High-speed mapping of whole-mouse peripheral nerves at subcellular resolution
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Abstract
In contrast to the rapid advancements in mesoscale connectomic mapping of the mammalian brain, similar mapping of the peripheral nervous system has remained challenging due to the body size and complexity. Here, we present a high-speed blockface volumetric imaging system with an optimized workflow of whole-body clearing, capable of imaging the entire adult mouse at micrometer resolution within 40 h. Three-dimensional reconstruction of individual spinal fibers in Thy1-EGFP mice reveals distinct morphological features of sensory and motor projections along the ventral and dorsal rami. Immunostaining facilitates body-wide mapping of sympathetic nerves and their branches, highlighting their perivascular patterns in limb muscles, bones, and most visceral organs. Viral tracing elucidates the fine architecture of vagus nerves and individual vagal fibers, revealing unexpected projection routes to various organs. Our approach offers an effective means to achieve a holistic understanding of cellular-level interactions among different systems that underlie body physiology and disease.
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Advanced tissue-clearing methods combined with fluorescence microscopy have enabled the visualization of large samples, including entire mouse bodies and big human tissue specimens at the single-cell resolution.
“Advanced tissue-clearing methods combined with fluorescence microscopy have enabled the visualization of large samples, including entire mouse bodies and big human tissue specimens at the single-cell resolution1–5.”
From A deep-learning framework reveals whole-body perturbations at cell level (2026) · cites this paper as [5]
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Mapping cellular targets of covalent cancer drugs in the entire mammalian body
Pang, Z., Leung, V. H., Wang, C. C., Attarpour, A., Rinaldi, A., Shen, H., Moya-Garzón, M. D., Sigua, L. H., Rammel, C., Selke, A., et al. (2025) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2025.11.030 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationMesoscale volumetric fluorescence imaging at nanoscale resolution by photochemical sectioning
Wang, W., Ruan, X., Liu, G., Milkie, D. E., Li, W., Betzig, E., Upadhyayula, S., & Gao, R. (2025) · Microscopy and Microanalysis · doi:10.1093/mam/ozag053.398 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Mesoscopic mapping of the brain: From rodents to primates
Sun, Y.-G., Luo, Q., & Poo, M. (2025) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2025.06.013 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
A deep-learning framework reveals whole-body perturbations at cell level
Kaltenecker, D., Horvath, I., Al-Maskari, R., Chen, Y., Kolabas, Z. I., Hoeher, L., Todorov, M., Minde, D.-P., Kapoor, S., Turhan, S. G., et al. (2026) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-026-10535-2 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Mouse stem cell derived-synthetic embryo models: a tool to study early embryo development
Li, J., Lin, Z., Yao, Y., & Du, J. (2025) · Medicine in Novel Technology and Devices · doi:10.1016/j.medntd.2025.100393 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationRapid 3D Immunolabeling and Light Sheet Microscopy for Quantitative Analysis of Intact Tissues
Chen, J., Ding, Z., Biswas, L., Angelis, J. E. D., Chatzis, A., & Kusumbe, A. P. (2026) · Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.34133/csbj.0121 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Intrinsic neuronal network organization of a mammalian peripheral nervous system
Swanson, L. W., Hahn, J. D., & Sporns, O. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2528657122 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Protocol for ultrafast immunolabeling and 3D imaging of whole organs and large tissues
Ding, Z., Liu, H., Chen, J., & Kusumbe, A. P. (2026) · STAR Protocols · doi:10.1016/j.xpro.2026.104623 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Giant map details nerves across a mouse’s body: see stunning pics
Lenharo, M. (2025) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-025-02156-y
Spatiotemporal focusing enables all-optical in situ histology of heterogeneous tissue
Ji, X., Huang, S., Friedman, B., & Kleinfeld, D. (2025) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/s41592-025-02849-2
Proteinuria and renal function in hypertension: a role for the renal nerves
Veiga, A. C., Silva-Aguiar, R. P., Campos, R. R., Bergamaschi, C. T., Caruso‐Neves, C., & Nishi, E. E. (2025) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0000000000004201
Brunet, M. (2025) · Cerveau & Psycho · doi:10.3917/cerpsy.182.0012
Luo, Y., Wang, W., Zhang, L., Zhang, X., Minoungou, W. E. S., Ren, W., Deng, Q., Hengfang, Xiao, C., Yang, X., et al. (2026) · Applied Materials Today · doi:10.1016/j.apmt.2026.103216
Reedich, E. J., Moline, B. C., Opesade, O., Kramer, C., Glennon, J., Fraatz, E., Quinlan, K. A., & Manuel, M. (2026) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2026.1858877
From blueprint to build: Metal ions in peripheral nerve development and engineering regeneration
Sun, M., Luo, Y., He, Z., Tu, Y., Li, S., Qin, L., Zhang, J., Peng, L., Qiu, T., Zhang, T., et al. (2026) · Bioactive Materials · doi:10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.05.019
Through the lens of light sheet, knee innervation shines
Ko, F. C., Almarza, A. J., Allen, K. D., Malfait, A., & Miller, R. E. (2026) · Osteoarthritis and Cartilage · doi:10.1016/j.joca.2026.06.009
Wu, T., Zhang, Y., & Han, J. (2026) · Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B · doi:10.1016/j.apsb.2026.07.011
Emerging and transformative applications of tissue clearing technology in neuroscience research
Chen, M.-Y., Yin, X., Zhang, H., Song, L., Zhao, H., & Zhang, W. (2026) · Cell Reports Physical Science · doi:10.1016/j.xcrp.2026.103607
- Authors
- Shi, M.-Y., Yao, Y., Wang, M., Yang, Q., Ding, L., Li, R., Li, Y., Huang, H., Yang, C.-Y., Zhou, Z., Zhu, Z., Wen, P., Dai, F., Zeng, X., Zhang, K.-M., Guo, Y., Sun, Z.-A., Xia, H., Ren, Z., Cakmak, Y. O., Zhang, M., Xu, F., Qu, L., Zhu, Q., Lau, P.-M., Xu, C., & Bi, G.-Q.
- Affiliations
- University of Science and Technology of China (CN)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- Anhui University (CN)
- Anhui Communications Vocational & Technical College (CN)
- Anhui Medical University (CN)
- Chinese University of Hong Kong (HK)
- Corresponding author
- Zhu, Qingyuan
- Lau, Pak-Ming
- Bi, Guo-Qiang
- ORCID
- Venue
- Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2025-07
- Volume
- 188
- Issue
- 14
- Pages
- 3897-3915.e20
- ISSN
- 0092-8674 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4412392213
- Cited by
- 18
- References
- 92
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 9
- FWCI
- 6.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cell (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Key Research and Development Program of China (2019YFA0801601)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (62271003, 62401009, 32071039, 92253301)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China-Guangdong Joint Fund (U20A6005, 2021ZD0204400)
- Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province (32090040, 2408085QC086)
- Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (WK9990000138)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB32030200)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biophysics › Advanced Fluorescence Microscopy Techniques
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biophysics › Cell Image Analysis Techniques
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Keywords
- sympathetic nerves, perivascular innervation, vagus nerve, viral tracing, 3D reconstruction
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Transgenic, Peripheral Nerves, Vagus Nerve, Imaging, Three-Dimensional, Green Fluorescent Proteins, Mice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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