Cited by 276SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Researchvaccines and immunoinformatics approachesAnimal Virus Infections Studies

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 92 of the 100 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 47 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.

SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2

Open access

Amanat, Fatima, Thapa, Mahima, Lei, Tinting, Ahmed, Shaza M. Sayed, Adelsberg, Daniel C., Carreño, Juan Manuel, Strohmeier, Shirin, Schmitz, Aaron J., Zafar, Sarah, Zhou, Julian Q., Rijnink, Willemijn, Alshammary, Hala, Borcherding, Nicholas, Reiche, Ana Gonzalez, Srivastava, Komal, Sordillo, Emilia Mia, van Bakel, Harm, Ahmed, Bulbul, Altman, Deena, Amoako, Angela, Awawda, Mahmoud, Beach, Katherine, Bermúdez-González, Carolina, Chernet, Rachel, Eaker, Lily, Fabre, Shelcie, Ferreri, Emily D., Floda, Daniel, Gleason, Charles, Kleiner, Giulio, Jurczyszak, Denise, Matthews, Julia, Mendez, Wanni, Mulder, Lubbertus C.F., Polanco, Jose, Russo, Kayla, Salimbangon, Ashley, Saksena, Miti, Shin, Amber S., Sominsky, Levy, Suthakaran, Sayahi, Wajnberg, Ania, Turner, Jackson S., Bajic, Goran, Simon, Viviana, Ellebedy, Ali H., Krammer, Florian·2021·Cell

DOI 10.1016/j.cell.2021.06.005PMC PMC8185186

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Abstract

In this study we profiled vaccine-induced polyclonal antibodies as well as plasmablast-derived mAbs from individuals who received SARS-CoV-2 spike mRNA vaccine. Polyclonal antibody responses in vaccinees were robust and comparable to or exceeded those seen after natural infection. However, the ratio of binding to neutralizing antibodies after vaccination was greater than that after natural infection and, at the monoclonal level, we found that the majority of vaccine-induced antibodies did not have neutralizing activity. We also found a co-dominance of mAbs targeting the NTD and RBD of SARS-CoV-2 spike and an original antigenic-sin like backboost to spikes of seasonal human coronaviruses OC43 and HKU1. Neutralizing activity of NTD mAbs but not RBD mAbs against a clinical viral isolate carrying E484K as well as extensive changes in the NTD was abolished, suggesting that a proportion of vaccine-induced RBD binding antibodies may provide substantial protection against viral variants carrying single E484K RBD mutations.

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Crossref · 10.1016/j.cell.2021.06.005

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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the majority of vaccine-induced antibodies did not have neutralizing activity”
- Also stated in: § The majority of isolated mAbs from SARS-CoV2 vaccinees are non-neutralizing · plain
  “Only a minority of the binding antibodies, even those targeting the RBD, showed neutralizing activity”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We also found a co-dominance of mAbs targeting the NTD and RBD of SARS-CoV-2 spike”
- Also stated in: § The plasmablast response to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination targets both the RBD and the NTD · hedged
  “These data indicate that RBD and NTD are co-dominant in the context of the mRNA-induced plasmablast response.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedn = 3
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes

Show all 89 claims

It may state two separate claims as one. 37
Probably not a substantial claim. 35

None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It has been reported that SARS-CoV-2 infection induces an original antigenic sin-type immune response against human coronaviruses (hCoVs) to which the majority of the human population has pre-existing immunity”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > mRNA vaccination induces a modest but measurable immune response to seasonal β-coronavirus spike proteins
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Aydillo et al., 2021 source
- Not checked yetcites Song et al., 2020
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“This is also true for B cells and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) isolated from vaccinated individuals”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wang et al., 2021 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Antibodies binding to the RBD can potently block attachment of the virus to ACE2 and thereby neutralize the virus”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Barnes et al., 2020 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“it directly interacts with the cellular receptor angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) which mediates host cell entry”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Letko et al., 2020 source
- Not checked yetcites Wrapp et al., 2020 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“These data were already apparent in the early phase clinical trials but remained unrecognized at the time”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Walsh et al., 2020
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Two recent studies have performed a similarly unbiased plasmablast analysis for individuals naturally infected with SARS-CoV-2”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cho et al., 2021
- Not checked yetcites Huang et al., 2021
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“has already been shown for natural infection with SARS-CoV-2 where a “backboost” to β-coronaviruses was also found (Aydillo et al., 2021; Song et al., 2020).”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Aydillo et al., 2021 source
- Not checked yetcites Song et al., 2020
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“a recent deep mutational scanning paper with sera from mRNA-1273 vaccinees found a very strong RBD-focused response (Greaney et al., 2021a).”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Greaney et al., 2021a
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Recent studies analyzing the plasmablast response after natural infection have found a similar co-dominance of RBD and NTD (Cho et al., 2021; Huang et al., 2021)”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cho et al., 2021
- Not checked yetcites Huang et al., 2021
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“it is substantial and occurs during a time when neutralizing antibody titers are either very low or absent (Baden et al., 2020; Dagan et al., 2021; Polack et al., 2020).”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Baden et al., 2020 source
- Not checked yetcites Dagan et al., 2021 source
- Not checked yetcites Polack et al., 2020 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Increased affinity as an escape mechanism for viruses has been described in the past (Hensley et al., 2009; O’Donnell et al., 2012)”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hensley et al., 2009 source
- Not checked yetcites O’Donnell et al., 2012 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

66 of 66

The paper relies on this without support.
All viral variants of concern are heavily mutated in the NTD region.
“Since all viral variants of concern are heavily mutated in this region”

1 of 1

Claims other papers make about this one

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Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

Convalescent antibody ratios are interpreted in opposite directions
Major
The results say lower-titer convalescent individuals had more binding relative to neutralizing antibodies. The discussion instead says low-titer serum had the highest relative amount of neutralizing antibodies and higher-titer serum had more binding antibodies.
Figure caption names a different variant
Minor
The Figure 4 caption lists B.1.315 among the three variants of concern, while the introduction lists B.1.351 in its place.

