Pukkila-Worley, R. (2025) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01167-0 · Cited by 18

SAMD9 senses cytosolic double-stranded nucleic acids in epithelial and mesenchymal cells to induce antiviral immunity

Hou, G., Beatty, W. L., Ren, L., Ooi, Y. S., Son, J., Zhu, Y., Sheng, Q., Huang, W., Li, D., Liu, C., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-59090-w · Cited by 16

Polysaccharide-based nanosystems as vaccine adjuvants: A review

Li, X., Zhang, X., Liu, L., Feng, L., & Liu, B. (2025) · Carbohydrate Polymers · doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.124017 · Cited by 17

Mechanisms of gut microbiota in host fat deposition: metabolites, signaling pathways, and translational applications

Liu, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2025.1675155 · Cited by 20

Aedes aegypti Toll pathway is induced through dsRNA sensing in endosomes

Angleró-Rodríguez, Y., Tikhe, C. V., Kang, S., & Dimopoulos, G. (2021) · Developmental & Comparative Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.dci.2021.104138 · Cited by 17

Role of hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal-axis, toll-like receptors, and macrophage polarization in pre-atherosclerotic changes induced by social isolation stress in mice

Haj-Mirzaian, A., Ramezanzadeh, K., Shariatzadeh, S., Tajik, M., Khalafi, F., Tafazolimoghadam, A., Radmard, M., Rahbar, A., Pirri, F., Kazemi, K., et al. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-98276-2 · Cited by 18

C-X-C Chemokines Influence Intraocular Inflammation During Bacillus Endophthalmitis

Mursalin, M. H., Coburn, P. S., Miller, F. C., Livingston, E. T., Astley, R., & Callegan, M. C. (2021) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.62.14.14 · Cited by 17

The TLR‐chaperone CNPY3 is a critical regulator of NLRP3‐inflammasome activation

Ghait, M., Husain, R. A., Duduskar, S. N., Haack, T. B., Rooney, M. D., Göhrig, B., Bauer, M. W., Rubio, I., & Deshmukh, S. D. (2022) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.202149612 · Cited by 17

Suppression of Cutibacterium acnes-Mediated Inflammatory Reactions by Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 in Skin

Yu, Y., Shen, Y., Zhang, S., Wang, N., Luo, L., Zhu, X., Xu, X., Cong, W., Jin, L., & Zhu, Z. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23073589 · Cited by 17

Grass Carp Mex3A Promotes Ubiquitination and Degradation of RIG-I to Inhibit Innate Immune Response

Jiang, Z., Sun, Z., Hu, J., Li, D., Xu, X., Li, M., Feng, Z., Zeng, S., Mao, H., & Hu, C. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.909315 · Cited by 17

Activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor ameliorates rosacea-like eruptions in mice and suppresses the TLR signaling pathway in LL-37-induced HaCaT cells

Sun, Y., Chen, L., Wang, H., Zhu, P., Jiang, S., Qi, R., Wu, Y. Y., & Gao, X. (2022) · Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.taap.2022.116189 · Cited by 17

Drosophila Relish‐mediated miR‐317 expression facilitates immune homeostasis restoration via inhibiting PGRP‐LC

Zhou, H., Wu, S., Liu, L., Liu, X., Lan, S., Jiang, J., Yang, W., Jin, P., Xia, X., & Ma, F. (2022) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.202250034 · Cited by 17

Foot-and-mouth disease virus non-structural protein 2B downregulates the RLR signaling pathway via degradation of RIG-I and MDA5

Weerawardhana, A., Uddin, M. B., Choi, J.-H., Pathinayake, P. S., Shin, S. H., Chathuranga, K., Park, J.-H., & Lee, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.1020262 · Cited by 17

Neuromedin U Induces Pulmonary ILC2 Activation via the NMUR1 Pathway during Acute Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection

Liu, W., Wang, S., Wang, J., Zheng, R., Wang, D., Yu, R., & Liu, B. (2022) · American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1165/rcmb.2022-0123oc · Cited by 17

Selective targeting of MD2 attenuates intestinal inflammation and prevents neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis by suppressing TLR4 signaling

