Allele-Specific Chromosome Removal after Cas9 Cleavage in Human Embryos
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
Correction of disease-causing mutations in human embryos holds the potential to reduce the burden of inherited genetic disorders and improve fertility treatments for couples with disease-causing mutations in lieu of embryo selection. Here, we evaluate repair outcomes of a Cas9-induced double-strand break (DSB) introduced on the paternal chromosome at the EYS locus, which carries a frameshift mutation causing blindness. We show that the most common repair outcome is microhomology-mediated end joining, which occurs during the first cell cycle in the zygote, leading to embryos with non-mosaic restoration of the reading frame. Notably, about half of the breaks remain unrepaired, resulting in an undetectable paternal allele and, after mitosis, loss of one or both chromosomal arms. Correspondingly, Cas9 off-target cleavage results in chromosomal losses and hemizygous indels because of cleavage of both alleles. These results demonstrate the ability to manipulate chromosome content and reveal significant challenges for mutation correction in human embryos.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Microhomology-mediated end-joining (MMEJ) is the dominant repair pathway in this context.
“and that microhomology-mediated end-joining (MMEJ) is the dominant repair pathway in this context (37).”
From Frequent loss of heterozygosity in CRISPR-Cas9–edited early human embryos (2021) · cites this paper as [37]
The Discussion calls the MMEJ-mediated 5-bp deletion the most common repair event at the targeted EYS site, and the Results report that it accounted for 55% of edited reads. But MMEJ was not the dominant pathway among independent repair events in embryos: the Results count 14 MMEJ events versus 18 NHEJ events. The claim overgeneralizes a frequent repair outcome to the pathway overall. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMMEJ-derived large deletions are more likely than microhomology-mediated gene conversion in this context.
“This suggests that MMEJ-derived large deletions (14, 37) are more likely than microhomology-mediated gene conversion in this context, though protein expression has yet to be fully characterised.”
From Frequent loss of heterozygosity in CRISPR-Cas9–edited early human embryos (2021) · cites this paper as [37]
The Discussion reports MMEJ as a predominant repair pathway at the EYS site, but describes its common deletion as 5 bp, not a large deletion. The Background attributes segmental and whole-chromosome loss to mitotic entry with unrepaired breaks, rather than MMEJ. The paper therefore supports frequent MMEJ repair in this context, but not the claim that MMEJ-derived large deletions are more likely than gene conversion. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Search-and-replace genome editing without double-strand breaks or donor DNA
Anzalone, A. V., Randolph, P. B., Davis, J. R., Sousa, A. A., Koblan, L. W., Levy, J. M., Chen, P. J., Wilson, C., Newby, G. A., Raguram, A., et al. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1711-4 · Cited by 4,767 · see citing works
To err (meiotically) is human: the genesis of human aneuploidy
Hassold, T. J., & Hunt, P. A. (2001) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/35066065 · Cited by 2,456 · see citing works
Kosicki, M., Tomberg, K., & Bradley, A. (2018) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.4192 · Cited by 1,883 · see citing works
CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing in human tripronuclear zygotes
Liang, P., Xu, Y., Zhang, X., Ding, C., Huang, R., Zhang, Z., Lv, J., Xie, X., Chen, Y., Li, Y., et al. (2015) · Protein & Cell · doi:10.1007/s13238-015-0153-5 · Cited by 1,135 · see citing works
Correction of a pathogenic gene mutation in human embryos
Ma, H., Marti-Gutierrez, N., Park, S.-W., Wu, J., Lee, Y., Suzuki, K., Koski, A., Ji, D., Hayama, T., Ahmed, R., et al. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature23305 · Cited by 969 · see citing works
Chromosome instability is common in human cleavage-stage embryos
Vanneste, E., Voet, T., Le Caignec, C., Ampe, M., Konings, P., Melotte, C., Debrock, S., Amyere, M., Vikkula, M., Schuit, F., et al. (2009) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.1924 · Cited by 880 · see citing works
Repair of Strand Breaks by Homologous RecombinationPreprint
Jasin, M., & Rothstein, R. J. (2013) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a012740 · Cited by 877 · see citing works
Self-citationHastings, P. J., Ira, G., & Lupski, J. R. (2009) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000327 · Cited by 818 · see citing works
Microhomology-Mediated End Joining: A Back-up Survival Mechanism or Dedicated Pathway?
