Neural manifolds in V1 change with top-down signals from V4 targeting the foveal region
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Abstract
High-dimensional brain activity is often organized into lower-dimensional neural manifolds. However, the neural manifolds of the visual cortex remain understudied. Here, we study large-scale multi-electrode electrophysiological recordings of macaque (Macaca mulatta) areas V1, V4, and DP with a high spatiotemporal resolution. We find that the population activity of V1 contains two separate neural manifolds, which correlate strongly with eye closure (eyes open/closed) and have distinct dimensionalities. Moreover, we find strong top-down signals from V4 to V1, particularly to the foveal region of V1, which are significantly stronger during the eyes-open periods. Finally, in silico simulations of a balanced spiking neuron network qualitatively reproduce the experimental findings. Taken together, our analyses and simulations suggest that top-down signals modulate the population activity of V1. We postulate that the top-down modulation during the eyes-open periods prepares V1 for fast and efficient visual responses, resulting in a type of visual stand-by state.
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Electrically evoked responses were confined to a low-dimensional neural manifold.
“Similar to observations in visually evoked activity [52] and other brain regions [53], electrically evoked responses were confined to a low-dimensional neural manifold, quantified using latent factor analysis [54, 55] (Methods 4.10).”
From Deep Learning–Based Control of Electrically Evoked Activity in Human Visual Cortex (2025) · cites this paper as [52]
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Bouss, P., Nestler, S., Fischer, K., Merger, C., Schutzeichel, L., Musall, S., René, A., & Helias, M. (2026) · PRX Life · doi:10.1103/rmfp-b7b5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
What are the functions of primary visual cortex (V1)?
Zhaoping, L. (2026) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2026.103209 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Vision as looking and seeing through a bottleneck
Zhaoping, L. (2026) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2026.103211 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Wagner-Carena, J., Kate, S., Riordan, T., Abbasi-Asl, R., Aman, J. W., Amster, A., Arkhipov, A. S., Bodor, Á. L., Brittain, D., Buchanan, J., et al. (2026) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2026.117900 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Disinhibitory signaling enables flexible coding of top-down information in cortical networks
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Morales-Gregorio, A., Gutzen, R., Paneri, S., Sapountzis, P., Kleinjohann, A., Grün, S., Riehle, A., Chen, X., Brochier, T. G., Gregoriou, G. G., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.05.13.653871 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationDeep Learning–Based Control of Electrically Evoked Activity in Human Visual Cortex
Moure, P., Granley, J., Grani, F., Soo, L., Lozano, A., López-Peco, R., Villamarin-Ortiz, A., Soto-Sanchez, C., Liu, S.-C., Beyeler, M., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.09.24.678361
Assessing the Similarity of Real Matrices with Arbitrary Shape
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Self-citationHidalgo, D., Dellaferrera, G., Ramos-Traslosheros, G., Xiao, W., Ponce, C. R., Papadopouli, M., Smirnakis, S. M., & Kreiman, G. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.1101/2024.12.05.626981
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V1 interlaminar coherence decreases with interocular conflictPreprint
Carlson, B. M., Mitchell, B., Westerberg, J. A., Poggi, P. G., Woodman, G., & Maier, A. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.10.04.680461
Retinotopy constrains the topology of neural manifolds in macaque visual cortexPreprint
Ardalani, R., Kurth, A. C., & Morales-Gregorio, A. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2025.12.22.695909
Self-citationState-Dependent Dissociation of Shared Input and Directed Information Flow in the Visual CortexPreprint
Xue, Y., Morton, M. P., Nandy, A. S., & Jadi, M. P. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.01.22.701042
Closed-loop error damping in human BCI using pre-error motor cortex activityPreprint
Gontier, C., Hockeimer, W., Kunigk, N. G., Canario, E., Endsley, L. J., Downey, J. E., Weiss, J. M., Dekleva, B. M., & Collinger, J. L. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.02.25.707999
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Morales-Gregorio, A., Kurth, A. C., Ito, J., Kleinjohann, A., Barthélemy, F. V., Brochier, T., Grün, S., & van Albada, S. J.
- Affiliations
- Forschungszentrum Jülich (DE)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Morales-Gregorio, Aitor
- ORCID
- Venue
- Cell Reports
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2024-07
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 114371
- ISSN
- 2211-1247 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4400009614
- Cited by
- 28
- References
- 88
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 1
- FWCI
- 6.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cell Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- European Union
- Ministerium fur Kultur und Wissenschaft des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen
- Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (945539)
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (368482240/GRK2416)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (491111487)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- neural manifolds, primary visual cortex, top-down signals, V4, fovea, eyelid closure, population activity, macaque, visual cortex
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Computer Simulation, Fovea Centralis, Macaca mulatta, Male, Models, Neurological, Neurons, Visual Cortex
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