Huang, D., Wang, P., Chen, J., Li, Y., Zhu, M., Tang, Y., & Zhou, W. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.995791 · Cited by 17

Identification of novel immune-related targets mediating disease progression in acute pancreatitis

Liu, Q., Li, L., Xu, D., Zhu, J., Huang, Z., Yang, J., Cheng, S., Gu, Y., Zheng, L., Zhang, X., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2022.1052466 · Cited by 18

Opposing Actions of TLR2 and TLR4 in Adipocyte Differentiation and Mature-Onset Obesity

Cuesta, N., Fernández‐Veledo, S., Punzón, C., Moreno, C., Barrocal, B., Sreeramkumar, V., Desco, M., & Fresno, M. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms232415682 · Cited by 18

Endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein degradation contributes to Toll innate immune defense in Drosophila melanogaster

Zhu, Y., Liu, L., Zhang, C., Zhang, C., Han, T., Duan, R., Jin, Y., Guo, H., She, K., Xiao, Y., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.1099637 · Cited by 17

Crosstalk between Autophagy and RLR Signaling

Ke, P. (2023) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells12060956 · Cited by 17

Myeloid MyD88 restricts CD8+ T cell response to radiation therapy in pancreatic cancer

Medler, T. R., Blair, T. C., Alice, A. F., Dowdell, A. K., Piening, B., Crittenden, M. R., & Gough, M. J. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-35834-w · Cited by 18

Isolation, identification of an Aeromonas veronii strain, and the immune response of hybrid sturgeon (Acipenser baerii ♀ × Acipenser schrenckii ♂) to the bacteria

Zhu, C., Yang, C., Li, F., Lv, G., Ren, C., Chu, P., & Zhu, L. (2023) · Aquaculture · doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2023.739966 · Cited by 17

An update of aurones: food resource, health benefit, biosynthesis and application

Yang, J., Gao, Z., Yu, Z., Hou, Y., Tang, D., Yan, H., Wu, F., Chang, S. K., Pan, Y., Jiang, Y., et al. (2023) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2023.2248244 · Cited by 17

An integrated multi-omics analysis of identifies distinct molecular characteristics in pulmonary infections of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Yang, Y., Ma, T., Zhang, J., Tang, Y., Tang, M., Zou, C., Zhang, Y., Wu, M., Hu, X., Liu, H., et al. (2023) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1011570 · Cited by 17

Commensal bacterial hybrid nanovesicles improve immune checkpoint therapy in pancreatic cancer through immune and metabolic reprogramming

Liu, G., Huang, W., Chen, L., Tayier, N., You, L., Hamza, M., Tian, X., Wang, H., Nie, G., Zhu, M., et al. (2023) · Nano Today · doi:10.1016/j.nantod.2023.101993 · Cited by 17

DNA Nanostructures: Self‐Adjuvant Carriers for Highly Efficient Subunit Vaccines

Shen, F., Wang, H., Liu, Z., & Sun, L. (2023) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.202312624 · Cited by 17

M2a macrophages facilitate resolution of chemically-induced colitis in TLR4-SNP mice

Vlk, A., Prantner, D., Shirey, K. A., Perkins, D. J., Buzza, M. S., Thumbigere‐Math, V., Keegan, A. D., & Vogel, S. N. (2023) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.01208-23 · Cited by 17

Emerging Roles of cGAS-STING Signaling in Mediating Ocular Inflammation

Zhou, L., Ho, B. M., Chan, H. Y. E., Tong, Y., Du, L., He, J. N., Ng, D. S., Tham, C. C. Y., Pang, C. P., & Chu, W. K. (2023) · Journal of Innate Immunity · doi:10.1159/000533897 · Cited by 18

Host Transcriptional Regulatory Genes and Microbiome Networks Crosstalk through Immune Receptors Establishing Normal and Tumor Multiomics Metafirm of the Oral-Gut-Lung Axis

Otálora-Otálora, B. A., Rivera, J. J. L., Aristizábal-Guzmán, C., Isaza-Ruget, M. A., & Álvarez, C. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms242316638 · Cited by 19

A noncanonical IRAK4-IRAK1 pathway counters DNA damage–induced apoptosis independently of TLR/IL-1R signaling

Li, Y., Shah, R. B., Sarti, S., Belcher, A. L., Lee, B. J., Gorbatenko, A., Nemati, F., Yu, H., Stanley, Z., Rahman, M., et al. (2023) · Science Signaling · doi:10.1126/scisignal.adh3449 · Cited by 19

The SARM1 TIR domain produces glycocyclic ADPR molecules as minor products

Garb, J., Amitai, G., Lu, A., Ofir, G., Brandis, A. S., Mehlman, T., Kranzusch, P. J., & Sorek, R. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0302251 · Cited by 17

Glutathione-depleting Liposome Adjuvant for Augmenting the Efficacy of a Glutathione Covalent Inhibitor Oridonin for Acute Myeloid Leukemia Therapy

Liu, Y., Wang, X., Feng, H., Li, X., Yang, R., Zhang, M., Du, Y., Liu, R., Luo, M., Li, Z., et al. (2024) · Journal of Nanobiotechnology · doi:10.1186/s12951-024-02574-6 · Cited by 19

Signals from intestinal microbiota mediate the crosstalk between the lung-gut axis in an influenza infection mouse model

Zhang, Y., Wan, Y., Xin, X., Qiao, Y., Qiao, W., Ping, J., & Su, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1435180 · Cited by 19

Pro-inflammatory macrophage activation does not require inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation

Ball, A. B., Jones, A. E., Nguyễn, K. B., Rios, A., Marx, N., Hsieh, W. Y., Yang, K., Desousa, B. R., Kim, K. K. O., Veliova, M., et al. (2025) · EMBO Reports · doi:10.1038/s44319-024-00351-y · Cited by 22

Identification and functional characterization of a fish-specific tlr19 in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) that recruits TRIF as an adaptor and induces ifn expression during the immune response

Shan, S., Liu, R., Feng, H., Meng, F., Aizaz, M., & Yang, G. (2021) · Veterinary Research · doi:10.1186/s13567-021-00957-3 · Cited by 17

Epitranscriptomic Analysis of m6A Methylome After Peripheral Nerve Injury

Zhang, L., Hao, D., Ma, P., Ma, B., Qin, J., Tian, G., Liu, Z., & Zhou, X. (2021) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2021.686000 · Cited by 17

A data-independent acquisition (DIA)-based quantification workflow for proteome analysis of 5000 cells

Jiang, N., Gao, Y. Y., Xu, J. X., Luo, F., Zhang, X., & Chen, R. (2022) · Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114795 · Cited by 17

Timely Wound Healing Is Dependent on Endothelial but Not on Hair Follicle Stem Cell Toll-Like Receptor 2 Signaling

Xiong, L., McCoy, M. G., Murtazina, R., Podrez, E. A., & Byzova, T. V. (2022) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jid.2022.04.018 · Cited by 17

Effects of bacterial and viral pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on multidrug resistance (MDR) transporters in brain endothelial cells of the developing human blood–brain barrier

Lye, P., Bloise, E., & Matthews, S. G. (2023) · Fluids and Barriers of the CNS · doi:10.1186/s12987-023-00409-4 · Cited by 17

PEI‐Engineered Lipid@PLGA Hybrid Nanoparticles for Multimodal Delivery of Antigens and Immune Adjuvants to the Respiratory Mucosa

Brusco, S., Conte, G., Corteggio, A., Silvestri, T., Spitaleri, A., Brocca, P., Miro, A., Quaglia, F., d’Angelo, I., D’Apice, L., et al. (2024) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.202402688 · Cited by 16

Viral infection and antiviral immunity in the oral cavity

Hickman, H. D., & Moutsopoulos, N. M. (2024) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-024-01100-x · Cited by 19

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps–Associated RNA Impedes CD4 + Treg Differentiation by TLR7 – IRF7 Axis in Ankylosing Spondylitis

Li, Z., Lin, J., Su, Z., Zeng, Y., Zhou, Y., Li, J., Yu, W., Ye, G., Guan, Z., Xiao, Z., et al. (2025) · Arthritis & Rheumatology · doi:10.1002/art.43166 · Cited by 16

Innate immune recognition in hepatitis B virus infection

Li, A., Zhengjun, Y., Ma, C., Sun, B., Zhao, L. Y., Cheng, X., Hui, L., & Xia, Y. (2025) · Virulence · doi:10.1080/21505594.2025.2492371 · Cited by 16

Macrophages: sentinels, warriors, and healers

Bernier, E., Bartnicki, E., & Khanna, K. M. (2025) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddaf087 · Cited by 17

Involvement of nucleic acid-sensing toll-like receptors in human diseases and their controlling mechanisms

Lin, Y.-S., Chang, Y., Pu, T.-Y., Chuang, T., & Hsu, L.-C. (2025) · Journal of Biomedical Science · doi:10.1186/s12929-025-01151-9 · Cited by 19

Compositional and Metabolomic Shifts of the Gut Microbiome in Alcohol‐Related Liver Disease

Kuo, C., El-Omar, E. M., Kao, C., Lin, J., & Wu, C. (2025) · Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1111/jgh.17038 · Cited by 20

Orchestration of plant PRR- and NLR-mediated immunity: Protein kinases and beyond

Yan, Y., Liu, G., Shen, Q., He, P., & Shan, L. (2025) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2025.09.010 · Cited by 16

Bacterial TIR-based immune systems sense phage capsids to initiate defense

Roberts, C. G., Fishman, C. B., Zhang, Z., Banh, D. V., Patel, D. J., & Marraffini, L. A. (2025) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41564-025-02150-0 · Cited by 16

The role of Akkermansia muciniphila in the regulation of inflammatory bowel disease: intestinal immunity and metabolism

Wang, X., Li, A., Jing, H., Zhang, X., Dong, X., Song, Z., Wu, N., & Zheng, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1653472 · Cited by 16

Insights Into Macrophage Polarization and M1 / M2 Balance in Diabetic Foot Ulcers

Zhang, J., Li, H., Dong, Y., Zhou, Z., Wang, Y., Chen, X., & Cai, Y. (2026) · Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1111/1753-0407.70205 · Cited by 18

Crystalline silica induces macrophage necrosis and causes subsequent acute pulmonary neutrophilic inflammation

Nie, W., Lan, T., Xia, Y., Luo, M., Shen, G., Yu, J., & Wei, X. (2021) · Cell Biology and Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s10565-021-09620-1 · Cited by 17

A novel molluscan TLR molecule engaged in inflammatory response through MyD88 adapter recruitment

Qi, P., Wu, Y., Gu, Z., Li, H., Li, J., Guo, B., Liao, Z., & Yan, X. (2022) · Developmental & Comparative Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.dci.2022.104373 · Cited by 16

Lactobacillus plantarum RS-09 Induces M1-Type Macrophage Immunity Against Salmonella Typhimurium Challenge via the TLR2/NF-κB Signalling Pathway

Zhao, C., Chen, H., Liang, H., Zhao, X., Tang, W., Wei, M., Li, Y., Zhang, J., Yu, X., Chen, G., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.832245 · Cited by 16

Machine Learning-Assisted Screening of Herbal Medicine Extracts as Vaccine Adjuvants

Hioki, K., Hayashi, T., Natsume‐Kitatani, Y., Kobiyama, K., Temizoz, B., Negishi, H., Kawakami, H., Fuchino, H., Kuroda, E., Coban, C., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.847616 · Cited by 16

The interaction between innate immunity and oral microbiota in oral diseases

He, H., Yu, H., Fan, Y., Li, B., & Cheng, L. (2023) · Expert Review of Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1080/1744666x.2023.2182291 · Cited by 17

Molecular Mechanisms of Hyperoxia-Induced Neonatal Intestinal Injury

Wang, H.-C., Chou, H., & Chen, C. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24054366 · Cited by 16

Activation, Amplification, and Ablation as Dynamic Mechanisms of Dendritic Cell Maturation

Bourque, J., & Hawiger, D. (2023) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology12050716 · Cited by 17

Functional DNA as a Molecular Tool in Regulating Immunoreceptor–Ligand Interactions

Sun, L., Shen, F., Qu, Y., & Liu, Z. (2023) · JACS Au · doi:10.1021/jacsau.3c00291 · Cited by 16

Role of the Microbiota in Skin Neoplasms: New Therapeutic Horizons

Savoia, P., Azzimonti, B., Rolla, R., & Zavattaro, E. (2023) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms11102386 · Cited by 16

Toll-like receptor-targeted nanoparticles: A powerful combination for tumor immunotherapy

Zhi, X., Yang, P., Xu, Y., Dai, Z., Yue, X., & Qian, L. (2023) · Nano Today · doi:10.1016/j.nantod.2023.102003 · Cited by 17

Nectin-4 has emerged as a compelling target for breast cancer

Wang, H., Sun, D., Chen, J., Li, H., & Chen, L. (2023) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176129 · Cited by 16

Non-targeted metabolomics reveals a modulatory effect of DHA-enriched phosphatidylserine in high fat-diet induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice

Zhang, H., Tian, S., Zhao, Q., Xu, Y., Bi, L., Jiang, S., & Tang, Y. (2023) · Process Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.procbio.2023.11.005 · Cited by 16

OTUD5 promotes the inflammatory immune response by enhancing MyD88 oligomerization and Myddosome formation

Liu, Y., Yuan, J., Zhang, Y., Qin, F., Bai, X., Sun, W., Chen, T., Liu, F., Zheng, Y., Qi, X., et al. (2024) · Cell Death and Differentiation · doi:10.1038/s41418-024-01293-7 · Cited by 17

T cell independent antibody responses with class switch and memory using peptides anchored on liposomes

Hjálmsdóttir, Á., Hasler, F., Waeckerle‐Men, Y., Duda, A., López-Deber, M. P., Pihlgren, M., Vukicevic, M., Kündig, T. M., & Johansen, P. (2024) · npj Vaccines · doi:10.1038/s41541-024-00902-3 · Cited by 19

Extract of Tinospora sinensis alleviates LPS-induced neuroinflammation in mice by regulating TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway

Xie, Y., Fang, C., Lu, L., Wang, J., Wu, L., Wang, S., Guo, Q., Yan, W., Wei, J., Duan, F., et al. (2024) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2024.118807 · Cited by 16

Intestinal immunity in C. elegans is activated by pathogen effector-triggered aggregation of the guard protein TIR-1 on lysosome-related organelles

Tse, S. Y., Wani, K. A., Peterson, N., Page, A., Humphries, F., & Pukkila-Worley, R. (2024) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2024.08.013 · Cited by 16

Nanoparticles in Subunit Vaccines: Immunological Foundations, Categories, and Applications

Liang, J., Yao, L., Liu, Z., Chen, Y., Lin, Y., & Tian, T. (2024) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.202407649 · Cited by 17

Leishmania amazonensis Promastigotes or Extracellular Vesicles Modulate B-1 Cell Activation and Differentiation

Reis, N. F. D. C., Dupin, T. V., Costa, C. R., Toledo, M. D. S., de Oliveira, V. C., Popi, A. F., Torrecilhas, A. C., & Xander, P. B. (2020) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2020.573813 · Cited by 16

Human genetic polymorphisms and risk of viral infection after solid organ transplantation.

Redondo, N., Navarro, D., Aguado, J. M., & Fernández‐Ruiz, M. (2021) · Transplantation Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.trre.2021.100669 · Cited by 16

miR‐155‐regulated mTOR and Toll‐like receptor 5 in gastric diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma

Huang, W., Kuo, S., Kuo, Y., & Lin, C. (2021) · Cancer Medicine · doi:10.1002/cam4.4466 · Cited by 16

Evolution of RNA sensing receptors in birds

Magor, K. E. (2022) · Immunogenetics · doi:10.1007/s00251-021-01238-1 · Cited by 16

Upstream stimulatory factor 2 (USF2) induced upregulation of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM1) promotes endometritis by regulating toll-like receptor (TLR) 2/4-nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) signaling pathway

Zhang, M., Yin, C., Chen, Y., Wang, J., & Jiang, J. (2022) · Bioengineered · doi:10.1080/21655979.2022.2030619 · Cited by 16

The Emerging Roles of Pellino Family in Pattern Recognition Receptor Signaling

Zhang, E., & Li, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.728794 · Cited by 15

The transmembrane adapter SCIMP recruits tyrosine kinase Syk to phosphorylate Toll-like receptors to mediate selective inflammatory outputs

Liu, L., Lucas, R. M., Nanson, J. D., Li, Y., Whitfield, J. H., Curson, J. E. B., Tuladhar, N., Alexandrov, K. A., Mobli, M., Sweet, M. J., et al. (2022) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101857 · Cited by 16

Influence of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in TLR3 (rs3775291) and TLR9 (rs352139) on the risk of CMV infection in kidney transplant recipients

Redondo, N., Rodríguez‐Góncer, I., Parra, P., Ruiz‐Merlo, T., López‐Medrano, F., González, E., Polanco, N., Trujillo, H., Hernández, A. M. G., Juan, R. S., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.929995 · Cited by 16

Serum-borne lipids amplify TLR-activated inflammatory responses

Sharma, N., Akhade, A. S., Ismaeel, S., & Qadri, A. (2020) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1002/jlb.3ab0720-241rr · Cited by 16

HLA I immunopeptidome of synthetic long peptide pulsed human dendritic cells for therapeutic vaccine design

Kessler, A. L., Pieterman, R. F. A., Doff, W. A. S., Bezstarosti, K., Bouzid, R., Klarenaar, K., Jansen, D. T. S. L., Luijten, R. J., Demmers, J., & Buschow, S. I. (2025) · npj Vaccines · doi:10.1038/s41541-025-01069-1 · Cited by 18

Apigenin alleviates inflammation as a natural IRAK4 inhibitor.

Gongpan, P., Xu, T.-T., Zhang, Y., Ji, K., Kong, L.-M., Wang, X., Chen, H.-M., Song, Q.-S., Sun, Y.-L., Geng, C.-A., et al. (2025) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2025.156519 · Cited by 16

Phosphorylated Toll-like receptor 3 nuclear translocation in cancer cell promotes metastasis and chemoresistance

Wang, Z., Gu, Y. H., Liu, Y., Wang, Z., Chen, X., Wang, H., Zhang, W., Jin, G., & Cao, X. (2025) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-025-02307-7 · Cited by 15

Manipulation of the nucleotide pool in human, bacterial and plant immunity

Hochhauser, D., & Sorek, R. (2025) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01206-w · Cited by 17

Redox-sensitive high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a multifunctional regulator of cellular senescence, inflammation, and immunosuppression: Impact on the aging process

Salminen, A. (2025) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2025.102926 · Cited by 15

Natural Macrophage Membrane-Coated Nanoparticles as a Multifaceted Sepsis Therapeutic to Sequester Inflammatory and Toxic Mediators

Hoffman, A., Bjånes, E., Zhou, Z., Onanuga, A., Ngo, A. T. P., Hannah, S., Chavarria, N., Dahesh, S., Tran, B. T., Meier, A., et al. (2025) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.5c12658 · Cited by 19

Wdfy1 deficiency impairs Tlr3-mediated immune responses in vivo

Yang, Y., Hu, Y., & Liu, Y. (2020) · Cellular and Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41423-020-0461-4 · Cited by 16

Birch Pollen Induces Toll-Like Receptor 4-Dependent Dendritic Cell Activation Favoring T Cell Responses

Pointner, L., Kraiem, A., Thaler, M., Richter, F., Wenger, M., Bethanis, A., Klotz, M., Traidl‐Hoffmann, C., Gilles, S., & Aglas, L. (2021) · Frontiers in Allergy · doi:10.3389/falgy.2021.680937 · Cited by 15

Immune Responses against SARS-CoV-2—Questions and Experiences

Mangge, H., Kneihsl, M., Schnedl, W. J., Sendlhofer, G., Curcio, F., & Domenis, R. (2021) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines9101342 · Cited by 16

Variations within Toll‐like receptor ( TLR ) and TLR signaling pathway‐related genes and their synergistic effects on the risk of Guillain‐Barré syndrome

Dutta, D., Nagappa, M., Nair, B. V. S., Das, S., Wahatule, R., Sinha, S., Ravi, V., Taly, A. B., & Debnath, M. (2022) · Journal of the Peripheral Nervous System · doi:10.1111/jns.12484 · Cited by 15

Toll-Like Receptor 3 in Cardiovascular Diseases

Zhuang, C., Chen, R., Zheng, Z., Lu, J., & Hong, C. (2022) · Heart Lung and Circulation · doi:10.1016/j.hlc.2022.02.012 · Cited by 15

N-Terminal Peptide of PGLYRP1/Tag7 Is a Novel Ligand for TREM-1 Receptor

Sharapova, T. N., Ivanova, O. K., Romanova, E. A., Sashchenko, L. P., & Yashin, D. V. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23105752 · Cited by 15

Structural Insight Into hnRNP A2/B1 Homodimerization and DNA Recognition

Liu, Y., Abula, A., Xiao, H., Guo, H., Li, T., Zheng, L., Chen, B., Nguyen, H. C., & Ji, X. (2022) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167920 · Cited by 15

OTU7B Modulates the Mosquito Immune Response to Beauveria bassiana Infection via Deubiquitination of the Toll Adaptor TRAF4

Wang, Y., Chang, M., Wang, M., Ji, Y., Sun, X., Raikhel, A. S., & Zou, Z. (2022) · Microbiology Spectrum · doi:10.1128/spectrum.03123-22 · Cited by 15

The Gut Microbiome, Microbial Metabolites, and Cardiovascular Disease in People Living with HIV

Peters, B. A., Burk, R. D., Kaplan, R. C., & Qi, Q. (2023) · Current HIV/AIDS Reports · doi:10.1007/s11904-023-00648-y · Cited by 16

The Role of TRL7/8 Agonists in Cancer Therapy, with Special Emphasis on Hematologic Malignancies

Leśniak, M., Lipniarska, J., Majka, P., Kopyt, W., Lejman, M., & Zawitkowska, J. (2023) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines11020277 · Cited by 15

β Boswellic Acid Blocks Articular Innate Immune Responses: An In Silico and In Vitro Approach to Traditional Medicine

Franco‐Trepat, E., Alonso‐Pérez, A., Guillán‐Fresco, M., López‐Fagúndez, M., Pazos‐Pérez, A., Crespo-Golmar, A., Bravo, S. B., López-López, V., Mora, A. J., Cerón‐Carrasco, J. P., et al. (2023) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox12020371 · Cited by 15

Cellular and Systemic Effects of Micro- and Nanoplastics in Mammals—What We Know So Far

Grote, K., Brüstle, F., & Vlacil, A.-K. (2023) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma16083123 · Cited by 15

Reversing immune evasion using a DNA nano-orchestrator for pancreatic cancer immunotherapy

Zhao, X., Dong, Y., Zhang, J., Chen, C., Gao, L., Shi, C., Fu, Z., Han, M., Yang, Z., Sun, P., et al. (2023) · Acta Biomaterialia · doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2023.05.001 · Cited by 15

A rapid, high-throughput, viral infectivity assay using automated brightfield microscopy with machine learning

Dodkins, R., Delaney, J. R., Overton, T., Scholle, F., Frias‐De‐Diego, A., Crisci, E., Huq, N., Jordan, I., Kimata, J. T., Findley, T., et al. (2023) · SLAS TECHNOLOGY · doi:10.1016/j.slast.2023.07.003 · Cited by 16

Role of TLRs as signaling cascades to combat infectious diseases: a review

Salauddin, M., Bhattacharyya, D., Samanta, I., Saha, S., Xue, M., Hossain, M. G., & Zheng, C. (2025) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-025-05631-x · Cited by 39

Toll-Like Receptor Signaling Pathways

Kawasaki, T., & Kawai, T. (2014) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2014.00461 · Cited by 3,245

Toll-like Receptors are Key Participants in Innate Immune Responses

Arancibia, S., Beltrán, C. J., Aguirre, I., Silva, P. C., PERALTA, A. L., Malinarich, F., & Hermoso, M. A. (2007) · Biological Research · doi:10.4067/s0716-97602007000200001 · Cited by 291

Decoding Toll-like receptors: Recent insights and perspectives in innate immunity

Kawai, T., Ikegawa, M., Ori, D., & Akira, S. (2024) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2024.03.004 · Cited by 593

Review Article Toll-like receptors in innate immunity

Takeda, K., & Akira, S. (2013)