Sfeir, A., & Symington, L. S. (2015) · Trends in Biochemical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tibs.2015.08.006 · Cited by 636 · see citing works
Lin, Y., Cradick, T. J., Brown, M. T., Deshmukh, H., Ranjan, P., Sarode, N., Wile, B. M., Vertino, P. M., Stewart, F. J., & Bao, G. (2014) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gku402 · Cited by 634 · see citing works
Ding, Q., Regan, S. N., Xia, Y., Oostrom, L. A., Cowan, C. A., & Musunuru, K. (2013) · Cell stem cell · doi:10.1016/j.stem.2013.03.006 · Cited by 502 · see citing works
Telomere lengthening early in development
Liu, L., Bailey, S. M., Okuka, M., Muñoz, P., Li, C., Zhou, L., Wu, C., Czerwiec, E., Sandler, L., Seyfang, A., et al. (2007) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/ncb1664 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
Genome editing reveals a role for OCT4 in human embryogenesis
Fogarty, N. M. E., McCarthy, A., Snijders, K. E., Powell, B. E., Kubikova, N., Blakeley, P., Lea, R., Elder, K., Wamaitha, S. E., Kim, D., et al. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature24033 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
Large deletions induced by Cas9 cleavage
Adikusuma, F., Piltz, S., Corbett, M. A., Turvey, M., McColl, S. R., Helbig, K. J., Beard, M. R., Hughes, J., Pomerantz, R. T., & Thomas, P. Q. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0380-z · Cited by 371 · see citing works
Ottolini, C. S., Newnham, L. J., Capalbo, A., Natesan, S. A., Joshi, H. A., Cimadomo, D., Griffin, D. K., Sage, K., Summers, M. C., Thornhill, A. R., et al. (2015) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.3306 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Frequent loss of heterozygosity in CRISPR-Cas9–edited early human embryos
Alanis-Lobato, G., Zohren, J., McCarthy, A., Fogarty, N. M. E., Kubikova, N., Hardman, E., Greco, M., Wells, D., Turner, J. M. A., & Niakan, K. K. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2004832117 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Evidence of Selection against Complex Mitotic-Origin Aneuploidy during Preimplantation Development
McCoy, R. C., Demko, Z., Ryan, A., Banjevic, M., Hill, M., Sigurjonsson, S., Rabinowitz, M., & Petrov, D. A. (2015) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005601 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
El-Aziz, M. M. A., Barragán, I., O'Driscoll, C., Goodstadt, L., Prigmore, E., Borrego, S., Mena, M. D., Pieras, J. I., EL-Ashry, M. F., Abu‐Safieh, L., et al. (2008) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.241 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Healing of broken human chromosomes by the addition of telomeric repeats.
Jonathan Flint, C., Craddock, C., Villegas, A., Bentley, D. P., Williams, H. J., Galanello, R., Cao, A., Wood, W. G., Ayyub, H., & Higgs, D. R. (1994) · PubMed Central · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Human oocytes reprogram adult somatic nuclei of a type 1 diabetic to diploid pluripotent stem cells
Yamada, M., Jóhannesson, B., Sagi, I., Burnett, L. C., Kort, D. H., Prosser, R. W., Paull, D. J., Nestor, M. W., Freeby, M., Greenberg, E. M., et al. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature13287 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Self-citationCRISPR/Cas9-mediated targeted chromosome elimination
Zuo, E., Huo, X., Yao, X., Hu, X., Sun, Y., Yin, J., He, B., Wang, X., Shi, L., Ping, J., et al. (2017) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-017-1354-4 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Chen, A. E., Egli, D. M., Niakan, K. K., Deng, J., Akutsu, H., Yamaki, M., Cowan, C. A., Fitzgerald, C., Zhang, K., Melton, D. A., et al. (2009) · Cell stem cell · doi:10.1016/j.stem.2008.12.001 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Self-citationLemos, B. R., Kaplan, A. C., Bae, J. E., Ferrazzoli, A. E., Kuo, J., Anand, R., Waterman, D. P., & Haber, J. E. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1716855115 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Dual-spindle formation in zygotes keeps parental genomes apart in early mammalian embryos
Reichmann, J., Nijmeijer, B., Hossain, M. J., Eguren, M., Schneider, I., Politi, A. Z., Roberti, M. J., Hufnagel, L., Hiiragi, T., & Ellenberg, J. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aar7462 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Weise, A. (2010) · International Journal of Oncology · doi:10.3892/ijo_00000572 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Franasiak, J. M., Forman, E. J., Hong, K. H., Werner, M. D., Upham, K. M., Treff, N. R., & Scott, R. T. (2014) · Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10815-014-0333-x · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Self-citationInter-homologue repair in fertilized human eggs?
