The DOI matches its Crossref record; 92 of the 100 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 47 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2
Open accessAbstract
In this study we profiled vaccine-induced polyclonal antibodies as well as plasmablast-derived mAbs from individuals who received SARS-CoV-2 spike mRNA vaccine. Polyclonal antibody responses in vaccinees were robust and comparable to or exceeded those seen after natural infection. However, the ratio of binding to neutralizing antibodies after vaccination was greater than that after natural infection and, at the monoclonal level, we found that the majority of vaccine-induced antibodies did not have neutralizing activity. We also found a co-dominance of mAbs targeting the NTD and RBD of SARS-CoV-2 spike and an original antigenic-sin like backboost to spikes of seasonal human coronaviruses OC43 and HKU1. Neutralizing activity of NTD mAbs but not RBD mAbs against a clinical viral isolate carrying E484K as well as extensive changes in the NTD was abolished, suggesting that a proportion of vaccine-induced RBD binding antibodies may provide substantial protection against viral variants carrying single E484K RBD mutations.
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81 Own result · 25 Not checked yet · 24 Own method · 20 Own interpretation · 5 No basis given
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“When determined at the time of peak response, the vaccinees had the highest proportion of binding to neutralizing antibody titers”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > The polyclonal antibody response to mRNA vaccination exceeds titers seen in convalescent individuals but is characterized by a high ratio of non-neutralizing antibodies
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For V3, only one (an RBD binder) out of 21 mAbs (5%) displayed neutralizing activity”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > The majority of isolated mAbs from SARS-CoV2 vaccinees are non-neutralizing
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For V5, a single NTD antibody neutralized authentic SARS-CoV-2 (17%)”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > The majority of isolated mAbs from SARS-CoV2 vaccinees are non-neutralizing
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“while one vaccinee (V4) produced titers comparable to the high titer group.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > The polyclonal antibody response to mRNA vaccination exceeds titers seen in convalescent individuals but is characterized by a high ratio of non-neutralizing antibodies
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A substantial number of the isolated mAbs bound to NTD including 14% for V3, 33% for V5, and 33% for V6”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > The plasmablast response to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination targets both the RBD and the NTD
plainn = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“the majority of vaccine-induced antibodies did not have neutralizing activity”
- Also stated in: § The majority of isolated mAbs from SARS-CoV2 vaccinees are non-neutralizing · plain
“Only a minority of the binding antibodies, even those targeting the RBD, showed neutralizing activity”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § The majority of isolated mAbs from SARS-CoV2 vaccinees are non-neutralizing · plain
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In the paper
“only a minority of these antibodies recognized RBD (24% for V3, 47% for V6, and no RBD binders were identified for V5)”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > The plasmablast response to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination targets both the RBD and the NTD
plainn = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“However, titers against the spike proteins of β-coronaviruses OC43 and HKU1 increased substantially in these four vaccinees after vaccination”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > mRNA vaccination induces a modest but measurable immune response to seasonal β-coronavirus spike proteins
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“We also found a co-dominance of mAbs targeting the NTD and RBD of SARS-CoV-2 spike”
- Also stated in: § The plasmablast response to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination targets both the RBD and the NTD · hedged
“These data indicate that RBD and NTD are co-dominant in the context of the mRNA-induced plasmablast response.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § The plasmablast response to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination targets both the RBD and the NTD · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No antibody binding to the spike proteins of α-coronaviruses 229E and NL63 was found”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > The majority of isolated mAbs from SARS-CoV2 vaccinees are non-neutralizing
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For the convalescent group, we found that individuals with lower titers had a higher proportion of binding to neutralizing antibodies than high-responding convalescent individuals”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > The polyclonal antibody response to mRNA vaccination exceeds titers seen in convalescent individuals but is characterized by a high ratio of non-neutralizing antibodies
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The epitopes for the majority of the remaining spike binding mAbs, 52% for V3, 50% for V5, and 20% for V6, mapped to S2”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > The plasmablast response to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination targets both the RBD and the NTD
plainn = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“However, the ratio of binding to neutralizing antibodies after vaccination was greater than that after natural infection”
- Also stated in: § The polyclonal antibody response to mRNA vaccination exceeds titers seen in convalescent individuals but is characterized by a high ratio of non-neutralizing antibodies · plain
“the ratio of binding to neutralizing antibodies in vaccinated individuals being significantly higher than those observed for any of the three convalescent groups (p = 0.0004, 0.0002 and 0.0041 for the three groups respectively”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Also stated in: § The polyclonal antibody response to mRNA vaccination exceeds titers seen in convalescent individuals but is characterized by a high ratio of non-neutralizing antibodies · plain
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In the paper
“These proportions remained stable over time”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > The polyclonal antibody response to mRNA vaccination exceeds titers seen in convalescent individuals but is characterized by a high ratio of non-neutralizing antibodies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“an original antigenic-sin like backboost to spikes of seasonal human coronaviruses OC43 and HKU1”
- Also stated in: § mRNA vaccination induces a modest but measurable immune response to seasonal β-coronavirus spike proteins · plain
“Thus, vaccination with mRNA SARS-CoV-2 spike also boosts immune responses against seasonal β-coronavirus spike proteins in a manner reminiscent of that reported for natural infection with SARS-CoV-2.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § mRNA vaccination induces a modest but measurable immune response to seasonal β-coronavirus spike proteins · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Five out of six vaccinees produced anti-spike and anti-RBD responses that were, at the peak, markedly higher than responses observed even in the high titer convalescent group”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > The polyclonal antibody response to mRNA vaccination exceeds titers seen in convalescent individuals but is characterized by a high ratio of non-neutralizing antibodies
plaincorrelationaln = 6- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Neutralizing activity of NTD mAbs but not RBD mAbs against a clinical viral isolate carrying E484K as well as extensive changes in the NTD was abolished”
- Also stated in: § Escape of an NTD and E484K mutant virus from polyclonal post-vaccination serum is negligible but NTD mutations significantly impact the neutralizing activity of NTD binding mAbs · plain
“all five anti-NTD antibodies completely lost neutralizing activity against PV14252 due to mutations present in the NTD of this viral isolate.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Escape of an NTD and E484K mutant virus from polyclonal post-vaccination serum is negligible but NTD mutations significantly impact the neutralizing activity of NTD binding mAbs · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Neutralizing activity of NTD mAbs but not RBD mAbs against a clinical viral isolate carrying E484K as well as extensive changes in the NTD was abolished”
- Also stated in: § Escape of an NTD and E484K mutant virus from polyclonal post-vaccination serum is negligible but NTD mutations significantly impact the neutralizing activity of NTD binding mAbs · plain
“the two RBD mAbs neutralized both viruses with comparable efficiency”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Escape of an NTD and E484K mutant virus from polyclonal post-vaccination serum is negligible but NTD mutations significantly impact the neutralizing activity of NTD binding mAbs · plain
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In the paper
“we recovered 332, 7, and 1,384 BCR sequences from the scRNA-seq data that are clonally related to the spike-binding mAbs derived from subjects V3, V5, and V6, respectively”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > The spike-reactive plasmablast response is dominated by IgG1+ cells and is comprised of a mixture of cells with low and high levels of somatic hypermutation (SHM)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Another interesting point we noted is the co-dominance of RBD and NTD.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“are co-dominated by NTD and RBD antibodies”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
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In the paper
“Of note, the B.1.351 RBD affinity for ACE2 was comparable to that of the wild-type RBD.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > Competition of RBD binding neutralizing mAbs with ACE2 and affinity of variant RBDs for human ACE2
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“we found that the SHM level among clones that are related to cross-reactive mAbs was significantly higher than their non-cross-reactive counterparts”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > The spike-reactive plasmablast response is dominated by IgG1+ cells and is comprised of a mixture of cells with low and high levels of somatic hypermutation (SHM)
plaincorrelationaln = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“we were not able to recover clonally related sequences for all of the mAbs that we cloned and expressed from each of the three vaccinees.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > The spike-reactive plasmablast response is dominated by IgG1+ cells and is comprised of a mixture of cells with low and high levels of somatic hypermutation (SHM)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“we identified five mAbs (including three from V3, one from V5, and one from V6) that bound, to varying degrees, to the spike of OC43”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > The majority of isolated mAbs from SARS-CoV2 vaccinees are non-neutralizing
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A few of the mAbs isolated in our study had, indeed, such a cross-reactive phenotype.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
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In the paper
“Almost all of the single and double mutations in RBD tested increased affinity to human ACE2.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > Competition of RBD binding neutralizing mAbs with ACE2 and affinity of variant RBDs for human ACE2
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“post-vaccination neutralization titers were equal to or exceeded the titers found in the high responder convalescent group.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
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In the paper
“Specifically, N501Y and Y453F combined with N439K increased affinity for human ACE2 by 5-fold”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > Competition of RBD binding neutralizing mAbs with ACE2 and affinity of variant RBDs for human ACE2
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Concentration-dependent competition was indeed observed for both mAbs”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > Competition of RBD binding neutralizing mAbs with ACE2 and affinity of variant RBDs for human ACE2
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 partially escape from plasmablast-derived neutralizing antibodies”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 partially escape from plasmablast-derived neutralizing antibodies
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“We found a relatively minor impact when testing polyclonal sera from vaccinees for neutralizing activity”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > Escape of an NTD and E484K mutant virus from polyclonal post-vaccination serum is negligible but NTD mutations significantly impact the neutralizing activity of NTD binding mAbs
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Strikingly, the SHM level among V6 plasmablasts was equivalent to those observed after seasonal influenza virus vaccination”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > The spike-reactive plasmablast response is dominated by IgG1+ cells and is comprised of a mixture of cells with low and high levels of somatic hypermutation (SHM)
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Conversely, the B.1.351 RBD caused, on average, a 39% reduction in binding.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > Binding profiles of polyclonal serum and mAbs to RBDs carrying mutations found in viral variants of concern
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“IgG1 was by far the most dominant isotype in the three vaccinees”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > The spike-reactive plasmablast response is dominated by IgG1+ cells and is comprised of a mixture of cells with low and high levels of somatic hypermutation (SHM)
plainn = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Serum from convalescent individuals showed strong fluctuations depending on the viral variant”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > Binding profiles of polyclonal serum and mAbs to RBDs carrying mutations found in viral variants of concern
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In general, mAbs maintained binding levels within 2-fold of the binding seen with the wild-type RBD with some exceptions.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > Binding profiles of polyclonal serum and mAbs to RBDs carrying mutations found in viral variants of concern
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“with the exception of PVI.V3-9, which lost binding to the RBD carrying F486A.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > Binding profiles of polyclonal serum and mAbs to RBDs carrying mutations found in viral variants of concern
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The impact was slightly lower for the P.1 RBD (average 70% binding compared to wild-type).”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > Binding profiles of polyclonal serum and mAbs to RBDs carrying mutations found in viral variants of concern
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“SARS-CoV-2 infection results in a very heterogeneous antibody response to the spike protein in terms of antibody quantity.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Spike-reactive plasmablasts from V3 and V6 but not V5 had accumulated SHM at levels that are significantly greater than those observed with naive B cells”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > The spike-reactive plasmablast response is dominated by IgG1+ cells and is comprised of a mixture of cells with low and high levels of somatic hypermutation (SHM)
plainn = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For sera from the six vaccinated individuals, however, the highest reduction seen was only 2-fold for E406Q, N440K, E484K, and F490K”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > Binding profiles of polyclonal serum and mAbs to RBDs carrying mutations found in viral variants of concern
plainn = 6- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Three of these mAbs also showed binding to the spike of HKU1, another β-coronavirus.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > The majority of isolated mAbs from SARS-CoV2 vaccinees are non-neutralizing
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“our analysis of post-vaccination plasmablasts found a lower number of neutralizing antibodies (17%).”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · boosted
“we demonstrate that the antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination comprise a large proportion of non-neutralizing antibodies”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · boosted
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two mAbs were identified as neutralizing and binding to RBD.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > Competition of RBD binding neutralizing mAbs with ACE2 and affinity of variant RBDs for human ACE2
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only one mAb, PVI.V6-4, showed a drop in binding to P.1.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > Binding profiles of polyclonal serum and mAbs to RBDs carrying mutations found in viral variants of concern
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In fact, for most mAbs, no impact on binding was observed”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > Binding profiles of polyclonal serum and mAbs to RBDs carrying mutations found in viral variants of concern
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In general, single mutants E406Q, E484K, and F490K exerted the biggest impact on binding.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > Binding profiles of polyclonal serum and mAbs to RBDs carrying mutations found in viral variants of concern
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, E484K on its own decreased affinity by 4-fold.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > Competition of RBD binding neutralizing mAbs with ACE2 and affinity of variant RBDs for human ACE2
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some vaccinees maintained binding levels against these RBDs at levels comparable to wild-type RBD.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > Binding profiles of polyclonal serum and mAbs to RBDs carrying mutations found in viral variants of concern
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“introduction of E484K reduced the affinity by 4-fold”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the B.1.351 RBD, which carries N501Y and E484K (as well as N417K) showed binding to hACE2 that was similar to wild-type RBD.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“binding of convalescent sera to the N501Y RBD was also increased”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further characterization of the mAbs obtained in our study showed a complete loss of neutralization against an authentic, replication-competent variant virus that harbored extensive changes in the NTD.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“N501Y increased the affinity by 5-fold.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“broadly cross-reactive mAbs to β-coronavirus spike proteins are induced after vaccination”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“reduction in binding to the E484K and B.1.351 variant RBDs was minor (often only 2-fold)”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Analyses of the B cell responses to the spike generally focus on the RBD and on cells sorted with RBD baits introducing an inherent bias by omitting non-RBD targets”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Introduction
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the NTD is heavily mutated in the three most prominent variants of concern (VOCs) (B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and P.1)”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Davies et al., 2021 source
- Not checked yetcites Faria et al., 2021
- Not checked yetcites Tegally et al., 2020
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggesting that a proportion of vaccine-induced RBD binding antibodies may provide substantial protection against viral variants carrying single E484K RBD mutations.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“other epitopes within the spike protein, notably the N-terminal domain (NTD) but also S2, do harbor neutralizing epitopes”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Introduction
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We first verified the identity of sequenced cells as plasmablasts through the combined expression of B cell receptors (BCRs) (Figure 3 A) and that of the canonical transcription as well as other factors essential for plasma cell differentiation, such as PRDM1, XBP1, and MZB1”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > The spike-reactive plasmablast response is dominated by IgG1+ cells and is comprised of a mixture of cells with low and high levels of somatic hypermutation (SHM)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These data suggest that the NTD, which also harbors neutralizing epitopes, is—at least—as important as the RBD”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“demonstrating that inhibition of ACE2 binding is the mechanism of action of the two mAbs”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > Competition of RBD binding neutralizing mAbs with ACE2 and affinity of variant RBDs for human ACE2
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While it is likely the case that the B cells producing these mAbs come from recall responses and were initially induced by human β-coronaviruses (which is supported by serology and of course the extensive SHM that the mAbs show)”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Previous analyses of B cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination focused on cells baited by labeled RBD (Wang et al., 2021).”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wang et al., 2021 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“antibody functions other than neutralization have been shown to correlate with protection (Bartsch et al., 2021; Gorman et al., 2021; Schäfer et al., 2021).”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“When accounting for spike binding only, these studies report proportions of 44% and 25% neutralizing antibodies (Cho et al., 2021; Huang et al., 2021).”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cho et al., 2021
- Not checked yetcites Huang et al., 2021
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These data were confirmed using an ELISA-based method which showed the same trends”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > Competition of RBD binding neutralizing mAbs with ACE2 and affinity of variant RBDs for human ACE2
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This phenomenon resembles the immune imprinting described in influenza virus immunology”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We reasoned that the high level of SHM among spike-reactive plasmablasts may be derived from those targeting conserved epitopes that are shared with human β-coronaviruses.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > The spike-reactive plasmablast response is dominated by IgG1+ cells and is comprised of a mixture of cells with low and high levels of somatic hypermutation (SHM)
hedgedconditionaln = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“providing evidence for the hypothesis that N501Y enables acquisition of mutations in the RBD that may be detrimental to receptor binding.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites PHE, 2021
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This increase in receptor binding affinity may contribute to the higher infectivity of B.1.1.7, which carries this mutation in its RBD.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Recently, B.1.1.7 variant strains carrying E484K, in addition to N501Y, have been isolated in the UK (PHE, 2021)”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites PHE, 2021
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Binding, non-neutralizing antibodies have also been shown to have a protective effect in many viral infections (Asthagiri Arunkumar et al., 2019; DiLillo et al., 2014; Saphire et al., 2018)”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although not tested here, it is likely that the reduction in binding to full-length spike is even lower, given the many epitopes on the spike other than NTD and RBD.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“recent expansion of B.1.526, a lineage also featuring E484K but without N501Y in New York City, suggests that this fitness loss may be overcome by other, yet uncharacterized, changes in the virus as well (Annavajhala et al., 2021; Lasek-Nesselquist et al., 2021).”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Annavajhala et al., 2021
- Not checked yetcites Lasek-Nesselquist et al., 2021
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“an antibody binding to the RBD may just be more effective in interfering with a low-affinity as compared to a high-affinity RBD-hACE2 interaction.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our data indicate that reduction in binding to the E484K and B.1.351 variant RBDs was minor (often only 2-fold) compared to reported reduction in neutralization”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The NTD portion of the spike represents, thus, an important vaccine target.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: All viral variants of concern are heavily mutated in the NTD region.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“reported reduction in neutralization (which ranges from 6- to 8-fold to complete loss of neutralization) (Cele et al., 2021; Wibmer et al., 2021; Wu et al., 2021).”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cele et al., 2021
- Not checked yetcites Wibmer et al., 2021
- Not checked yetcites Wu et al., 2021
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The maintenance of binding to a large degree observed in this study suggests that viral variants will have a minor impact on serological assays which are currently in wide use for medical, scientific, and public health reasons.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggest a potential development path for a pan- β-coronavirus vaccine.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“These observations may explain why a reduction in neutralization against the viral variant of concern B.1.1.7 is seen in some studies despite the fact the N501Y substitution in the RBD of this variant does not significantly impact binding and neutralizing activity (Emary et al., 2021).”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Emary et al., 2021 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The key role of NTD as target for antibodies has recently also been shown using memory B cell-derived mAbs (McCallum et al., 2021).”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McCallum et al., 2021 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The reduced affinity of the E484K variant RBD for hACE2 could render the virus more susceptible to RBD binding mAbs.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggesting that changes that increase affinity for the receptor may also increase affinity of a set of antibodies that may mimic the receptor.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Production of non-neutralizing antibodies may also play a role in protection by mRNA vaccines after the first dose”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“which may explain why virus variants carrying only the E484K mutation have rarely spread efficiently”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“may be a factor in the substantial residual protection seen in the Johnson & Johnson and Novavax vaccine trials against B.1.351 in South Africa (Shinde et al., 2021).”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Shinde et al., 2021
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 37
- Probably not a substantial claim. 35
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“all vaccinees displaying high titers, even though V4 responded with delayed kinetics”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > The polyclonal antibody response to mRNA vaccination exceeds titers seen in convalescent individuals but is characterized by a high ratio of non-neutralizing antibodies
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“anti-RBD antibody titers seemed to decline faster than anti-spike antibody titers, which appeared to be more stable over time”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > The polyclonal antibody response to mRNA vaccination exceeds titers seen in convalescent individuals but is characterized by a high ratio of non-neutralizing antibodies
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the antibody response peaked 1 week after the second vaccine dose, followed by a decline in titers over the following weeks”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > The polyclonal antibody response to mRNA vaccination exceeds titers seen in convalescent individuals but is characterized by a high ratio of non-neutralizing antibodies
plaincorrelationaln = 6- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Polyclonal antibody responses in vaccinees were robust and comparable to or exceeded those seen after natural infection.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interestingly, the highest neutralizing potency was found for mAb PVI.V5-6, an NTD binder followed by PVI.V6-4, an RBD binder.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > The majority of isolated mAbs from SARS-CoV2 vaccinees are non-neutralizing
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“although at the peak response, the vaccine group mounted neutralization titers that fell in the upper range for the high convalescent group, they did not exceed that group markedly”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > The polyclonal antibody response to mRNA vaccination exceeds titers seen in convalescent individuals but is characterized by a high ratio of non-neutralizing antibodies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only three mAbs were not accounted for in terms of binding target (two for V3 and one for V5”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > The plasmablast response to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination targets both the RBD and the NTD
plainn = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We also investigated the spike binding to RBD binding ratio and found no difference to convalescent individuals except a general trend toward proportionally less RBD binding over time in the vaccinees”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > The polyclonal antibody response to mRNA vaccination exceeds titers seen in convalescent individuals but is characterized by a high ratio of non-neutralizing antibodies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Antibody titers in four vaccinees against spike protein from α-coronaviruses 229E and NL63 were detectable at the pre-vaccination time point but did not increase substantially after vaccination”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > mRNA vaccination induces a modest but measurable immune response to seasonal β-coronavirus spike proteins
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The highest frequency of neutralizing antibodies was found in V6 (33%) with one RBD neutralizer and four NTD neutralizers”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > The majority of isolated mAbs from SARS-CoV2 vaccinees are non-neutralizing
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A total of 21 (40 mAbs were screened, with 28 being clonally unique, Table S2) spike-reactive mAbs were isolated from V3, 6 (82 screened, 20 unique) from V5, and 15 (84 screened, 24 unique) from V6”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > The plasmablast response to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination targets both the RBD and the NTD
plainn = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The two RBD binding antibodies lost no (PVI.V6-4) or little (PVI.V3-9) neutralizing activity against B.1.1.7.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 partially escape from plasmablast-derived neutralizing antibodies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In fact, the activity of PVI.V3-9 increased slightly”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > Escape of an NTD and E484K mutant virus from polyclonal post-vaccination serum is negligible but NTD mutations significantly impact the neutralizing activity of NTD binding mAbs
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, complete loss of binding was rare and 2- to 4-fold reduction in binding was more common.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > Binding profiles of polyclonal serum and mAbs to RBDs carrying mutations found in viral variants of concern
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, PVI.V3-9 lost all activity against B.1.351 and the remaining neutralizing activity of PVI.V6-4 was low (but measurable).”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 partially escape from plasmablast-derived neutralizing antibodies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In one vaccinee not a single RBD binding mAbs was isolated with the caveats that the overall number of mAbs derived from that individual were low and their polyclonal serum antibody responses included RBD recognition.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the SARS-CoV-2 isolate PV14252 (Clade 20C, Pango lineage B.1) that featured two mutations (W64R, L141Y) and one deletion (Δ142-145) in the NTD as well as the E484K mutation in the RBD”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > Escape of an NTD and E484K mutant virus from polyclonal post-vaccination serum is negligible but NTD mutations significantly impact the neutralizing activity of NTD binding mAbs
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interestingly, almost all sera bound better to N501Y RBD (B.1.1.7) than to wild-type RBD (average 129% compared to wild-type).”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > Binding profiles of polyclonal serum and mAbs to RBDs carrying mutations found in viral variants of concern
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The highest reduction observed for E484K, F484A, B.1.351, and P.1 were also approximately 2-fold but this did not apply to all six vaccinees.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > Binding profiles of polyclonal serum and mAbs to RBDs carrying mutations found in viral variants of concern
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Vaccinated individuals mounted a response to spike proteins from OC43 and HKU1 but not to α-coronaviruses 229E and NL63.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All but one (PVI.V6-11) NTD mAbs lost neutralizing activity against B.1.1.7 and all of them lost neutralizing activity against B.1.351”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 partially escape from plasmablast-derived neutralizing antibodies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“mRNA vaccination appears to induce a high antibody response of relatively homogeneous titers.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Three mAbs showed strong binding (PVI.V3-8, PVI.V3-12, and PVI.V6-1), while PVI.V3-17 showed an intermediate binding phenotype and PVI-V5-1 bound very weakly.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > The majority of isolated mAbs from SARS-CoV2 vaccinees are non-neutralizing
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although there was a negative impact on binding of several mAbs to the B.1.351 variant, binding was almost unaffected by the mutations in the P.1 variant RBD.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > Binding profiles of polyclonal serum and mAbs to RBDs carrying mutations found in viral variants of concern
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“five out of seven neutralizing antibodies isolated in this study bound to the NTD and only two targeted the RBD.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The activity of sera from V2, V5, and V6 slightly increased while the activity for V1, V3, and V4 decreased.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > Escape of an NTD and E484K mutant virus from polyclonal post-vaccination serum is negligible but NTD mutations significantly impact the neutralizing activity of NTD binding mAbs
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of these, PVI.V6-1 showed only very weak binding while PVI.3-8 and PVI.3-12 had low minimal binding concentrations (MBCs) indicating higher affinity”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > The majority of isolated mAbs from SARS-CoV2 vaccinees are non-neutralizing
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found similar levels of NTD and RBD binders with many mAbs binding to epitopes outside the RBD and the NTD.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All NTD mAbs also lost neutralizing activity against B.1.351 and all but one lost activity against B.1.1.7.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the two neutralizing antibodies against the RBD showed some reduced binding to a mutant RBD carrying the E484K mutation while having similar or even increased neutralizing potency against a variant virus carrying the E484K mutation as the only change in its RBD.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It has been reported that SARS-CoV-2 infection induces an original antigenic sin-type immune response against human coronaviruses (hCoVs) to which the majority of the human population has pre-existing immunity”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > mRNA vaccination induces a modest but measurable immune response to seasonal β-coronavirus spike proteins
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Aydillo et al., 2021 source
- Not checked yetcites Song et al., 2020
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“This is also true for B cells and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) isolated from vaccinated individuals”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wang et al., 2021 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Antibodies binding to the RBD can potently block attachment of the virus to ACE2 and thereby neutralize the virus”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Barnes et al., 2020 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“indicating an immune response more focused on non-neutralizing antibodies or an induction of less potent neutralizing antibodies in general (or both)”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > The polyclonal antibody response to mRNA vaccination exceeds titers seen in convalescent individuals but is characterized by a high ratio of non-neutralizing antibodies
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“it directly interacts with the cellular receptor angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) which mediates host cell entry”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Introduction
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“These data were already apparent in the early phase clinical trials but remained unrecognized at the time”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Walsh et al., 2020
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We, in contrast, took an unbiased approach to sort and clone plasmablasts in an antigen-agnostic manner.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Two recent studies have performed a similarly unbiased plasmablast analysis for individuals naturally infected with SARS-CoV-2”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cho et al., 2021
- Not checked yetcites Huang et al., 2021
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“has already been shown for natural infection with SARS-CoV-2 where a “backboost” to β-coronaviruses was also found (Aydillo et al., 2021; Song et al., 2020).”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Aydillo et al., 2021 source
- Not checked yetcites Song et al., 2020
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Wild-type SARS-CoV-2 and PV14252 were tested in parallel to ensure that the assay setup for both viruses allowed comparison.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > Escape of an NTD and E484K mutant virus from polyclonal post-vaccination serum is negligible but NTD mutations significantly impact the neutralizing activity of NTD binding mAbs
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“a recent deep mutational scanning paper with sera from mRNA-1273 vaccinees found a very strong RBD-focused response (Greaney et al., 2021a).”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Greaney et al., 2021a
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we cannot exclude this possibility with our current data.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Recent studies analyzing the plasmablast response after natural infection have found a similar co-dominance of RBD and NTD (Cho et al., 2021; Huang et al., 2021)”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cho et al., 2021
- Not checked yetcites Huang et al., 2021
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“although some antibodies may lose neutralizing activity due to reduced affinity, they do still bind.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The viruses were subjected to deep sequencing to ensure that no mutations had taken place in culture.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > STAR★Methods > Method details
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We have also not included a longitudinal analysis of the convalescent sera in the study”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion > Limitations of the study
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“it is substantial and occurs during a time when neutralizing antibody titers are either very low or absent (Baden et al., 2020; Dagan et al., 2021; Polack et al., 2020).”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While plasmablast analysis is in general not quantitative (e.g., one clone per clonotype is selected, etc.)”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The study protocols for the collection of clinical specimens from individuals with and without SARS-CoV-2 infection by the Personalized Virology Initiative were reviewed and approved by the Mount Sinai Hospital Institutional Review Board (IRB-16-16772; IRB-16-00791; IRB-20-03374).”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > STAR★Methods > Experimental model and subject details
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The sequence of the passage 2 viral isolate was identical to the sequence obtained directly from the clinical specimen.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > STAR★Methods > Method details
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All specimens were coded prior to processing and analysis.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > STAR★Methods > Experimental model and subject details
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Total recovered cells by RNA sequencing were V3: 6,608, V5: 5,256, and V6: 6,325”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > STAR★Methods > Method details
plainn = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We have compared our data with published data from plasmablast analysis after SARS-CoV-2 infection but a side-by-side comparison would have been more accurate.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion > Limitations of the study
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All participants provided written informed consent prior to collection of specimen and clinical information.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > STAR★Methods > Experimental model and subject details
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Eight wells on each plate received no primary antibody (blank wells) and the optical density in those wells was used to assess background.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > STAR★Methods > Method details
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the converse mechanism could be at play here.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All work with authentic SARS-CoV-2 (isolate USA-WA1/2020 and PV14252) was done in a biosafety level 3 (BSL3) laboratory following institutional biosafety guidelines”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > STAR★Methods > Method details
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Another limitation is the lack of plasmablast analysis of SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion > Limitations of the study
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Increased affinity as an escape mechanism for viruses has been described in the past (Hensley et al., 2009; O’Donnell et al., 2012)”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All measurements were repeated in subsequent independent experiments.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > STAR★Methods > Method details
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The polybasic cleavage site changed to WRAR in the B.1.351 variant virus during cultivation in cell culture (as known for this virus at BEI Resources) and no other unexpected mutations occurred.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > STAR★Methods > Method details
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The first limitation is the small number of study participants, which makes this study a qualitative rather than a quantitative study.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion > Limitations of the study
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we lack the ultimate proof for that since we did not analyze pre-vaccination memory B cells and B cell receptor sequences.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion > Limitations of the study
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The integrated RNA sequencing object included 12,568 cells with V3: 4,584, V5: 3,523, and V6: 4,461 cells.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > STAR★Methods > Method details
plainn = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For assay control, remdesivir was used against both the wild type virus as well as the patient isolate.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > STAR★Methods > Method details
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“with a mean of 90.64% read mapped to the genome”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > STAR★Methods > Method details
plainn = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
All viral variants of concern are heavily mutated in the NTD region.
“Since all viral variants of concern are heavily mutated in this region”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“However, these cross-reactive clones were not identified in all individuals and comprised a small fraction of responding B cells, consistent with a similar analysis of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine-induced plasmablasts37.”
From SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines induce persistent human germinal centre responses (2021) · cites this paper as [37]
In the citing paper
“Q493R, which was previously shown to affect binding of CB6 and LY-CoV555 (ref.28 ) as well as polyclonal sera 29 , mediated resistance to CB6 (class 1) as well as to LY-CoV555 and 2-15 (class 2)”
From Striking antibody evasion manifested by the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 (2022) · cites this paper as [29]
In the citing paper
“Q493R, which was previously shown to affect binding of CB6 and LY-CoV555 (ref.28 ) as well as polyclonal sera 29”
From Striking antibody evasion manifested by the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 (2022) · cites this paper as [29]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > The polyclonal antibody response to mRNA vaccination exceeds titers seen in convalescent individuals but is characterized by a high ratio of non-neutralizing antibodies
“For the convalescent group, we found that individuals with lower titers had a higher proportion of binding to neutralizing antibodies than high-responding convalescent individuals”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Discussion
“Interestingly, low-titer convalescent serum had the highest relative amount of neutralizing antibodies, whereas the proportion of binding antibodies was increased in sera with higher measured antibody titers.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Results > Competition of RBD binding neutralizing mAbs with ACE2 and affinity of variant RBDs for human ACE2
“Mutations of the three major variants of concern B.1.1.7, B.1.315, and P.1.”
§ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 > Introduction
“the three most prominent variants of concern (VOCs) (B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and P.1)”
Citations
Cites
Comprehensive Integration of Single-Cell Data
Stuart, T., Butler, A., Hoffman, P., Hafemeister, C., Papalexi, E., Mauck, W. M., Hao, Y., Stoeckius, M., Smibert, P., & Satija, R. (2019) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.05.031 · Cited by 15,453
Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine
Polack, F. P., Thomas, S. J., Kitchin, N., Absalon, J., Gurtman, A., Lockhart, S., Perez, J. L., Pérez Marc, G., Moreira, E. D., Zerbini, C., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2034577 · Cited by 14,592
Efficacy and Safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine
Baden, L. R., El Sahly, H. M., Essink, B., Kotloff, K., Frey, S., Novak, R., Diemert, D., Spector, S. A., Rouphael, N., Creech, C. B., et al. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2035389 · Cited by 10,119
Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation
Wrapp, D., Wang, N., Corbett, K. S., Goldsmith, J. A., Hsieh, C.-L., Abiona, O., Graham, B. S., & McLellan, J. S. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abb2507 · Cited by 8,897
Structure of the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain bound to the ACE2 receptor
Lan, J., Ge, J., Yu, J., Shan, S., Zhou, H., Fan, S., Zhang, Q., Shi, X., Wang, Q., Zhang, L., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2180-5 · Cited by 5,983
Letko, M., Marzi, A., & Munster, V. (2020) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41564-020-0688-y · Cited by 3,109
Immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 assessed for up to 8 months after infection.
Dan, J. M., Mateus, J., Kato, Y., Hastie, K. M., Yu, E. D., Faliti, C. E., Grifoni, A., Ramirez, S. I., Haupt, S., Frazier, A., et al. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abf4063 · Cited by 2,656 · cited 2×
“Similarly, encouraging data have been published on both the plasmablast response and the memory B cell response induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection (Dan et al., 2021; Gaebler et al., 2020; Guthmiller et al., 2021; Huang et al., 2021; Robbiani et al., 2020; Rodda et al., 2021; Wilson et al., 2020).”
Self-citationRNA-Based COVID-19 Vaccine BNT162b2 Selected for a Pivotal Efficacy Study
Walsh, E. E., Frenck, R., Falsey, A. R., Kitchin, N., Absalon, J., Gurtman, A., Lockhart, S., Neuzil, K., Mulligan, M. J., Bailey, R., et al. (2020) · doi:10.1101/2020.08.17.20176651 · Cited by 2,615
Estimated transmissibility and impact of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 in England
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“IgG1 was by far the most (A) Mutations of the three major variants of concern B.1.1.7, B.1.315, and P.1.”
InfluentialEstimated transmissibility and impact of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 in England
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Striking antibody evasion manifested by the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2
Liu, L., Iketani, S., Guo, Y., Chan, J. F.-W., Wang, M., Liu, L., Luo, Y., Chu, H., Huang, Y., Nair, M. S., et al. (2022) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04388-0 · Cited by 1,290
SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines induce persistent human germinal centre responses
Turner, J. S., O’Halloran, J. A., Kalaidina, E., Kim, W., Schmitz, A. J., Zhou, J. Q., Lei, T., Thapa, M., Chen, R. E., Case, J. B., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03738-2 · Cited by 831
Self-citationActivity of convalescent and vaccine serum against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron
Carreño, J. M., Alshammary, H., Tcheou, J., Singh, G., Raskin, A. J., Kawabata, H., Sominsky, L. A., Clark, J. J., Adelsberg, D. C., Bielak, D. A., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04399-5 · Cited by 462
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Metadata
- Authors
- Amanat, F., Thapa, M., Lei, T., Ahmed, S. M. S., Adelsberg, D. C., Carreño, J. M., Strohmeier, S., Schmitz, A. J., Zafar, S., Zhou, J. Q., Rijnink, W., Alshammary, H., Borcherding, N., Reiche, A. G., Srivastava, K., Sordillo, E. M., van Bakel, H., Ahmed, B., Altman, D., Amoako, A., Awawda, M., Beach, K., Bermúdez-González, C., Chernet, R., Eaker, L., Fabre, S., Ferreri, E. D., Floda, D., Gleason, C., Kleiner, G., Jurczyszak, D., Matthews, J., Mendez, W., Mulder, L. C. F., Polanco, J., Russo, K., Salimbangon, A., Saksena, M., Shin, A. S., Sominsky, L., Suthakaran, S., Wajnberg, A., Turner, J. S., Bajic, G., Simon, V., Ellebedy, A. H., & Krammer, F.
- Affiliations
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- AbCellera (Canada) (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Bajic, Goran
- Simon, Viviana
- Ellebedy, Ali H.
- Krammer, Florian
- ORCID
- Amanat, Fatima
- Thapa, Mahima
- Ahmed, Shaza M. Sayed
- Adelsberg, Daniel C.
- Carreño, Juan Manuel
- Strohmeier, Shirin
- Schmitz, Aaron J.
- Zafar, Sarah
- Zhou, Julian Q.
- Rijnink, Willemijn
- Alshammary, Hala
- Borcherding, Nicholas
- Reiche, Ana Gonzalez
- Sordillo, Emilia Mia
- van Bakel, Harm
- Altman, Deena
- Amoako, Angela
- Beach, Katherine
- Chernet, Rachel
- Fabre, Shelcie
- Ferreri, Emily D.
- Gleason, Charles
- Kleiner, Giulio
- Jurczyszak, Denise
- Mulder, Lubbertus C.F.
- Saksena, Miti
- Sominsky, Levy
- Suthakaran, Sayahi
- Wajnberg, Ania
- Turner, Jackson S.
- Bajic, Goran
- Simon, Viviana
- Ellebedy, Ali H.
- Krammer, Florian
- Venue
- Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-07
- Volume
- 184
- Issue
- 15
- Pages
- 3936-3948.e10
- ISSN
- 0092-8674 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8185186
- OpenAlex
- W3171375949
- Cited by
- 273
- References
- 100
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 94 · 2021: 51
- FWCI
- 18.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 386 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- Cell (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Open Philanthropy Project (2020-215611)
- JPB Foundation (5384, 5T32CA009547)
- NIAID (5T32CA009547, 75N93019C00051, U01AI141990, U01AI150747, HHSN272201400006C)
- AbbVie
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › vaccines and immunoinformatics approaches
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Virus Infections Studies
- Keywords
- SARS-CoV-2, mRNA vaccines, spike protein, N-terminal domain, receptor binding domain, S2 subunit, polyclonal antibodies, monoclonal antibodies, neutralizing antibodies, original antigenic sin, seasonal human coronaviruses, antibody response
- MeSH terms
- Protein Domains, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 Vaccines, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Antibodies, Viral, Antibody Formation, Binding, Competitive, Humans, Immunoglobulin G, Mutation, RNA, Messenger, Vaccination, Amino Acid Substitution, Somatic Hypermutation, Immunoglobulin, Antibodies, Neutralizing, Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-06, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-06 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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