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“mRNA vaccination induces a modest but measurable immune response to seasonal b-coronavirus spike proteins It has been reported that SARS-CoV-2 infection induces an original antigenic sin-type immune response against human coronaviruses (hCoVs) to which the majority of the human population has pre-existing immunity (Ay…”
Cross-reactive serum and memory B-cell responses to spike protein in SARS-CoV-2 and endemic coronavirus infection
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Hemagglutinin Stalk- and Neuraminidase-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies Protect against Lethal H10N8 Influenza Virus Infection in Mice
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Broadly Cross-Reactive, Nonneutralizing Antibodies against Influenza B Virus Hemagglutinin Demonstrate Effector Function-Dependent Protection against Lethal Viral Challenge in Mice
Asthagiri Arunkumar, G., Ioannou, A., Wohlbold, T. J., Meade, P., Aslam, S., Amanat, F., Ayllon, J., García-Sastre, A., & Krammer, F. (2019) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01696-18 · Cited by 80
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Antibody pressure by a human monoclonal antibody targeting the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus hemagglutinin drives the emergence of a virus with increased virulence in mice
O’Donnell, C. D., Vogel, L., Wright, A., Das, S. R., Wrammert, J., Li, G.-M., McCausland, M., Zheng, N.-Y., Yewdell, J. W., Ahmed, R., et al. (2012) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.00120-12 · Cited by 77
Antibodies Elicited by an NS1-Based Vaccine Protect Mice against Zika Virus
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Refined protocol for generating monoclonal antibodies from single human and murine B cells
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Grandjean, L., Saso, A., Ortiz, A. T., Lam, T., Hatcher, J., Thistlethwayte, R., Harris, M., Best, T., Johnson, M., Wagstaffe, H. R., et al. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.07.16.20155663 · Cited by 44
The localized rise of a B.1.526 SARS-CoV-2 variant containing an E484K mutation in New York StatePreprint
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Broadly Reactive Human Monoclonal Antibodies Elicited following Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Virus Exposure Protect Mice against Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Challenge
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Monoclonal Antibodies with Neutralizing Activity and Fc-Effector Functions against the Machupo Virus Glycoprotein
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Collaboration between the Fab and Fc contribute to maximal protection against SARS-CoV-2 in nonhuman primates following NVX-CoV2373 subunit vaccine with Matrix-M™ vaccinationPreprint
Gorman, M. J., Patel, N., Guebre‐Xabier, M., Zhu, A. L., Atyeo, C. G., Pullen, K. M., Loos, C., Goez-Gazi, Y., Carrion, R., Tian, J.-H., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.02.05.429759 · Cited by 29
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Distinct B cell subsets give rise to antigen-specific antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2Preprint
Wilson, P. C., Stamper, C. T., Dugan, H. L., Li, L., Asby, N. W., Halfmann, P., Guthmiller, J. J., Zheng, N., Huang, M., Stovicek, O., et al. (2020) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-80476/v1 · Cited by 20
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The SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-1273 vaccine elicits more RBD-focused neutralization, but with broader antibody binding within the RBDPreprint
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Long-Term Persistence of Spike Antibody and Predictive Modeling of Antibody Dynamics Following Infection with SARS-CoV-2Preprint
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Ultrapotent bispecific antibodies neutralize emerging SARS-CoV-2 variantsPreprint
Cho, H., Gonzales-Wartz, K. K., Huang, D.-L., Yuan, M., Peterson, M., Liang, J. Y., Beutler, N., Torres, J., Cong, Y., Postnikova, E., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.04.01.437942 · Cited by 10
Emergence and Expansion of the SARS-CoV-2 Variant B.1.526 Identified in New York
Annavajhala, M. K., Mohri, H., Wang, P., Nair, M., Zucker, J. E., Sheng, Z., Gomez-Simmonds, A., Kelley, A. L., Tagliavia, M., Huang, Y., et al. (2021) · doi:10.1101/2021.02.23.21252259 · cited 2×
“However, recent expansion of B.1.526, a lineage also featuring E484K but without N501Y in New York City, suggests that this fitness loss may be overcome by other, yet uncharacterized, changes in the virus as well (Annavajhala et al., 2021; Lasek-Nesselquist et al., 2021).”
Influential
SARS-CoV-2 501Y.V2 escapes neutralization by South African COVID-19 donor plasma
Wibmer, C. K., Ayres, F., Hermanus, T., Madzivhandila, M., Kgagudi, P., Oosthuysen, B., Lambson, B. E., de Oliveira, T., Vermeulen, M., van der Berg, K., et al. (2021) · doi:10.1101/2021.01.18.427166

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Annavajhala, 2021, A Novel SARS-CoV-2 Variant of Concern, B.1.526, Identified in New York, medRxiv

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Striking antibody evasion manifested by the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2
Liu, L., Iketani, S., Guo, Y., Chan, J. F.-W., Wang, M., Liu, L., Luo, Y., Chu, H., Huang, Y., Nair, M. S., et al. (2022) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04388-0 · Cited by 1,290
SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines induce persistent human germinal centre responses
Turner, J. S., O’Halloran, J. A., Kalaidina, E., Kim, W., Schmitz, A. J., Zhou, J. Q., Lei, T., Thapa, M., Chen, R. E., Case, J. B., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03738-2 · Cited by 831
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Activity of convalescent and vaccine serum against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron
Carreño, J. M., Alshammary, H., Tcheou, J., Singh, G., Raskin, A. J., Kawabata, H., Sominsky, L. A., Clark, J. J., Adelsberg, D. C., Bielak, D. A., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04399-5 · Cited by 462
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Neutralization of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Omicron Variant by Sera From BNT162b2 or CoronaVac Vaccine Recipients
Lu, L., Mok, B. W.-Y., Chen, L. L., Chan, J. M. C., Tsang, O. T. Y., Lam, B. H. S., Chuang, V. W., Chu, A. W., Chan, W. M., Ip, J. D., et al. (2021) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciab1041 · Cited by 396
Distinguishing features of current COVID-19 vaccines: knowns and unknowns of antigen presentation and modes of action
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See all 276

Authors: Amanat, F., Thapa, M., Lei, T., Ahmed, S. M. S., Adelsberg, D. C., Carreño, J. M., Strohmeier, S., Schmitz, A. J., Zafar, S., Zhou, J. Q., Rijnink, W., Alshammary, H., Borcherding, N., Reiche, A. G., Srivastava, K., Sordillo, E. M., van Bakel, H., Ahmed, B., Altman, D., Amoako, A., Awawda, M., Beach, K., Bermúdez-González, C., Chernet, R., Eaker, L., Fabre, S., Ferreri, E. D., Floda, D., Gleason, C., Kleiner, G., Jurczyszak, D., Matthews, J., Mendez, W., Mulder, L. C. F., Polanco, J., Russo, K., Salimbangon, A., Saksena, M., Shin, A. S., Sominsky, L., Suthakaran, S., Wajnberg, A., Turner, J. S., Bajic, G., Simon, V., Ellebedy, A. H., & Krammer, F.
Affiliations: Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
Washington University in St. Louis (US)
AbCellera (Canada) (CA)
Corresponding author: Bajic, Goran
Simon, Viviana
Ellebedy, Ali H.
Krammer, Florian
ORCID: Amanat, Fatima
Thapa, Mahima
Ahmed, Shaza M. Sayed
Adelsberg, Daniel C.
Carreño, Juan Manuel
Strohmeier, Shirin
Schmitz, Aaron J.
Zafar, Sarah
Zhou, Julian Q.
Rijnink, Willemijn
Alshammary, Hala
Borcherding, Nicholas
Reiche, Ana Gonzalez
Sordillo, Emilia Mia
van Bakel, Harm
Altman, Deena
Amoako, Angela
Beach, Katherine
Chernet, Rachel
Fabre, Shelcie
Ferreri, Emily D.
Gleason, Charles
Kleiner, Giulio
Jurczyszak, Denise
Mulder, Lubbertus C.F.
Saksena, Miti
Sominsky, Levy
Suthakaran, Sayahi
Wajnberg, Ania
Turner, Jackson S.
Bajic, Goran
Simon, Viviana
Ellebedy, Ali H.
Krammer, Florian
Venue: Cell
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2021-07
Volume: 184
Issue: 15
Pages: 3936-3948.e10
ISSN: 0092-8674 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.06.005
PMC: PMC8185186
OpenAlex: W3171375949
Cited by: 273
References: 100
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 94 · 2021: 51
FWCI: 18.53
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 386 d)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
Locations: Cell (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Open Philanthropy Project (2020-215611)
JPB Foundation (5384, 5T32CA009547)
NIAID (5T32CA009547, 75N93019C00051, U01AI141990, U01AI150747, HHSN272201400006C)
AbbVie
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › vaccines and immunoinformatics approaches
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Virus Infections Studies
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, mRNA vaccines, spike protein, N-terminal domain, receptor binding domain, S2 subunit, polyclonal antibodies, monoclonal antibodies, neutralizing antibodies, original antigenic sin, seasonal human coronaviruses, antibody response
MeSH terms: Protein Domains, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 Vaccines, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Antibodies, Viral, Antibody Formation, Binding, Competitive, Humans, Immunoglobulin G, Mutation, RNA, Messenger, Vaccination, Amino Acid Substitution, Somatic Hypermutation, Immunoglobulin, Antibodies, Neutralizing, Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-06, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).

A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-06 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks