Cited by 276SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Researchvaccines and immunoinformatics approachesAnimal Virus Infections Studies

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 92 of the 100 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 47 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.

SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2

Open access

Amanat, Fatima, Thapa, Mahima, Lei, Tinting, Ahmed, Shaza M. Sayed, Adelsberg, Daniel C., Carreño, Juan Manuel, Strohmeier, Shirin, Schmitz, Aaron J., Zafar, Sarah, Zhou, Julian Q., Rijnink, Willemijn, Alshammary, Hala, Borcherding, Nicholas, Reiche, Ana Gonzalez, Srivastava, Komal, Sordillo, Emilia Mia, van Bakel, Harm, Ahmed, Bulbul, Altman, Deena, Amoako, Angela, Awawda, Mahmoud, Beach, Katherine, Bermúdez-González, Carolina, Chernet, Rachel, Eaker, Lily, Fabre, Shelcie, Ferreri, Emily D., Floda, Daniel, Gleason, Charles, Kleiner, Giulio, Jurczyszak, Denise, Matthews, Julia, Mendez, Wanni, Mulder, Lubbertus C.F., Polanco, Jose, Russo, Kayla, Salimbangon, Ashley, Saksena, Miti, Shin, Amber S., Sominsky, Levy, Suthakaran, Sayahi, Wajnberg, Ania, Turner, Jackson S., Bajic, Goran, Simon, Viviana, Ellebedy, Ali H., Krammer, Florian·2021·Cell

DOI 10.1016/j.cell.2021.06.005PMC PMC8185186

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

In this study we profiled vaccine-induced polyclonal antibodies as well as plasmablast-derived mAbs from individuals who received SARS-CoV-2 spike mRNA vaccine. Polyclonal antibody responses in vaccinees were robust and comparable to or exceeded those seen after natural infection. However, the ratio of binding to neutralizing antibodies after vaccination was greater than that after natural infection and, at the monoclonal level, we found that the majority of vaccine-induced antibodies did not have neutralizing activity. We also found a co-dominance of mAbs targeting the NTD and RBD of SARS-CoV-2 spike and an original antigenic-sin like backboost to spikes of seasonal human coronaviruses OC43 and HKU1. Neutralizing activity of NTD mAbs but not RBD mAbs against a clinical viral isolate carrying E484K as well as extensive changes in the NTD was abolished, suggesting that a proportion of vaccine-induced RBD binding antibodies may provide substantial protection against viral variants carrying single E484K RBD mutations.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.cell.2021.06.005

Cites

92 of 92 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 47 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the majority of vaccine-induced antibodies did not have neutralizing activity”
- Also stated in: § The majority of isolated mAbs from SARS-CoV2 vaccinees are non-neutralizing · plain
  “Only a minority of the binding antibodies, even those targeting the RBD, showed neutralizing activity”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We also found a co-dominance of mAbs targeting the NTD and RBD of SARS-CoV-2 spike”
- Also stated in: § The plasmablast response to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination targets both the RBD and the NTD · hedged
  “These data indicate that RBD and NTD are co-dominant in the context of the mRNA-induced plasmablast response.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedn = 3
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes

Show all 89 claims

It may state two separate claims as one. 37
Probably not a substantial claim. 35

None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It has been reported that SARS-CoV-2 infection induces an original antigenic sin-type immune response against human coronaviruses (hCoVs) to which the majority of the human population has pre-existing immunity”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > mRNA vaccination induces a modest but measurable immune response to seasonal β-coronavirus spike proteins
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Aydillo et al., 2021 source
- Not checked yetcites Song et al., 2020
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“This is also true for B cells and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) isolated from vaccinated individuals”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wang et al., 2021 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Antibodies binding to the RBD can potently block attachment of the virus to ACE2 and thereby neutralize the virus”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Barnes et al., 2020 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“it directly interacts with the cellular receptor angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) which mediates host cell entry”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Letko et al., 2020 source
- Not checked yetcites Wrapp et al., 2020 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“These data were already apparent in the early phase clinical trials but remained unrecognized at the time”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Walsh et al., 2020
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Two recent studies have performed a similarly unbiased plasmablast analysis for individuals naturally infected with SARS-CoV-2”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cho et al., 2021
- Not checked yetcites Huang et al., 2021
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“has already been shown for natural infection with SARS-CoV-2 where a “backboost” to β-coronaviruses was also found (Aydillo et al., 2021; Song et al., 2020).”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Aydillo et al., 2021 source
- Not checked yetcites Song et al., 2020
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“a recent deep mutational scanning paper with sera from mRNA-1273 vaccinees found a very strong RBD-focused response (Greaney et al., 2021a).”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Greaney et al., 2021a
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Recent studies analyzing the plasmablast response after natural infection have found a similar co-dominance of RBD and NTD (Cho et al., 2021; Huang et al., 2021)”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cho et al., 2021
- Not checked yetcites Huang et al., 2021
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“it is substantial and occurs during a time when neutralizing antibody titers are either very low or absent (Baden et al., 2020; Dagan et al., 2021; Polack et al., 2020).”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Baden et al., 2020 source
- Not checked yetcites Dagan et al., 2021 source
- Not checked yetcites Polack et al., 2020 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Increased affinity as an escape mechanism for viruses has been described in the past (Hensley et al., 2009; O’Donnell et al., 2012)”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hensley et al., 2009 source
- Not checked yetcites O’Donnell et al., 2012 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

66 of 66

The paper relies on this without support.
All viral variants of concern are heavily mutated in the NTD region.
“Since all viral variants of concern are heavily mutated in this region”

1 of 1

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

Convalescent antibody ratios are interpreted in opposite directions
Major
The results say lower-titer convalescent individuals had more binding relative to neutralizing antibodies. The discussion instead says low-titer serum had the highest relative amount of neutralizing antibodies and higher-titer serum had more binding antibodies.
Figure caption names a different variant
Minor
The Figure 4 caption lists B.1.315 among the three variants of concern, while the introduction lists B.1.351 in its place.

2 of 2

Comprehensive Integration of Single-Cell Data
Stuart, T., Butler, A., Hoffman, P., Hafemeister, C., Papalexi, E., Mauck, W. M., Hao, Y., Stoeckius, M., Smibert, P., & Satija, R. (2019) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.05.031 · Cited by 15,453
Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine
Polack, F. P., Thomas, S. J., Kitchin, N., Absalon, J., Gurtman, A., Lockhart, S., Perez, J. L., Pérez Marc, G., Moreira, E. D., Zerbini, C., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2034577 · Cited by 14,592
Efficacy and Safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine
Baden, L. R., El Sahly, H. M., Essink, B., Kotloff, K., Frey, S., Novak, R., Diemert, D., Spector, S. A., Rouphael, N., Creech, C. B., et al. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2035389 · Cited by 10,119
Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation
Wrapp, D., Wang, N., Corbett, K. S., Goldsmith, J. A., Hsieh, C.-L., Abiona, O., Graham, B. S., & McLellan, J. S. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abb2507 · Cited by 8,897
Structure of the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain bound to the ACE2 receptor
Lan, J., Ge, J., Yu, J., Shan, S., Zhou, H., Fan, S., Zhang, Q., Shi, X., Wang, Q., Zhang, L., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2180-5 · Cited by 5,983
Functional assessment of cell entry and receptor usage for SARS-CoV-2 and other lineage B betacoronaviruses
Letko, M., Marzi, A., & Munster, V. (2020) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41564-020-0688-y · Cited by 3,109
Immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 assessed for up to 8 months after infection.
Dan, J. M., Mateus, J., Kato, Y., Hastie, K. M., Yu, E. D., Faliti, C. E., Grifoni, A., Ramirez, S. I., Haupt, S., Frazier, A., et al. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abf4063 · Cited by 2,656 · cited 2×
“Similarly, encouraging data have been published on both the plasmablast response and the memory B cell response induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection (Dan et al., 2021; Gaebler et al., 2020; Guthmiller et al., 2021; Huang et al., 2021; Robbiani et al., 2020; Rodda et al., 2021; Wilson et al., 2020).”
Self-citation
RNA-Based COVID-19 Vaccine BNT162b2 Selected for a Pivotal Efficacy Study
Walsh, E. E., Frenck, R., Falsey, A. R., Kitchin, N., Absalon, J., Gurtman, A., Lockhart, S., Neuzil, K., Mulligan, M. J., Bailey, R., et al. (2020) · doi:10.1101/2020.08.17.20176651 · Cited by 2,615
Estimated transmissibility and impact of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 in England
Davies, N. G., Abbott, S., Barnard, R. C., Jarvis, C. I., Kucharski, A. J., Munday, J. D., Pearson, C. A. B., Russell, T. W., Tully, D. C., Washburne, A. D., et al. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abg3055 · Cited by 2,581 · cited 9×
“IgG1 was by far the most (A) Mutations of the three major variants of concern B.1.1.7, B.1.315, and P.1.”
Influential
Estimated transmissibility and impact of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 in England
Davies, N. G., Abbott, S., Barnard, R. C., Jarvis, C. I., Kucharski, A. J., Munday, J. D., Pearson, C. A. B., Russell, T. W., Tully, D. C., Washburne, A. D., et al. (2020) · doi:10.1101/2020.12.24.20248822 · Cited by 2,557

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 100 references

8 of the 100 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 1

Annavajhala, 2021, A Novel SARS-CoV-2 Variant of Concern, B.1.526, Identified in New York, medRxiv

Sorted by citations

Items 201–276 of 276

Searching for relatives of SARS-CoV-2 in bats
York, A. (2021) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41579-021-00595-8 · Cited by 4
The immunology and immunotherapy for COVID-19
Liu, Y., Zhou, X., Liu, X. E., & Jiang, X. (2021) · Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1017/erm.2021.30 · Cited by 4
Fatal COVID-19 Outcomes are Associated with an Antibody Response Targeting Epitopes Shared with Endemic CoronavirusesPreprint
McNaughton, A. L., Paton, R. S., Edmans, M. D., Youngs, J., Wellens, J., Phalora, P. K., Fyfe, A. J., Belij‐Rammerstorfer, S., Bolton, J. S., Ball, J., et al. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3858917 · Cited by 4
Comparing methods collecting mucosal secretions and detecting SARS-CoV-2 spike IgA in three laboratories across three countries
Bladh, O., Aguilera, K., Sheikh‐Mohamed, S., Nardulli, J., Bhavsar, D., Fitzgerald, D., Singh, G., Ward, L. A., Kleiner, G., Chao, G. Y. C., et al. (2025) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127792 · Cited by 3
Self-citation
Comparison of antibody responses after the 1st and 2nd doses of COVID-19 vaccine with those of patients with mild or severe COVID-19
Cha, H. H., Lim, S. Y., Kwon, J., Kim, J. Y., Bae, S., Jung, J., & Kim, S. (2022) · The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.3904/kjim.2021.409 · Cited by 3
Limited Variation between SARS-CoV-2-Infected Individuals in Domain Specificity and Relative Potency of the Antibody Response against the Spike Glycoprotein
Ert, H. A. V., Bohan, D., Rogers, K. J., Fili, M., Chávez, R. A. R., Qing, E., Han, C., Dempewolf, S., Hu, G., Schwery, N., et al. (2022) · Microbiology Spectrum · doi:10.1128/spectrum.02676-21 · Cited by 3
B-Cell Responses to Sars-Cov-2 mRNA Vaccines
Kardava, L., Buckner, C. M., & Moir, S. L. (2022) · Pathogens and Immunity · doi:10.20411/pai.v7i2.550 · Cited by 3
Dynamics of temporal immune responses in nonhuman primates and humans immunized with COVID-19 vaccines
Ravindran, R. K., Kang, H., McReynolds, C. B., Sanghar, G. K., Chang, W. L. W., Ramasamy, S., Kolloli, A., Kumar, R., Subbian, S., Hammock, B. D., et al. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0287377 · Cited by 3
In Vitro Diagnostic Assay to Detect SARS-CoV-2-Neutralizing Antibody in Patient Sera Using Engineered ACE-2 Mini-Protein
de Jesus, B. A. P., Gomes, A., Clark, A. E., Rodrigues, T. A., Ledgerwood-Lee, M. M., Zant, W. V., Brickner, H., Wang, M., Blum, D. L., Cassera, M. B., et al. (2022) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v14122823 · Cited by 3
Immunological Findings in a Group of Individuals Who Were Poor or Non-Responders to Standard Two-Dose SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines
Zeng, Q., Yang, X. Y., Gao, Q., Li, Y., Li, Y.-Z., Huang, G., & Xu, Y. (2023) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines11020461 · Cited by 3
The role of vaccination route with an adenovirus-vectored vaccine in protection, viral control, and transmission in the SARS-CoV-2/K18-hACE2 mouse infection model
Dickson, A. M., Geerling, E., Stone, E. T., Hassert, M., Steffen, T. L., Makkena, T., Smither, M., Schwetye, K. E., Zhang, J., Georges, B., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1188392 · Cited by 3
A real-world study on the effectiveness of BBIBP-CorV and CoronaVac in Nanjing area
Huang, M., Lu, J., Ye, S., Pang, R., Ma, C., Zhang, J., Dai, S., Zhang, K., Dai, Y., Fu, Q., et al. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-48989-3 · Cited by 3
Inactivated whole virion vaccine protects K18‐hACE2 Tg mice against the Omicron SARS‐CoV‐2 variant via cross‐reactive T cells and nonneutralizing antibody responses
Kruglov, A., Bondareva, M. A., Gogoleva, V. S., Semin, I. K., Astrakhantseva, I. V., Zvartsev, R. V., Lunin, A. S., Apolokhov, V. D., Shustova, E. Y., Volok, V. P., et al. (2023) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.202350664 · Cited by 3
Systems biology of B cells in COVID-19
Woodruff, M. C., Faliti, C. E., & Sanz, I. (2024) · Seminars in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.smim.2024.101875 · Cited by 3
COVID-19 point-of-care tests can identify low-antibody individuals: In-depth immunoanalysis of boosting benefits in a healthy cohort
Mallory, M. L., Munt, J. E., Narowski, T. M., Castillo, I. N., Cuadra, E., Pisanic, N., Fields, P., Powers, J. M., Dickson, A. M., Harris, R., et al. (2024) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adi1379 · Cited by 5
Cross neutralization of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern by antibodies targeting distinct epitopes on spikePreprint
Wilson, P. C., Changrob, S., Fu, Y., Guthmiller, J. J., Halfmann, P., Li, L., Stamper, C. T., Dugan, H. L., Accola, M. A., Rehrauer, W. M., et al. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-678247/v1 · Cited by 3
Self-citation
The variable conversion of neutralizing anti-SARS-CoV-2 single-chain antibodies to IgG provides insight into RBD epitope accessibility
Chang, M., Ke, H., Miguéns, L. L., Coherd, C. D., Nguyen, K., Kamkaew, M., Johnson, R. I., Storm, N., Honko, A. N., Zhu, Q. K., et al. (2023) · Protein Engineering Design and Selection · doi:10.1093/protein/gzad008 · Cited by 1
Intelligent Batch Epitope Identification and Partitioning: an intelligent tool for the identification of B cell dominant epitopes
Ma, Y.-F., & Liu, Y. (2025) · Briefings in Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bib/bbaf310 · Cited by 2
Elevated SARS-CoV-2 IgG4 in plasma and mucosa following repeated mRNA boosters impact antibody functions to Omicron and sarbecoviruses
Selva, K. J., Lee, W. S., Enriquez, A. L., Aurelia, L. C., Audsley, J., Kent, H. E., Eriksson, E. M., Kiernan‐Walker, N., Chang, J. J., Trevillyan, J. M., et al. (2025) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2025.106087 · Cited by 2
Highly efficient and low-cost single-cell culture platform for unbiased analysis of human memory B cell repertoire and antibody discovery
Conde, L., Oliveira, D. L., Maciel, G., Castro, F., Albuquerque, A., Rodrigues, D. A., Mello, Y., de Asis, G. M., Gabrielle, B., Ferreira, S. S., et al. (2025) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1093/jimmun/vkaf305 · Cited by 2
SARS-CoV-2 antibody dynamics among kidney transplant recipients 3 months after BNT162b2 vaccination: a prospective cohort study
Yelin, D., Rozen‐Zvi, B., Yahav, D., Ben-Dor, N., Steinmetz, T., Agur, T., Zingerman, B. V., Schneider, S., Lichtenberg, S., Ben‐Zvi, H., et al. (2022) · Clinical Kidney Journal · doi:10.1093/ckj/sfac031 · Cited by 2
Persistence of spike-specific immune responses in BNT162b2-vaccinated donors and generation of rapid ex-vivo T cells expansion protocol for adoptive immunotherapy: A pilot study
Mestiri, S., Merhi, M., Inchakalody, V. P., Taib, N., Smatti, M. K., Ahmad, F., Raza, A., Ali, F. H., Hydrose, S., Fernandes, Q., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1061255 · Cited by 2
Structure and function of an unusual R452-dependent monoclonal antibody against SARS-CoV-2
Zhou, B. N., Gui, Q., Liu, C., Guo, H., Wang, H., Cheng, L., Fan, Q., Ge, X., Zhang, Z., & Ju, B. (2025) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01844-24 · Cited by 2
The Biological Properties of the SARS-CoV-2 Cameroon Variant Spike: An Intermediate between the Alpha and Delta Variants
Pascarella, S., Bianchi, M., Giovanetti, M., Benvenuto, D., Borsetti, A., Cauda, R., Cassone, A., & Ciccozzi, M. (2022) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens11070814 · Cited by 2
Monobiotinylated Proteins Tethered to Microspheres for Detection of Antigen-Specific Serum Antibodies
Whitley, C. S., & Mitchell, T. C. (2022) · Journal of Biological Methods · doi:10.14440/jbm.2022.390 · Cited by 2
Novel Competitive ELISA Utilizing Trimeric Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2, Could Identify More Than RBD-RBM Specific Neutralizing Antibodies in Hybrid Sera
Eliadis, P., Mais, A., Papazisis, A., Loxa, E. K., Dimitriadis, A., Sarrigeorgiou, I., Backović, M., Agallou, M., Zouridakis, M., Karagouni, E., et al. (2024) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines12080914 · Cited by 2
The inactivated NDV-HXP-S COVID-19 vaccine induces a significantly higher ratio of neutralizing to non-neutralizing antibodies in humans as compared to mRNA vaccinesPreprint
Carreño, J. M., Raskin, A. J., Singh, G., Tcheou, J., Kawabata, H., Gleason, C., Srivastava, K., Vigdorovich, V. I., Dambrauskas, N., Gupta, S. L., et al. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.01.25.22269808 · Cited by 2
Self-citation
A CNN model for predicting binding affinity changes between SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD variants and ACE2 homologuesPreprint
Chen, C., Boorla, V. S., Chowdhury, R., Nissly, R. H., Gontu, A., Chothe, S. K., LaBella, L. C., Jakka, P., Ramasamy, S., Vandegrift, K. J., et al. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.03.22.485413 · Cited by 2
Interpretation of non-responders to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines using WHO International StandardPreprint
Zeng, Q., Yang, X. Y., Gao, Q., Lin, B., Li, Y., Huang, G., & Xu, Y. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.03.31.22273272 · Cited by 2
Ad26.COV2.S priming provides a solid immunological base for mRNA-based COVID-19 booster vaccinationPreprint
Geers, D., Sablerolles, R. S. G., van Baarle, D., Kootstra, N. A., Rietdijk, W. J. R., Schmitz, K. S., Bogers, S., Gommers, L., Nieuwkoop, N. J., van Dijk, L. L. A., et al. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.07.15.22277639 · Cited by 2
Microfluidics-enabled fluorescence-activated cell sorting of single pathogen-specific antibody secreting cells for the rapid discovery of monoclonal antibodiesPreprint
Fischer, K., Lulla, A., So, T. Y., Pereyra-Gerber, P., Raybould, M. I. J., Kohler, T. N., Kamiński, T. S., Yam‐Puc, J. C., Hughes, R., Leiss-Maier, F., et al. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.01.10.523494 · Cited by 2
Structural prediction of chimeric immunogens to elicit targeted antibodies against betacoronavirusesPreprint
Simpson, J., & Kasson, P. M. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.01.31.526494 · Cited by 2
The post-COVID-19 population has a high prevalence of crossreactive antibodies to spikes from all Orthocoronavirinae generaPreprint
Singh, G., Abbad, A., Kleiner, G., Srivastava, K., Gleason, C., PARIS Study Group, Carreño, J. M., Simon, V. R., & Krammer, F. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.08.01.23293522 · Cited by 2
Self-citation
Current Status and Challenges of Vaccine Development for Seasonal Human Coronaviruses
Zhang, B., Liu, Y., Chen, T., Lai, J., Liu, S., Liu, X., Zhu, Y., Rao, H., Peng, H., & Ma, X. (2025) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines13111168 · Cited by 2
Viral glycoprotein-mediated entry and antibody-mediated immunity in HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 infection
Grunst, M. W., Li, W., & Mothes, W. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1733684 · Cited by 1
A SARS-CoV-2 variant-induced NTD-targeting antibody enhances viral infection via a distinctive binding mode
Li, W., Liu, C., Li, Y., Gui, Q., Cheng, L., Fan, Q., Zhou, B., Wang, H., Ge, X., Zhang, Z., et al. (2026) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1013828 · Cited by 1
SARS-CoV-2 anti-RBD and anti-N protein responses are differentially regulated between mother-child pairs: insight from a national study cohort at the Faroe Islands
Jarlhelt, I., Hansen, C. B., Pérez‐Alós, L., Weihe, P., Petersen, M. S., & Garred, P. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1418678 · Cited by 1
A "Plug-And-Display" Nanoparticle Vaccine Platform Based on Outer Membrane Vesicles Displaying SARS-CoV-2 Receptor-Binding Domain
Feng, R., Li, G., Jing, H.-M., Liu, C., Xue, R., Zou, Q., & Li, H. (2022) · Journal of Visualized Experiments · doi:10.3791/64213 · Cited by 2
Structure of a germline-like human antibody defines a neutralizing epitope on the SARS-CoV-2 spike NTDPreprint
Altomare, C. G., Adelsberg, D. C., Carreño, J. M., Sapse, I. A., Amanat, F., Ellebedy, A. H., Simon, V. R., Krammer, F., & Bajic, G. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.07.08.451649 · Cited by 1
Self-citation
Vaccination with B.1.1.7, B.1.351 and P.1 variants protects mice from challenge with wild type SARS-CoV-2Preprint
Amanat, F., Strohmeier, S., Meade, P. S., Dambrauskas, N., Mühlemann, B., Smith, D. J., Vigdorovich, V. I., Sather, D. N., Coughlan, L., & Krammer, F. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.08.05.455212 · Cited by 1
Self-citation
Macaque-human differences in SARS-CoV-2 Spike antibody response elicited by vaccination or infectionPreprint
Willcox, A. C., Sung, K., Garrett, M. E., Galloway, J., O’Connor, M. A., Erasmus, J. H., Logue, J. K., Hawman, D. W., Chu, H. Y., Hasenkrug, K. J., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.12.01.470697 · Cited by 1
Circulating Synthetic SARS-CoV-2 Spike Proteins Possibly Contribute to a Transient ACE2 Dysfunction Leading to Rare Cases of Myocarditis after COVID-19 mRNA VaccinationPreprint
Devaux, C. A., Colson, P., Raoult, D., & Camoin‐Jau, L. (2023) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202311.1883.v1
Intestinal helminth infection impairs vaccine-induced T cell responses and protection against SARS-CoV-2Preprint
Desai, P., Karl, C. E., Ying, B., Liang, C.-Y., García‐Salum, T., Santana, A. C., ten-Caten, F., Urban, J. F., Elbashir, S. M., Edwards, D. K., et al. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.01.14.575588 · Cited by 1
Two-dimensional multiplexed assay for rapid and deep SARS-CoV-2 serology profiling and for machine learning prediction of neutralization capacityPreprint
Koide, A., Panchenko, T., Wang, C., Thannickal, S. A., Romero, L. A., Teng, K. W., Li, F.-Z., Akkapeddi, P., Corrado, A. D., Caro, J., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.08.03.454782
Immunological findings in a group of individuals who were non-responders to standard two-dose SARS-CoV-2 vaccinesPreprint
Zeng, Q., Yang, X. Y., Gao, Q., Lin, B., Li, Y., Huang, G., & Xu, Y. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.05.05.490815
Dynamics of Temporal Immune Responses in Nonhuman Primates and Humans Immunized with COVID-19 VaccinesPreprint
Khan, I., Ravindran, R. K., Kang, H., McReynolds, C. B., Sanghar, G. K., Chang, W. C., Ramasamy, S., Kolloli, A., Kumar, R., Subbian, S., et al. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1987647/v1
Evaluating the Effect of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Mutations by Causal InferencePreprint
Wang, X., Hu, M., Liu, B., Xu, H., Jin, Y., Wang, B., Zhao, Y., Wu, J., Yue, J., & Ren, H. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2215102/v1
Analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein revealed that blocked receptor-binding domain antigenicity decreases the production of neutralizing antibodies in vivoPreprint
Mei, Y.-F., Zhang, Q., Hammond, M., Song, J., Fang, Z., Zhao, H., & Landgren, M. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.02.23.529497
Christ Bearing the Cross: The Original Antigenic Sin of the Immune System and Its Potential Role in Emerging DiseasesPreprint
Rijkers, G. T., & van Overveld, F. J. (2023) · Qeios · doi:10.32388/uwc636
Characteristics of epitope dominance pattern and cross-variant neutralisation in 16 SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine sera
Yasugi, M., Nakagama, Y., Kaku, N., Nitahara, Y., Hatanaka, N., Yamasaki, S., & Kido, Y. (2023) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.08.076
Interferon-γ Release Assay in the Assessment of Cellular Immunity—A Single-Centre Experience with mRNA SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine in Patients with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Kapten, K., Orczyk, K., Maeser, A., & Smolewska, E. B. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13092523
Vaccination Versus Hybrid Immunization: Sera with Similar Anti-Rbd Total IG Units Show Different Virus Neutralization CapacityPreprint
Lichtenegger, S., Sonnleitner, S. T., Saiger, S., Zauner, A., Hardt, M., Kleinhappl, B., Wagner, G. E., & Steinmetz, I. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4801868
The Healthcare Study Examines the Humoral Anti-S1 Antibody Response Following mRNA Vaccination, Comparing Individuals with and without Prior SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Staruszkiewicz, M., Pituch‐Noworolska, A., Skayne, M., Matthias, T., & Skoczeń, S. (2024) · Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis · doi:10.2478/aite-2024-0016
Structural prediction of chimeric immunogen candidates to elicit targeted antibodies against betacoronaviruses
Simpson, J., & Kasson, P. M. (2025) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012812 · Cited by 2
SARS CoV-2 spike adopts distinct conformational ensembles in situPreprint
Gramm, A. J., Braet, S. M., Srinivasu, B. Y., Venkatakrishnan, V., Bass, E. J., Kearns, F. L., Calvó‐Tusell, C., Amaro, R. E., Stahelin, R. V., Wales, T. E., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.03.04.641425
Anti-RBD immunoglobulin levels and their predictive value for SARS-CoV-2 neutralization
Lichtenegger, S., Sonnleitner, S. T., Saiger, S., Zauner, A., Hardt, M., Kleinhappl, B., Wagner, G. E., & Steinmetz, I. (2025) · Microbiology Spectrum · doi:10.1128/spectrum.02148-24
Christ Bearing the Cross: The Original Antigenic Sin of the Immune System and Its Potential Role in Emerging DiseasesPreprint
Rijkers, G. T., & van Overveld, F. J. (2023) · Qeios · doi:10.32388/uwc636.2
Dissecting serum polyclonal antibody escape to SARS-CoV-2 variants by deep mutational learning
Shlesinger, D., Sadílek, V., Minot, M., Stamkopoulos, E. T., Bikias, T., Kuhn, R., Agrafiotis, A., Taft, J. M., Yermanos, A., & Reddy, S. T. (2025) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1016/j.crmeth.2026.101417 · Cited by 1
Neutralisation and Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity Functions Map to Distinct SARS-CoV-2 Spike Subdomains and Vaccine PlatformsPreprint
Oluka, G. K., Katende, J. S., Kato, L., Ankunda, V., Sembera, J., Ejou, P., Odoch, G., Namuyanja, A., Kaleebu, P., & Serwanga, J. (2025) · doi:10.12688/verixiv.1185.1
Impact of an aerosolized or intramuscular adenovirus type 5-vectored COVID-19 vaccine on Fc-mediated immune effector functions in a hybrid immunity population
Gan, M., Han, W., Li, C., Li, S., Huang, Z., Xu, L., Xu, X., Zhai, X., Chen, Y., & Li, J. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1657235
Longitudinal T- and B-cell recall response after vaccination with Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA vaccine BNT162b2
El-Orfali, Y., Mansour, R., Alkalamouni, H., Jabbour, Z. C., Fayad, A. G. A., Saba, E. S., Khawaja, G., & Massaad, M. J. (2025) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2025.10.001 · Cited by 1
Neutralization and ADCC reveal divergent spike-subdomain targeting across SARS-CoV-2 vaccine platforms in an African cohort
Oluka, G. K., Katende, J. S., Kato, L., Ankunda, V., Sembera, J., Ejou, P., Odoch, G., Namuyanja, A., Kaleebu, P., & Serwanga, J. (2025) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2025.114351 · Cited by 1
SARS ‐ CoV ‐2 Infection With Alpha B.1.1.7 Virus Induced Higher Antibody Responses Than Earlier Non‐ VOC Variants During the First Waves of the COVID ‐19 Pandemic in Norway
Tunheim, G., Baranowska-Hustad, M., Lund‐Johansen, F., Fossum, E., Bhandari, S., Kukule, L., Møller, T. K. R., Vikse, E. L., Bekkevold, T., Oftung, F., et al. (2025) · Apmis · doi:10.1111/apm.70102
Characterization and immunogenicity of nanoparticle vaccines based on Clade 2 and Clade 3 sarbecovirus S2 proteins
Halfmann, P., Patel, R. S., Duffy, A., Wang, T., Yasuhara, A., Carneal, K., Singh, A., Rai, C., Wilson, P. C., Kawaoka, Y., et al. (2025) · npj Vaccines · doi:10.1038/s41541-025-01333-4
The buried S2 apex of SARS-CoV-2 spike elicits an immunodominant germline-restricted public antibody responsePreprint
Park, S., Mischka, J., Okba, N. M. A., Abbad, A., Yuan, M., Srivastava, K., Gleason, C., Mulder, L. C. F., Copps, J., Saam, K., et al. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.02.18.706653 · Cited by 1
Self-citation
Defining the Antigenic Topology and Prospective Binding Breadth of Vaccination-induced SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing AntibodiesPreprint
Jaiswal, D., Altomare, C. G., Adelsberg, D. C., Sapse, I. A., Krammer, F., Simon, V. R., Ellebedy, A. H., & Bajic, G. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.03.03.709398
Self-citation
Determinants of natural killer cell-mediated antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity in SARS-CoV-2 antibodies
Depierreux, D. M., Ruiz, F., Lilly, M., Guenthoer, J., Chohan, V., & Overbaugh, J. (2026) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1014026
Design and immunogenicity evaluation of pan-recombinant vaccines based on the consensus sequence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 spike protein
Na, Y. J., Choi, E. B., Kim, K., Kim, S., Moon, S. Y., Lee, Y.-K., & In, H. J. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-45295-6
Defining the Antigenic Topology and Prospective Binding Breadth of Vaccination-induced SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing AntibodiesPreprint
Jaiswal, D., Altomare, C. G., Adelsberg, D. C., Sapse, I. A., Krammer, F., Simon, V. R., Ellebedy, A. H., & Bajic, G. (2026) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.111137
Self-citation
Defining the Antigenic Topology and Prospective Binding Breadth of Vaccination-induced SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing AntibodiesPreprint
Jaiswal, D., Altomare, C. G., Adelsberg, D. C., Sapse, I. A., Krammer, F., Simon, V. R., Ellebedy, A. H., & Bajic, G. (2026) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.111137.1
Self-citation
Immunogenicity and immunoprotective potential of recombinant OmpC and TrxA-OmpC from Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Feng, J., Li, W., Zhu, W., Yuan, S., Wang, Q., Feng, H., Pan, S., Wang, W., & Suryoprabowo, S. (2026) · Microbial Pathogenesis · doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108573
Cell-Mediated Immunity of mRNA-1283 Vaccine Encoding SARS-CoV-2 Spike Receptor-Binding and N-Terminal Domains in Preclinical and Clinical Studies
Freyn, A. W., Budigi, Y., Girard, B., Santos, G., Harmon, C., Hasan, M. M., McGrath, S., Paila, Y. D., Carfı́, A., Edwards, D., et al. (2026) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiag248
Shared germline-biased plasmablast clonotypes shape early neutralizing antibody responses during acute Chikungunya virus infection
Dixit, K., Nayak, K., Saini, M. K., Qamar, S., Bajpai, P., Reddy, E. S., Ameer, S., Dubey, V. D., Pervez, M., Kohli, S., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1846926
Temperature-dependent replication and sensitivity to innate immunity of human coronavirus HKU1
Buchrieser, J., Thuillier, E., Postal, J., Wileveau, A., Guivel‐Benhassine, F., Staropoli, I., Saunders, N., Planas, D., Sugrue, J. A., Bondet, V., et al. (2026) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-026-75779-y
Broad-spectrum aptamers: recent advances in selection strategies, structural mechanisms, and biosensing applications
Wang, X., Xie, J., Jiang, S., Chen, Z., Sun, Q., Lei, X., Zhang, L., Xie, Y., & Le, T. (2026) · Microchimica Acta · doi:10.1007/s00604-026-08488-4
Protective activity of mRNA vaccines
Krammer, F. (2024) · ImmPort · doi:10.21430/m3nt600qa9
Self-citation

Authors: Amanat, F., Thapa, M., Lei, T., Ahmed, S. M. S., Adelsberg, D. C., Carreño, J. M., Strohmeier, S., Schmitz, A. J., Zafar, S., Zhou, J. Q., Rijnink, W., Alshammary, H., Borcherding, N., Reiche, A. G., Srivastava, K., Sordillo, E. M., van Bakel, H., Ahmed, B., Altman, D., Amoako, A., Awawda, M., Beach, K., Bermúdez-González, C., Chernet, R., Eaker, L., Fabre, S., Ferreri, E. D., Floda, D., Gleason, C., Kleiner, G., Jurczyszak, D., Matthews, J., Mendez, W., Mulder, L. C. F., Polanco, J., Russo, K., Salimbangon, A., Saksena, M., Shin, A. S., Sominsky, L., Suthakaran, S., Wajnberg, A., Turner, J. S., Bajic, G., Simon, V., Ellebedy, A. H., & Krammer, F.
Affiliations: Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
Washington University in St. Louis (US)
AbCellera (Canada) (CA)
Corresponding author: Bajic, Goran
Simon, Viviana
Ellebedy, Ali H.
Krammer, Florian
ORCID: Amanat, Fatima
Thapa, Mahima
Ahmed, Shaza M. Sayed
Adelsberg, Daniel C.
Carreño, Juan Manuel
Strohmeier, Shirin
Schmitz, Aaron J.
Zafar, Sarah
Zhou, Julian Q.
Rijnink, Willemijn
Alshammary, Hala
Borcherding, Nicholas
Reiche, Ana Gonzalez
Sordillo, Emilia Mia
van Bakel, Harm
Altman, Deena
Amoako, Angela
Beach, Katherine
Chernet, Rachel
Fabre, Shelcie
Ferreri, Emily D.
Gleason, Charles
Kleiner, Giulio
Jurczyszak, Denise
Mulder, Lubbertus C.F.
Saksena, Miti
Sominsky, Levy
Suthakaran, Sayahi
Wajnberg, Ania
Turner, Jackson S.
Bajic, Goran
Simon, Viviana
Ellebedy, Ali H.
Krammer, Florian
Venue: Cell
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2021-07
Volume: 184
Issue: 15
Pages: 3936-3948.e10
ISSN: 0092-8674 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.06.005
PMC: PMC8185186
OpenAlex: W3171375949
Cited by: 273
References: 100
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 94 · 2021: 51
FWCI: 18.53
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 386 d)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
Locations: Cell (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Open Philanthropy Project (2020-215611)
JPB Foundation (5384, 5T32CA009547)
NIAID (5T32CA009547, 75N93019C00051, U01AI141990, U01AI150747, HHSN272201400006C)
AbbVie
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › vaccines and immunoinformatics approaches
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Virus Infections Studies
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, mRNA vaccines, spike protein, N-terminal domain, receptor binding domain, S2 subunit, polyclonal antibodies, monoclonal antibodies, neutralizing antibodies, original antigenic sin, seasonal human coronaviruses, antibody response
MeSH terms: Protein Domains, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 Vaccines, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Antibodies, Viral, Antibody Formation, Binding, Competitive, Humans, Immunoglobulin G, Mutation, RNA, Messenger, Vaccination, Amino Acid Substitution, Somatic Hypermutation, Immunoglobulin, Antibodies, Neutralizing, Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-06, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).

A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-06 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks