SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell immunity in cases of COVID-19 and SARS, and uninfected controls
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
Memory T cells induced by previous pathogens can shape susceptibility to, and the clinical severity of, subsequent infections 1. Little is known about the presence in humans of pre-existing memory T cells that have the potential to recognize severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Here we studied T cell responses against the structural (nucleocapsid (N) protein) and non-structural (NSP7 and NSP13 of ORF1) regions of SARS-CoV-2 in individuals convalescing from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) (n = 36). In all of these individuals, we found CD4 and CD8 T cells that recognized multiple regions of the N protein. Next, we showed that patients (n = 23) who recovered from SARS (the disease associated with SARS-CoV infection) possess long-lasting memory T cells that are reactive to the N protein of SARS-CoV 17 years after the outbreak of SARS in 2003; these T cells displayed robust cross-reactivity to the N protein of SARS-CoV-2. We also detected SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in individuals with no history of SARS, COVID-19 or contact with individuals who had SARS and/or COVID-19 (n = 37). SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in uninfected donors exhibited a different pattern of immunodominance, and frequently targeted NSP7 and NSP13 as well as the N protein. Epitope characterization of NSP7-specific T cells showed the recognition of protein fragments that are conserved among animal betacoronaviruses but have low homology to 'common cold' human-associated coronaviruses. Thus, infection with betacoronaviruses induces multi-specific and long-lasting T cell immunity against the structural N protein. Understanding how pre-existing N- and ORF1-specific T cells that are present in the general population affect the susceptibility to and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection is important for the management of the current COVID-19 pandemic.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Using HLA class I and II predicted peptide megapools, circulating SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells were identified in COVID-19 acute, mild and convalescent patients.
“Using HLA class I and II predicted peptide “megapools,” circulating SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells were identified in COVID-19 acute, mild and convalescent patients [110, 118-125].”
From Guidelines for the use of flow cytometry and cell sorting in immunological studies (third edition) (2021) · cites this paper as [122]
The paper reports circulating SARS-CoV-2-reactive CD4 and CD8 T cells in people who had recovered from COVID-19 (p. 1; Patient C-20, p. 12). But its Peptide pools section (p. 7) describes overlapping peptides spanning selected proteins, not HLA class I- and II-predicted megapools; the study examined recovered patients, not acute patients. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSpike, M, and nucleocapsid are the most prominent targets of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cells, with substantial responses also against ORF3a and nsp3.
“Spike, M, and nucleocapsid are the most prominent targets of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cells (Grifoni et al., 2020), with substantial responses also against ORF3a and nsp3 (Le Bert et al., 2020; Grifoni et al., 2020; Nelde et al., 2021; Oja et al., 2020; Peng et al., 2020).”
From Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 (2021) · cites this paper as Le Bert et al., 2020
Memory T cells have been detected 17 years after SARS infection.
“Memory T cells have been detected 17 years after SARS infection (Le Bert et al., 2020).”
From Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 (2021) · cites this paper as Le Bert et al., 2020
Substantial cross-reactive T cell memory has been reported, measurable in approximately 28%-50% of people depending on the study.
“In contrast, substantial cross-reactive T cell memory has been reported, measurable in ∼28%–50% of people, depending on the study (Le Bert et al., 2020; Braun et al., 2020; Grifoni et al., 2020).”
From Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 (2021) · cites this paper as Le Bert et al., 2020
Previous experience with SARS-CoV-1 showed that CD8+ and CD4+ memory T cells were detectable as late as 17 years post-infection, while neutralizing antibody titers had waned substantially by 1 year after infection.
“previous experience with the closely related SARS-CoV-1, showed that CD8+ and CD4+ memory T cells were detectable as late as 17 years post-infection, while neutralizing antibody titers had waned substantially by 1 year after infection [69,70]”
From The dawn of mRNA vaccines: the COVID-19 case (2021) · cites this paper as [70]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin
Zhou, P., Yang, X.-L., Wang, X.-G., Hu, B., Zhang, L., Zhang, W., Si, H.-R., Zhu, Y., Li, B., Huang, C.-L., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7 · Cited by 21,969 · see citing works
SARS and MERS: recent insights into emerging coronaviruses
de Wit, E., van Doremalen, N., Falzarano, D., & Munster, V. J. (2016) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro.2016.81 · Cited by 3,510 · see citing works
Virus-specific CD4(+) memory-phenotype T cells are abundant in unexposed adults
Su, L. F., Kidd, B. A., Han, A., Kotzin, J. J., & Davis, M. M. (2013) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2012.10.021 · Cited by 429 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 assessed for up to 8 months after infection.
Dan, J. M., Mateus, J., Kato, Y., Hastie, K. M., Yu, E. D., Faliti, C. E., Grifoni, A., Ramirez, S. I., Haupt, S., Frazier, A., et al. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abf4063 · Cited by 2,656 · see citing works
“Using different approaches, studies determined the long-term durability of memory CD4 T cells to smallpox, over a period of many years, to be an estimated t1/2 of ~10 years (61, 64), which is also consistentwith recent detection of SARS-CoV-specific T cells 17 years after the initial infection (65).”
Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19
Sette, A., & Crotty, S. (2021) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.01.007 · Cited by 1,860 · see citing works
Robust T Cell Immunity in Convalescent Individuals with Asymptomatic or Mild COVID-19
Sekine, T., Perez-Potti, A., Rivera-Ballesteros, O., Strålin, K., Gorin, J.-B., Olsson, A., Llewellyn-Lacey, S., Kamal, H., Bogdanovic, G., Muschiol, S., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.017 · Cited by 1,788 · see citing works
Multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants escape neutralization by vaccine-induced humoral immunity
Garcia-Beltran, W. F., Lam, E. C., St. Denis, K., Nitido, A. D., Garcia, Z. H., Hauser, B. M., Feldman, J., Pavlovic, M. N., Gregory, D. J., Poznansky, M. C., et al. (2021) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.03.013 · Cited by 1,353 · see citing works
Selective and cross-reactive SARS-CoV-2 T cell epitopes in unexposed humans
Mateus, J., Grifoni, A., Tarke, A., Sidney, J., Ramirez, S. I., Dan, J. M., Burger, Z. C., Rawlings, S. A., Smith, D. M., Phillips, E., et al. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abd3871 · Cited by 1,120 · see citing works
Peng, Y., Mentzer, A. J., Liu, G., Yao, X., Yin, Z., Dong, D., Dejnirattisai, W., Rostron, T., Supasa, P., Liu, C., et al. (2020) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-020-0782-6 · Cited by 1,179 · see citing works
Popkin, B. M., Du, S., Green, W. D., Beck, M. A., Algaith, T., Herbst, C. H., Alsukait, R. F., Alluhidan, M., Alazemi, N., & Shekar, M. (2020) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13128 · Cited by 1,150 · see citing works
Evasion of Type I Interferon by SARS-CoV-2
Xia, H., Cao, Z., Xie, X., Zhang, X., Chen, J. Y.-C., Wang, H., Menachery, V. D., Rajsbaum, R., & Shi, P.-Y. (2020) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108234 · Cited by 957 · see citing works
Immunological considerations for COVID-19 vaccine strategies
Jeyanathan, M., Afkhami, S., Smaill, F., Miller, M. S., Lichty, B. D., & Xing, Z. (2020) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-020-00434-6 · Cited by 1,015 · see citing works
Preexisting and de novo humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in humans
Ng, K. W., Faulkner, N., Cornish, G. H., Rosa, A., Harvey, R., Hussain, S., Ulferts, R., Earl, C., Wrobel, A. G., Benton, D. J., et al. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abe1107 · Cited by 886 · see citing works
To, K. K.-W., Hung, I. F.-N., Ip, J. D., Chu, A. W.-H., Chan, W.-M., Tam, A. R., Fong, C. H.-Y., Yuan, S., Tsoi, H.-W., Ng, A. C.-K., et al. (2021) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa1275 · Cited by 746 · see citing works