Egli, D., Zuccaro, M. V., Kosicki, M., Church, G. M., Bradley, A., & Jasin, M. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0379-5 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Self-citationChromosome healing in mouse embryonic stem cells
Sprung, C. N., Reynolds, G. E., Jasin, M., & Murnane, J. P. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.12.6781 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citationTargeted Deletion of an Entire Chromosome Using CRISPR/Cas9
Adikusuma, F., Williams, N., Grützner, F., Hughes, J., & Thomas, P. Q. (2017) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.05.021 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Characterization of telomerase activity in the human oocyte and preimplantation embryo
Wright, D. L. (2001) · Molecular Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/molehr/7.10.947 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Kort, D. H., Chia, G., Treff, N. R., Tanaka, A. J., Xing, T., Bauer, L., Micucci, S., Prosser, R. W., Lobo, R. A., Sauer, M. V., et al. (2015) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/dev281 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Self-citationTripolar mitosis and partitioning of the genome arrests human preimplantation development in vitro
Ottolini, C. S., Kitchen, J. R., Xanthopoulou, L., Gordon, T., Summers, M. C., & Handyside, A. H. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-09693-1 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Treff, N. R., Zimmerman, R., Bechor, E., Hsu, J., Rana, B., Jensen, J., Li, J., Samoilenko, A., Mowrey, W. R., Alstine, J. V., et al. (2019) · European Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ejmg.2019.04.004 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationDerivation of Euploid Human Embryonic Stem Cells from Aneuploid Embryos
Lavon, N., Narwani, K., Golan‐Lev, T., Buehler, N., Hill, D., & Benvenisty, N. (2008) · Stem Cells · doi:10.1634/stemcells.2008-0156 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Rawcopy: Improved copy number analysis with Affymetrix arrays
Mayrhofer, M., Viklund, B., & Isaksson, A. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep36158 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Lea, R. A., & Niakan, K. K. (2019) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/s41556-019-0424-0 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Normal phenotype with paternal uniparental isodisomy for chromosome 21.
Blouin, J. L., Avramopoulos, D., Pángalos, C., & Antonarakis, S. E. (1993) · PubMed · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Ma, H., Martí‐Gutiérrez, N., Park, S.-W., Wu, J., Hayama, T., Darby, H., Dyken, C. V., Li, Y., Koski, A., Liang, D., et al. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0381-y · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Genomic instability during reprogramming by nuclear transfer is DNA replication dependent
Chia, G., Agudo, J., Treff, N. R., Sauer, M. V., Billing, D. L., Brown, B. D., Baer, R. J., & Egli, D. M. (2017) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/ncb3485 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationSagi, I., Pinho, J. C. D., Zuccaro, M. V., Atzmon, C., Golan‐Lev, T., Yanuka, O., Prosser, R. W., Sadowy, A., Perez, G. I., Cabral, T., et al. (2019) · Cell stem cell · doi:10.1016/j.stem.2019.06.013 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationThe in vitro survival of human monosomies and trisomies as embryonic stem cells
Biancotti, J. C., Narwani, K., Mandefro, B., Golan‐Lev, T., Buehler, N., Hill, D., Svendsen, C. N., & Benvenisty, N. (2012) · Stem Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.scr.2012.07.002 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Zuccaro, M. V., Xu, J. L., Mitchell, C. A., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.06.17.149237 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationCompensating human subjects providing oocytes for stem cell research: 9-year experience and outcomes
Safier, L. Z., Gumer, A. R., Kline, M. D., Egli, D. M., & Sauer, M. V. (2018) · Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10815-018-1171-z · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationUnder the Influence: Cas9 Ends and DNA Repair Outcomes
Jasin, M. (2018) · The CRISPR Journal · doi:10.1089/crispr.2018.29014.jas · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationTelomerase activity in human germline and embryonic tissues and cells
Wright, W. E., Piatyszek, M. A., Rainey, W. E., Byrd, W., & Shay, J. W. (1996) · Developmental Genetics · doi:10.1002/(sici)1520-6408(1996)18:2
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 46 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- EYS / Cas9 target site bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.17.149237; this version posted June 18, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint · DOI
- % on target genotype bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.17.149237; this version posted June 18, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
CRISPR/Cas9 therapeutics: progress and prospects
Li, T., Yang, Y., Qi, H., Cui, W., Zhang, L., Fu, X., He, X., Liu, M., Li, P., & Yu, T. (2023) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-023-01309-7 · Cited by 770 · see citing works
Chromothripsis as an on-target consequence of CRISPR–Cas9 genome editing
Leibowitz, M. L., Papathanasiou, S., Doerfler, P. A., Blaine, L. J., Sun, L., Yao, Y., Zhang, C.-Z., Weiss, M. J., & Pellman, D. (2021) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-021-00838-7 · Cited by 583 · see citing works
Base editing of haematopoietic stem cells rescues sickle cell disease in mice
Newby, G. A., Yen, J. S., Woodard, K. J., Mayuranathan, T., Lazzarotto, C. R., Li, Y., Sheppard, H., Porter, S. N., Yao, Y., Mayberry, K. D., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03609-w · Cited by 390 · see citing works
Precise genomic deletions using paired prime editing
Choi, J., Chen, W., Suiter, C. C., Lee, C., Chardon, F. M., Yang, W., Leith, A., Daza, R. M., Martin, B., & Shendure, J. (2021) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41587-021-01025-z · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Frequent loss of heterozygosity in CRISPR-Cas9–edited early human embryos
Alanis-Lobato, G., Zohren, J., McCarthy, A., Fogarty, N. M. E., Kubikova, N., Hardman, E., Greco, M., Wells, D., Turner, J. M. A., & Niakan, K. K. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2004832117 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
CRISPR-based genome editing through the lens of DNA repair
Nambiar, T. S., Baudrier, L., Billon, P., & Ciccia, A. (2022) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2021.12.026 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Frequent aneuploidy in primary human T cells after CRISPR–Cas9 cleavage
Nahmad, A. D., Reuveni, E., Goldschmidt, E., Tenne, T., Liberman, M., Horovitz‐Fried, M., Khosravi, R., Kobo, H., Reinstein, E., Madi, A., et al. (2022) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41587-022-01377-0 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Assessing and advancing the safety of CRISPR-Cas tools: from DNA to RNA editing
Tao, J., Bauer, D. E., & Chiarle, R. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-35886-6 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Mapping the genetic landscape of DNA double-strand break repair
Hussmann, J. A., Jia, L., Ravisankar, P., Yan, J., Cirincione, A., Xu, A., Simpson, D., Yang, D., Bothmer, A., Cotta‐Ramusino, C., et al. (2021) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.10.002 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Davis, J. R., Wang, X., Witte, I. P., Huang, T. P., Levy, J. M., Raguram, A., Banskota, S., Seidah, N. G., Musunuru, K., & Liu, D. R. (2022) · Nature Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1038/s41551-022-00911-4 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Höijer, I., Emmanouilidou, A., Östlund, R., van Schendel, R., Bozorgpana, S., Tijsterman, M., Feuk, L., Gyllensten, U. B., den Hoed, M., & Ameur, A. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-28244-5 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Designing and executing prime editing experiments in mammalian cells
Doman, J. L., Sousa, A. A., Randolph, P. B., Chen, P. J., & Liu, D. R. (2022) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/s41596-022-00724-4 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Rasul, M. F., Hussen, B. M., Salihi, A. B., Ismael, B. S., Jalal, P. J., Zanichelli, A., Jamali, E., Baniahmad, A., Ghafouri‐Fard, S., Basiri, A., et al. (2022) · Molecular Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12943-021-01487-4 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Everette, K. A., Newby, G. A., Levine, R. M., Mayberry, K. D., Jang, Y., Mayuranathan, T., Nimmagadda, N., Dempsey, E., Li, Y., Bhoopalan, S. V., et al. (2023) · Nature Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1038/s41551-023-01026-0 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Parental genome unification is highly error-prone in mammalian embryos
Cavazza, T., Takeda, Y., Politi, A. Z., Aushev, M., Aldag, P., Baker, C., Choudhary, M. K., Bucevičius, J., Lukinavičius, G., Elder, K. T., et al. (2021) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.04.013 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Human Germline and Heritable Genome Editing: The Global Policy Landscape
Baylis, F., Darnovsky, M., Hasson, K., & Krahn, T. M. (2020) · The CRISPR Journal · doi:10.1089/crispr.2020.0082 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Oncogene-like addiction to aneuploidy in human cancers
Girish, V., Lakhani, A. A., Thompson, S. L., Scaduto, C. M., Brown, L. M., Hagenson, R. A., Sausville, E. L., Mendelson, B. E., Kandikuppa, P. K., Lukow, D. A., et al. (2023) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.adg4521 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Lampe, G. D., King, R. T., Halpin-Healy, T. S., Klompe, S. E., Hogan, M. I., Vo, P. L. H., Tang, S., Chavez, A., & Sternberg, S. H. (2023) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41587-023-01748-1 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Self-citationLian, X., Chatterjee, S., Sun, Y., Dilliard, S. A., Moore, S., Xiao, Y., Bian, X., Yamada, K., Sung, Y., Levine, R. M., et al. (2024) · Nature Nanotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41565-024-01680-8 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Whole chromosome loss and genomic instability in mouse embryos after CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing
Papathanasiou, S., Markoulaki, S., Blaine, L. J., Leibowitz, M. L., Zhang, C., Jaenisch, R., & Pellman, D. S. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-26097-y · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Replication stress impairs chromosome segregation and preimplantation development in human embryos
Palmerola, K. L., Amrane, S., Angeles, A. D. L., Xu, S., Wang, N., de Pinho, J., Zuccaro, M. V., Taglialatela, A., Massey, D. J., Turocy, J. M., et al. (2022) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.06.028 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Self-citationHunt, J., Samson, C., du Rand, A., & Sheppard, H. M. (2023) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00439-023-02561-1 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Global detection of DNA repair outcomes induced by CRISPR–Cas9
Liu, M., Zhang, W., Xin, C., Yin, J., Shang, Y., Chen, A., Li, J., Meng, F., & Hu, J. (2021) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkab686 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Integration of CRISPR/Cas9 with artificial intelligence for improved cancer therapeutics
Bhat, A. A., Nisar, S., Mukherjee, S., Saha, N., Yarravarapu, N., Lone, S. N., Masoodi, T., Chauhan, R., Maacha, S., Bagga, P., et al. (2022) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-022-03765-1 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Tao, R., Han, X., Bai, X., Yu, J., Ma, Y.-W., Chen, W., Zhang, D., & Li, Z. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1354825 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Prime editing with genuine Cas9 nickases minimizes unwanted indels
Lee, J., Lim, K., Kim, A., Mok, Y. G., Chung, E., Cho, S.-I., Lee, J. M., & Kim, J. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-37507-8 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA editing in human cells with zinc finger deaminases
Lim, K., Cho, S.-I., & Kim, J. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-27962-0 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Off-target effects in CRISPR-Cas genome editing for human therapeutics: Progress and challenges
Kalter, N., Fuster‐García, C., Silva, A., Ronco-Díaz, V., Roncelli, S., Turchiano, G., Gorodkin, J., Cathomen, T., Benabdellah, K., Lee, C. M., et al. (2025) · Molecular Therapy — Nucleic Acids · doi:10.1016/j.omtn.2025.102636 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Frequency and mechanisms of LINE-1 retrotransposon insertions at CRISPR/Cas9 sites
Tao, J., Wang, Q., Mendez‐Dorantes, C., Burns, K. H., & Chiarle, R. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-31322-3 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Therapeutic adenine base editing of human hematopoietic stem cells
Liao, J., Chen, S., Hsiao, S., Jiang, Y., Yang, Y., Zhang, Y., Wang, X., Lai, Y., Bauer, D. E., & Wu, Y. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-35508-7 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Pavani, G., Fabiano, A., Laurent, M., Amor, F., Cantelli, E., Chalumeau, A., Maule, G., Tachtsidi, A., Concordet, J., Cereseto, A., et al. (2021) · Blood Advances · doi:10.1182/bloodadvances.2020001996 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Improvements in Gene Editing Technology Boost Its Applications in Livestock
Périssé, I. V., Fan, Z., Singina, G. N., White, K. L., & Polejaeva, I. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2020.614688 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Piergentili, R., RIO, A. D., Signore, F., Ronchi, F. U., Marinelli, E., & Zaami, S. (2021) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells10050969 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Boutin, J., Rosier, J., Cappellen, D., Prat, F., Toutain, J., Pennamen, P., Bouron, J., Rooryck, C., Merlio, J., Lamrissi‐Garcia, I., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-25190-6 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Chamberlain, C. A., Bennett, E., Kverneland, A. H., Svane, I. M., Donia, M., & Met, Ö. (2022) · Molecular Therapy — Oncolytics · doi:10.1016/j.omto.2022.01.004 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Wen, W., Quan, Z.-J., Li, S.-A., Yang, Z.-X., Fu, Y.-W., Zhang, F., Li, G., Zhao, M., Yin, M., Xu, J., et al. (2021) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-021-02462-4 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Self-citationBulcaen, M., Kortleven, P., Liu, R. B., Maule, G., Dreano, E., Kelly, M., Ensinck, M. M., Thierie, S., Smits, M., Ciciani, M., et al. (2024) · Cell Reports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101544 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Gene editing and its applications in biomedicine
Li, G., Li, X., Zhuang, S., Wang, L., Zhu, Y., Chen, Y., Sun, W. C., Wu, Z., Zhou, Z. L., Chen, J., et al. (2022) · Science China Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11427-021-2057-0 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Simkin, D., Papakis, V., Bustos, B. I., Ambrosi, C. M., Ryan, S. J., Baru, V., Williams, L. A., Dempsey, G. T., McManus, O. B., Landers, J. E., et al. (2022) · Stem Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.02.008 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Li, Z., Wang, J., Xu, J.-P., Yang, X. F., & Yang, X. F. (2023) · Military Medical Research · doi:10.1186/s40779-023-00447-x · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citationReplication stress as a driver of cellular senescence and aging
Herr, L. M., Schaffer, E. D., Fuchs, K. F., Datta, A., & Brosh, R. M. (2024) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-024-06263-w · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Hwang, G., Lee, S., Oh, M., Kim, S., Habib, O., Jang, H., Kim, H. S., Kim, Y., Kim, C. H., Kim, S., et al. (2024) · Nature Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1038/s41551-024-01277-5 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Sousa, A. A., Hemez, C. F., Lei, L., Traore, S., Kulhánková, K., Newby, G. A., Doman, J. L., Oye, K., Pandey, S., Karp, P. H., et al. (2024) · Nature Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1038/s41551-024-01233-3 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
The hidden risks of CRISPR/Cas: structural variations and genome integrity
Aussel, C., Cathomen, T., & Fuster‐García, C. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-62606-z · Cited by 72 · see citing works
CRISPR gene editing in human embryos wreaks chromosomal mayhem
Ledford, H. K. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-020-01906-4 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
ON-Target Adverse Events of CRISPR-Cas9 Nuclease: More Chaotic than Expected
Boutin, J., Cappellen, D., Rosier, J., Amintas, S., Dabernat, S., Bedel, A., & Moreau‐Gaudry, F. (2022) · The CRISPR Journal · doi:10.1089/crispr.2021.0120 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
CRISPR/Cas Technology in Pig-to-Human Xenotransplantation Research
Ryczek, N., Hryhorowicz, M., Zeyland, J., Lipiński, D., & Słomski, R. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22063196 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Mosaic loss of chromosome Y promotes leukemogenesis and clonal hematopoiesis
Zhang, Q., Zhao, L., Yang, Y., Li, S., Liu, Y., & Chen, C. (2022) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.153768 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Improvement of base editors and prime editors advances precision genome engineering in plants
Hua, K., Han, P., & Zhu, J. (2021) · PLANT PHYSIOLOGY · doi:10.1093/plphys/kiab591 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Harnessing DSB repair to promote efficient homology-dependent and -independent prime editing
Peterka, M., Akrap, N., Li, S., Wimberger, S., Hsieh, P.-P., Degtev, D., Bestas, B., Barr, J., van de Plassche, S., Mendoza-García, P., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-28771-1 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Turocy, J. M., Adashi, E. Y., & Egli, D. M. (2021) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.036 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationThe contribution of DNA repair pathways to genome editing and evolution in filamentous pathogens
Huang, J. T., & Cook, D. E. (2022) · FEMS Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1093/femsre/fuac035 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Lazar, N. H., Çelik, S., Chen, L., Fay, M. M., Irish, J. C., Jensen, J., Tillinghast, C. A., Urbanik, J., Bone, W. P., Roberts, G. H. L., et al. (2024) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-024-01758-y · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Programmable epigenome editing by transient delivery of CRISPR epigenome editor ribonucleoproteins
Xu, D. Z., Besselink, S., Ramadoss, G. N., Dierks, P. H., Lubin, J. P., Pattali, R. K., Brim, J. I., Christenson, A. E., Colias, P. J., Ornelas, I. J., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-63167-x · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Anticipating and Identifying Collateral Damage in Genome Editing
Burgio, G., & Teboul, L. (2020) · Trends in Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.tig.2020.09.011 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
In vivo prime editing rescues alternating hemiplegia of childhood in mice
Sousa, A. A., Terrey, M., Sakai, H. A., Simmons, C. Q., Arystarkhova, E., Morsci, N. S., Anderson, L. C., Xie, J., Suri‐Payer, F., Laux, L. C., et al. (2025) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2025.06.038 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Specificity of oligonucleotide gene therapy (OGT) agents
Nedorezova, D. D., Dubovichenko, M. V., Belyaeva, E. P., Grigorieva, E. D., Peresadina, A. V., & Kolpashchikov, D. M. (2022) · Theranostics · doi:10.7150/thno.77830 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Homology-based repair induced by CRISPR-Cas nucleases in mammalian embryo genome editing
Zhang, X., Li, T., Ou, J., Huang, J., & Liang, P. (2021) · Protein & Cell · doi:10.1007/s13238-021-00838-7 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Efficient Correction of a Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Mutation by ABEmax-NG
Ma, S., Jiang, W., Liu, X., Lu, W., Qi, T., Wei, J., Wu, F., Chang, Y., Zhang, S., Song, Y., et al. (2021) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.120.318674 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
CRISPRthripsis: The Risk of CRISPR/Cas9-induced Chromothripsis in Gene Therapy
Amendola, M., Brusson, M., & Miccio, A. (2022) · Stem Cells Translational Medicine · doi:10.1093/stcltm/szac064 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
In Vivo Base Editing of Scn5a Rescues Type 3 Long QT Syndrome in Mice
Qi, M., Ma, S., Liu, J., Liu, X., Wei, J., Lu, W., Zhang, S., Chang, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhong, K., et al. (2023) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.123.065624 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
PAM-flexible Engineered FnCas9 variants for robust and ultra-precise genome editing and diagnostics
Acharya, S., Ansari, A. H., Das, P. K., Hirano, S., Aich, M., Rauthan, R., Mahato, S., Maddileti, S., Sarkar, S., Kumar, M., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-49233-w · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Technical challenges of studying early human development
Rugg‐Gunn, P. J., Moris, N., & Tam, P. (2023) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.201797 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Base editing in bovine embryos reveals a species-specific role of SOX2 in regulation of pluripotency
Luo, L., Shi, Y., Wang, H., Wang, Z., Dang, Y., Li, S., Wang, S., & Zhang, K. (2022) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1010307 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Liu, S.-C., Feng, Y.-L., Sun, X., Chen, R.-D., Liu, Q., Xiao, J., Zhang, J., Huang, Z., Xiang, J.-F., Chen, G., et al. (2022) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-022-02736-5 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Optimization of Cas9 activity through the addition of cytosine extensions to single-guide RNAs
Kawamata, M., Suzuki, H. I., Kimura, R., & Suzuki, A. (2023) · Nature Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1038/s41551-023-01011-7 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Alariqi, M., Ramadan, M., Yu, L., Hui, F., Hussain, A., Zhou, X., Yu, Y., Zhang, X., & Jin, S. (2025) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202416331 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
A CRISPR endonuclease gene drive reveals distinct mechanisms of inheritance bias
Verkuijl, S. A. N., González, E., Li, M., Ang, J. X. D., Kandul, N. P., Anderson, M. A. E., Akbari, O. S., Bonsall, M. B., & Alphey, L. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-34739-y · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Li, P., DuPont, B. R., Hu, Q., Crimi, M., Shen, Y., Лебедев, И. Н., & Liehr, T. (2022) · Human Genetics and Genomics Advances · doi:10.1016/j.xhgg.2022.100139 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Masset, H., Ding, J., Dimitriadou, E., Ardeshirdavani, A., Debrock, S., Tšuiko, O., Smits, K., Peeraer, K., Moreau, Y., Voet, T., et al. (2022) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkac134 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
CRISPR–Cas9 gene editing induced complex on-target outcomes in human cells
Wen, W., & Zhang, X. (2022) · Experimental Hematology · doi:10.1016/j.exphem.2022.03.002 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Cell cycle arrest and p53 prevent ON-target megabase-scale rearrangements induced by CRISPR-Cas9
Cullot, G., Boutin, J., Fayet, S., Prat, F., Rosier, J., Cappellen, D., Lamrissi‐Garcia, I., Pennamen, P., Bouron, J., Amintas, S., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-39632-w · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Decoding and rejuvenating human ageing genomes: Lessons from mosaic chromosomal alterations
Dai, X., & Guo, X. (2021) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2021.101342 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Chen, Z., Kelly, K., Cheng, H., Dong, X., Hedger, A. K., Li, L., Sontheimer, E. J., & Watts, J. K. (2023) · GEN Biotechnology · doi:10.1089/genbio.2023.0045 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Tsai, H., Kao, H., Kuo, M.-W., Lin, C., Chang, C.-M., Chen, Y., Chen, H., Kwok, P., Yu, A. L.-T., & Yu, J. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-40901-x · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Exosomes for CRISPR-Cas9 Delivery: The Cutting Edge in Genome Editing
Aslan, C., Zolbanin, N. M., Faraji, F., & Jafari, R. (2023) · Molecular Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s12033-023-00932-7 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Adenine base editing-mediated exon skipping restores dystrophin in humanized Duchenne mouse model
Lin, J., Jin, M., Yang, D. J., Li, Z., Zhang, Y., Xiao, Q., Wang, Y., Yu, Y., Zhang, X., Shao, Z., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-50340-x · Cited by 36 · see citing works
A simple method using CRISPR-Cas9 to knock-out genes in murine cancerous cell lines
Ishibashi, A., Saga, K., Hisatomi, Y., Li, Y., Kaneda, Y., & Nimura, K. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-79303-0 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Nano‐Oncologicals: A Tortoise Trail Reaching New Avenues
Dacoba, T. G., Anthiya, S., Berrecoso, G., Fernández‐Mariño, I., Fernández‐Varela, C., Crecente‐Campo, J., Teijeiro‐Osorio, D., Torres, F., & Alonso, M. J. (2021) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202009860 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
A long noncoding RNA at the cortex locus controls adaptive coloration in butterflies
Livraghi, L., Hanly, J. J., Evans, E., Wright, C. J., Loh, L. S., Mazo‐Vargas, A., Kamrava, K., Carter, A., van der Heijden, E. S. M., Reed, R. D., et al. (2024) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2403326121 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Molecular Medicine: Found in Translation
Orkin, S. H. (2021) · Med · doi:10.1016/j.medj.2020.12.011 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Global Governance of Human Genome Editing: What Are the Rules?
Marchant, G. E. (2021) · Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics · doi:10.1146/annurev-genom-111320-091930 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Mitochondrial disease: Replace or edit?
Adashi, E. Y., RUBENSTEIN, D. S., Mossman, J. A., Schon, E. A., & Cohen, I. G. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abg0491 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Samach, A., Mafessoni, F., Gross, O., Melamed‐Bessudo, C., Hayut, S. F., Dahan‐Meir, T., Amsellem, Z., Pawlowski, W. P., & Levy, A. A. (2023) · The Plant Cell · doi:10.1093/plcell/koad209 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Ye, L., Lam, S. Z., Yang, L., Suzuki, K., Zou, Y., Lin, Q., Zhang, Y., Clark, P. R., Peng, L., & Chen, S. (2023) · Nature Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1038/s41551-023-01058-6 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Genetic therapies for the first molecular disease
Doerfler, P. A., Sharma, A., Porter, J. S., Zheng, Y., Tisdale, J. F., & Weiss, M. J. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci146394 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Liu, B., Brendel, C., Vinjamur, D. S., Zhou, Y., Harris, C. E., McGuinness, M. K., Manis, J. P., Bauer, D. E., Xu, H., & Williams, D. A. (2022) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.05.002 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Linthout, S. V., Stellos, K., Giacca, M., Bertero, E., Cannata, A. N., Carrier, L., García‐Pavía, P., Ghigo, A., González, A., Haugaa, K. H., et al. (2024) · European Journal of Heart Failure · doi:10.1002/ejhf.3516 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Consequences of Chromosome Loss: Why Do Cells Need Each Chromosome Twice?
Chunduri, N. K., Barthel, K., & Štorchová, Z. (2022) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells11091530 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Missed connections: recombination and human aneuploidy
Hassold, T. J., & Hunt, P. A. (2021) · Prenatal Diagnosis · doi:10.1002/pd.5910 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Alberio, R., & Wolf, E. (2021) · Reproduction · doi:10.1530/rep-21-0078 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Immunity and Viral Infections: Modulating Antiviral Response via CRISPR–Cas Systems
Brezgin, S., Kostyusheva, A., Олеговна, Б. Е., Volchkova, E. V., Gegechkori, V., Gordeychuk, I. V., Glebe, D., Kostyushev, D. S., & Chulanov, V. (2021) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v13071373 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Zhang, C., Lü, T., Zhang, Y., Li, J., Tarique, I., Wen, F., Lü, T., Wang, J.-S., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., et al. (2021) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abg4243 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Ryu, J., Statz, J. P., Chan, W. K., Burch, F. C., Brigande, J. V., Kempton, B., Porsov, E. V., Renner, L. M., McGill, T., Burwitz, B. J., et al. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-13689-x · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Against Posthumanism: Notes towards an Ethopolitics of Personhood
Osborne, T., & Rose, N. (2023) · Theory Culture & Society · doi:10.1177/02632764231178472 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Mianné, J., Nasri, A., Van, C. N., Bourguignon, C., Fieldès, M., Ahmed, E., Duthoit, C. T., Martin, N., Parrinello, H., Louis, A., et al. (2022) · BMC Biology · doi:10.1186/s12915-021-01214-x · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Limitations of gene editing assessments in human preimplantation embryos
Liang, D., Mikhalchenko, A. E., Ma, H., Gutiérrez, N. M., Chen, T., Lee, Y., Park, S.-W., Tippner-Hedges, R., Koski, A., Darby, H., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-36820-6 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Approaches to Enhance Precise CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Genome Editing
Denes, C. E., Cole, A. J., Aksoy, Y. A., Li, G., Neely, G. G., & Hesselson, D. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22168571 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
PEAC-seq adopts Prime Editor to detect CRISPR off-target and DNA translocation
Yu, Z., Lu, Z., Li, J., Wang, Y., Wu, P., Li, Y., Zhou, Y., Li, B., Zhang, H., Liu, Y., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-35086-8 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Megabase-scale loss of heterozygosity provoked by CRISPR-Cas9 DNA double-strand breaks
Regan, S. B., Medhi, D., Xu, Y., White, T., Jiang, Y.-Z., Kim, J. E., Wang, S.-C., Deng, Q., Su, J., Baasan, D., et al. (2025) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2025.10.015 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Zuccaro, M. V., Xu, J., Mitchell, C., Marin, D., Zimmerman, R., Rana, B., Weinstein, E., King, R. T., Palmerola, K. L., Smith, M. E., Tsang, S. H., Goland, R., Jasin, M., Lobo, R., Treff, N., & Egli, D.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center (US)
- Genomic Prediction (United States) (US)
- Columbia University (US)
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Egli, Dieter
- ORCID
- Venue
- Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-12
- Volume
- 183
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1650-1664.e15
- ISSN
- 0092-8674 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3095871885
- Cited by
- 303
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 64 · 2022: 63 · 2021: 57 · 2020: 11
- FWCI
- 15.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cell (publishedVersion)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Irving Medical Center, Columbia University
- New York Stem Cell Foundation
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › CRISPR and Genetic Engineering
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › DNA Repair Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Animal Genetics and Reproduction
- Keywords
- CRISPR/Cas9, human embryo, frameshift mutation, microhomology-mediated end joining, DNA double-strand break repair, zygote, paternal allele, chromosome loss, off-target cleavage, indels, embryo mosaicism, germline editing, inherited blindness
- MeSH terms
- Human Embryonic Stem Cells, Gene Editing, CRISPR-Associated Protein 9, Alleles, Animals, Base Sequence, Blastocyst, Cell Cycle, Cell Line, Chromosome Deletion, Chromosomes, Human, Embryo, Mammalian, Eye Proteins, Fertilization, Genotype, Heterozygote, Humans, Mitosis, Embryo Implantation, Gene Rearrangement, Genome, Human, Open Reading Frames, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Mice, DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded, INDEL Mutation, Genetic Loci, DNA End-Joining Repair
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
