Evasion of Type I Interferon by SARS-CoV-2
Open accessAbstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) replication and host immune response determine coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but studies evaluating viral evasion of immune response are lacking. Here, we use unbiased screening to identify SARS-CoV-2 proteins that antagonize type I interferon (IFN-I) response. We found three proteins that antagonize IFN-I production via distinct mechanisms: nonstructural protein 6 (nsp6) binds TANK binding kinase 1 (TBK1) to suppress interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) phosphorylation, nsp13 binds and blocks TBK1 phosphorylation, and open reading frame 6 (ORF6) binds importin Karyopherin α 2 (KPNA2) to inhibit IRF3 nuclear translocation. We identify two sets of viral proteins that antagonize IFN-I signaling through blocking signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1)/STAT2 phosphorylation or nuclear translocation. Remarkably, SARS-CoV-2 nsp1 and nsp6 suppress IFN-I signaling more efficiently than SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Thus, when treated with IFN-I, a SARS-CoV-2 replicon replicates to a higher level than chimeric replicons containing nsp1 or nsp6 from SARS-CoV or MERS-CoV. Altogether, the study provides insights on SARS-CoV-2 evasion of IFN-I response and its potential impact on viral transmission and pathogenesis.
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Functional testing supported the counteracting activity of ORF3b, ORF6, NSP1, or NSP13 on type I IFN activation, with ORF6 particularly suppressing STAT1 and STAT2 phosphorylation and STAT1 nuclear translocation.
“Functional testing further supported the counteracting activity of ORF3b, ORF6, NSP1, or NSP13 on type I IFN activation, of which particularly ORF6 suppressed STAT1 and STAT2 phosphorylation and STAT1 nuclear translocation, (Konno et al., 2020; Lei et al., 2020; Xia et al., 2020).”
From COVID-19 and the human innate immune system (2021) · cites this paper as Xia et al., 2020
Interaction mapping suggested that NSP13 interacts with TBK1, NSP15 with NRDP1, ORF9b with TOMM70, and ORF6 with KPNA2 or the IFN-induced NUP98-RAE1 nuclear export complex, all antagonizing IFN signaling.
“Interaction mapping further suggested that NSP13 interacts with TBK1, NSP15 with NRDP1 (an E3 ubiquitin ligase controlling the balance between JAK2-associated cytokine receptor degradation and ectodomain shedding), ORF9b with TOMM70 (an important receptor of the outer mitochondrial membrane), and ORF6 with either KPNA2 or the IFN-induced NUP98-RAE1 nuclear export complex, which are both involved”
From COVID-19 and the human innate immune system (2021) · cites this paper as Xia et al., 2020
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- Authors
- Xia, H., Cao, Z., Xie, X., Zhang, X., Chen, J. Y.-C., Wang, H., Menachery, V. D., Rajsbaum, R., & Shi, P.-Y.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston (US)
- Jilin University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Xia, Hongjie
- Shi, Pei-Yong
- ORCID
- Venue
- Cell Reports
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-10
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 108234
- ISSN
- 2211-1247 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7501843
- OpenAlex
- W3087744389
- Cited by
- 957
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 79 · 2024: 116 · 2023: 167 · 2022: 253 · 2021: 266 · 2020: 40
- FWCI
- 63.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cell Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (AI142759, AI134907, AI145617, UL1TR001439)
- Summerfield G. Roberts Foundation (R01AI134907, R21AI126012-01A1, R21AI132479-01, R00AG049092, U19AI100625, R24AI120942)
- Sealy and Smith Foundation
- John S. Dunn Foundation
- Gillson Longenbaugh Foundation
- Amon G. Carter Foundation
- University of Texas System
- Robert J. Kleberg, Jr. and Helen C. Kleberg Foundation
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › interferon and immune responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Virus Infections Studies
- Keywords
- SARS-CoV-2, interferon signaling, NSP6, nsp13, ORF6, TBK1, IRF3 phosphorylation, KPNA2, Nsp1, viral immune evasion, COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, viral replication
- MeSH terms
- A549 Cells, Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Proteins, Animals, Cricetulus, Cricetinae, Humans, Interferon Type I, Methyltransferases, Pneumonia, Viral, Protein Binding, Viral Proteins, Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases, Viral Nonstructural Proteins, Coronavirus Infections, RNA Helicases, alpha Karyopherins, Capsid Proteins, STAT Transcription Factors, Interferon Regulatory Factor-3, Immune Evasion, HEK293 Cells, Pandemics
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Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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