Tan, A. T., Linster, M., Tan, C. W., Le Bert, N., Chia, W. N., Kunasegaran, K., Zhuang, Y., Tham, C. Y. L., Chia, A., Smith, G. J. D., et al. (2021) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108728 · Cited by 740 · see citing works
Self-citationViral epitope profiling of COVID-19 patients reveals cross-reactivity and correlates of severity
Shrock, E., Fujimura, E., Kula, T., Timms, R. T., Lee, I.-H., Leng, Y., Robinson, M. L., Sie, B. M., Li, M. Z., Chen, Y., et al. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abd4250 · Cited by 678 · see citing works
Tarke, A., Sidney, J., Methot, N., Yu, E. D., Zhang, Y., Dan, J. M., Goodwin, B., Rubiro, P., Sutherland, A., Wang, E., et al. (2021) · Cell Reports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100355 · Cited by 706 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2-derived peptides define heterologous and COVID-19-induced T cell recognition
Nelde, A., Bilich, T., Heitmann, J. S., Maringer, Y., Salih, H. R., Roerden, M., Lübke, M., Bauer, J., Rieth, J., Wacker, M., et al. (2021) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-020-00808-x · Cited by 582 · see citing works
Functional SARS-CoV-2-Specific Immune Memory Persists after Mild COVID-19
Rodda, L. B., Netland, J., Shehata, L., Pruner, K. B., Morawski, P. A., Thouvenel, C. D., Takehara, K. K., Eggenberger, J., Hemann, E. A., Waterman, H. R., et al. (2021) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.11.029 · Cited by 647 · see citing works
Tarke, A., Sidney, J., Kidd, C. K., Dan, J. M., Ramirez, S. I., Yu, E. D., Mateus, J., da Silva Antunes, R., Moore, E., Rubiro, P., et al. (2021) · Cell Reports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100204 · Cited by 540 · see citing works
Guidelines for the use of flow cytometry and cell sorting in immunological studies (third edition)
Cossarizza, A., Chang, H., Radbruch, A., Abrignani, S., Addo, R., Akdis, M., Andrä, I., Andreata, F., Annunziato, F., Arranz, E., et al. (2021) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.202170126 · Cited by 531 · see citing works
Immunological characteristics govern the transition of COVID-19 to endemicity
Lavine, J. S., Bjornstad, O. N., & Antia, R. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abe6522 · Cited by 416 · see citing works
The dawn of mRNA vaccines: the COVID-19 case
Verbeke, R., Lentacker, I., De Smedt, S. C., & Dewitte, H. (2021) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.03.043 · Cited by 504 · see citing works
López-Otín, C., & Kroemer, G. (2021) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.11.034 · Cited by 499 · see citing works
Robust SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell immunity is maintained at 6 months following primary infection
Zuo, J., Dowell, A. C., Pearce, H., Verma, K., Long, H. M., Begum, J., Aiano, F., Amin-Chowdhury, Z., Hoschler, K., Brooks, T., et al. (2021) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-021-00902-8 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 human T cell epitopes: Adaptive immune response against COVID-19
Grifoni, A., Sidney, J., Vita, R., Peters, B., Crotty, S., Weiskopf, D., & Sette, A. (2021) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2021.05.010 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Seroprevalence of anti–SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in Kenyan blood donors
Uyoga, S., Adetifa, I. M. O., Karanja, H. K., Nyagwange, J., Tuju, J., Wanjiku, P., Aman, R., Mwangangi, M., Amoth, P., Kasera, K., et al. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abe1916 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Bacher, P., Rosati, E., Esser, D., Martini, G. R., Saggau, C., Schiminsky, E., Dargvainiene, J., Schröder, I., Wieters, I., Khodamoradi, Y., et al. (2020) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2020.11.016 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Highly functional virus-specific cellular immune response in asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection
Le Bert, N., Clapham, H. E., Tan, A. T., Chia, W. N., Tham, C. Y. L., Lim, J. M., Kunasegaran, K., Tan, L. W. L., Dutertre, C.-A., Shankar, N., et al. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20202617 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Self-citationMaturation and persistence of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 memory B cell response
Sokal, A., Chappert, P., Barba-Spaeth, G., Roeser, A., Fourati, S., Azzaoui, I., Vandenberghe, A., Fernandez, I., Meola, A., Bouvier-Alias, M., et al. (2021) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.01.050 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Recent endemic coronavirus infection is associated with less severe COVID-19
Sagar, M., Reifler, K., Rossi, M., Miller, N. S., Sinha, P., White, L. F., & Mizgerd, J. P. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci143380 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Ferretti, A. P., Kula, T., Wang, Y., Nguyen, D. M. V., Weinheimer, A., Dunlap, G. S., Xu, Q., Nabilsi, N., Perullo, C. R., Cristofaro, A. W., et al. (2020) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2020.10.006 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Muecksch, F., Wise, H., Batchelor, B., Squires, M., Semple, E., Richardson, C., McGuire, J., Clearly, S., Furrie, E., Greig, N., et al. (2021) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiaa659 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Cross-reactive memory T cells and herd immunity to SARS-CoV-2
Lipsitch, M., Grad, Y. H., Sette, A., & Crotty, S. (2020) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-020-00460-4 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
COVID-19 and the Path to Immunity
Stephens, D. S., & McElrath, M. J. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.16656 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Lineburg, K. E., Grant, E. J., Swaminathan, S., Chatzileontiadou, D. S. M., Szeto, C., Sloane, H., Panikkar, A., Raju, J., Crooks, P., Rehan, S., et al. (2021) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2021.04.006 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Leukocyte trafficking to the lungs and beyond: lessons from influenza for COVID-19
Alon, R., Sportiello, M., Kozlovski, S., Kumar, A., Reilly, E. C., Zarbock, A., Garbi, N., & Topham, D. J. (2021) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-020-00470-2 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
de Alwis, R., Gan, E. S., Chen, S., Leong, Y. S., Tan, H. C., Zhang, S. L., Yau, C., Low, J. G. H., Kalimuddin, S., Matsuda, D., et al. (2021) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.04.001 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Self-citationWoldemeskel, B. A., Garliss, C. C., & Blankson, J. N. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci149335 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 mutations in MHC-I-restricted epitopes evade CD8 <sup>+</sup> T cell responses
Agerer, B., Koblischke, M., Gudipati, V., Montaño-Gutierrez, L. F., Smyth, M., Popa, A., Genger, J.-W., Endler, L., Florian, D. M., Mühlgrabner, V., et al. (2021) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.abg6461 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
The known unknowns of T cell immunity to COVID-19
Karlsson, A. C., Humbert, M., & Buggert, M. (2020) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.abe8063 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in infection and vaccination
Bertoletti, A., Le Bert, N., Qui, M., & Tan, A. T. (2021) · Cellular & Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41423-021-00743-3 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Self-citationCOVID-19 and cellular senescence
Schmitt, C. A., Tchkonia, T., Niedernhofer, L. J., Robbins, P. D., Kirkland, J. L., & Lee, S. (2023) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-022-00785-2 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Dugan, H. L., Stamper, C. T., Li, L., Changrob, S., Asby, N. W., Halfmann, P. J., Zheng, N.-Y., Huang, M., Shaw, D. G., Cobb, M. S., et al. (2021) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2021.05.001 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Profiling SARS-CoV-2 HLA-I peptidome reveals T cell epitopes from out-of-frame ORFs
Weingarten-Gabbay, S., Klaeger, S., Sarkizova, S., Pearlman, L. R., Chen, D.-Y., Gallagher, K. M. E., Bauer, M. R., Taylor, H. B., Dunn, W. A., Tarr, C., et al. (2021) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.05.046 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Persistent cellular immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection
Breton, G., Mendoza, P., Hägglöf, T., Oliveira, T. Y., Schaefer-Babajew, D., Gaebler, C., Turroja, M., Hurley, A., Caskey, M., & Nussenzweig, M. C. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20202515 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Gangaev, A., Ketelaars, S. L. C., Isaeva, O. I., Patiwael, S., Dopler, A., Hoefakker, K., De Biasi, S., Gibellini, L., Mussini, C., Guaraldi, G., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-22811-y · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Hajnik, R. L., Plante, J. A., Liang, Y., Alameh, M.-G., Tang, J., Bonam, S. R., Zhong, C., Adam, A., Scharton, D., Rafael, G. H., et al. (2022) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.abq1945 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Alquisiras-Burgos, I., Peralta-Arrieta, I., Alonso-Palomares, L. A., Zacapala-Gómez, A. E., Salmerón-Bárcenas, E. G., & Aguilera, P. (2021) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-020-02134-7 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
T cells in COVID-19 — united in diversity
Swadling, L., & Maini, M. K. (2020) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-020-0798-y · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Healthy donor T cell responses to common cold coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2
Woldemeskel, B. A., Kwaa, A. K., Garliss, C. C., Laeyendecker, O., Ray, S. C., & Blankson, J. N. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci143120 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Herd immunity by infection is not an option
Sridhar, D., & Gurdasani, D. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abf7921 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Lafon, E., Diem, G., Witting, C., Zaderer, V., Bellmann-Weiler, R. M., Reindl, M., Bauer, A., Griesmacher, A., Fux, V., Hoermann, G., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.684014 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Steffen, T. L., Stone, E. T., Hassert, M., Geerling, E., Grimberg, B. T., Espino, A. M., Pantoja, P., Climent, C., Hoft, D. F., George, S. L., et al. (2020) · doi:10.1101/2020.08.21.261727 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Pascual-Dapena, A., Chillaron, J. J., Llauradó, G., Arnau-Barres, I., Flores, J., Lopez-Montesinos, I., Sorlí, L., Luis Martínez-Pérez, J., Gómez-Zorrilla, S., Du, J., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.924267 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
- Authors
- Le Bert, N., Tan, A. T., Kunasegaran, K., Tham, C. Y. L., Hafezi, M., Chia, A., Chng, M. H. Y., Lin, M., Tan, N., Linster, M., Chia, W. N., Chen, M. I.-C., Wang, L.-F., Ooi, E. E., Kalimuddin, S., Tambyah, P. A., Low, J. G.-H., Tan, Y.-J., & Bertoletti, A.
- Affiliations
- Duke-NUS Medical School (SG)
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (SG)
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases (SG)
- Singapore General Hospital (SG)
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- Corresponding author
- Bertoletti, Antonio
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2020-07-15
- Volume
- 584
- Issue
- 7821
- Pages
- 457-462
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W3042183476
- Cited by
- 1,887
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2026: 40 · 2025: 69 · 2024: 148 · 2023: 275 · 2022: 467 · 2021: 648 · 2020: 238 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 51.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Duke-NUS Medical School
- University College London
- National University Health System (NUHSRO/2020/052/RO5+5/NUHS-COVID/6)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › vaccines and immunoinformatics approaches
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Keywords
- SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 pandemic, SARS, T cell immunity, memory T cells, nucleocapsid protein, nsp7, nsp13, ORF1, cross-reactivity, immunodominance, epitope characterization, betacoronaviruses, pre-existing immunity, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Proteins, Cross Reactions, Humans, Phosphoproteins, Pneumonia, Viral, T-Lymphocytes, Case-Control Studies, Immunodominant Epitopes, Coronavirus Infections, Nucleocapsid Proteins, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, Pandemics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
