Alpha and gamma oscillations characterize feedback and feedforward processing in monkey visual cortex
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Significance: One of the main unresolved questions in cognitive neuroscience is how low-level and high-level areas of the visual cortex interact with each other during perception and cognition. We investigated whether cortical oscillations can be used to distinguish feedforward from feedback processing. We studied the propagation of α- and γ-oscillations through the cortical layers and between different visual cortical areas. We induced oscillations in different areas with microstimulation and influenced them using a pharmacological approach. The results of these experiments demonstrate that γ-oscillations propagate in the feedforward direction, whereas α-oscillations propagate in the feedback direction. We conclude that high- and low-frequency oscillations provide markers of feedforward and feedback processing, respectively.
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Gamma power is higher in superficial, feedforward, cortical layers, and alpha/beta power is higher in deep, feedback, cortical layers.
“This is consistent with gamma power being higher in the superficial, feedforward, cortical layers, and alpha/beta power being higher in the deep, feedback, cortical layers (26, 35–40).”
From Layer and rhythm specificity for predictive routing (2020) · cites this paper as [36]
The laminar-power results (p. 4) report that gamma power was strongest in superficial layer 3 and alpha power was strongest in deep layers 5/6. The paper does not establish the same deep-layer pattern for beta power; it says beta oscillations were weak (p. 3). (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe asymmetries include spectral characteristics with fast gamma activity predominating in forward connections and slower beta frequencies in descending predictions.
“with fast (e.g. gamma) activity predominating in forward connections (prediction errors) and slower (e.g. beta) frequencies emerging as this evidence is accumulated in units that provide descending predictions [20–22].”
From Cerebral hierarchies: predictive processing, precision and the pulvinar (2015) · cites this paper as [22]
The asymmetries include laminar specificity of forward and backward connections and prevalence of nonlinear or modulatory backward connections.
“These asymmetries include the laminar specificity of forward and backward connections, the prevalence of nonlinear or modulatory backward connections”
From Cerebral hierarchies: predictive processing, precision and the pulvinar (2015) · cites this paper as [22]
Recent studies suggest that low-frequency oscillations (e.g., alpha) reflect feedback and high-frequency oscillations (e.g., gamma) reflect feedforward network interactions.
“Recent studies suggest that the frequency of neural oscillations marks the directionality of network interactions: low-frequency oscillations (e.g. alpha) reflect feedback processes and high-frequency oscillations (e.g. gamma) reflect feedforward processes (184–186).”
From Electrophysiological source imaging: A noninvasive window to brain dynamics (2018) · cites this paper as [184]
The proposed directionality of oscillations is consistent with laminar fMRI profiles, LFP-based phase relationships, and neuromodulation effects.
“Such findings are consistent with the observable laminar profile of fMRI (187), LFP-based phase relationship (184), and effects of neuromodulation (188).”
From Electrophysiological source imaging: A noninvasive window to brain dynamics (2018) · cites this paper as [184]
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“…gamma arising primarily in supragranular layers versus top-down alpha-beta arising primarily from bottom layers), which have been observed empirically across the cortical hierarchy in both human and non-human primates (Bastos et al., 2015; Michalareas et al., 2016; van Kerkoerle et al., 2014).”
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“Similar dynamics are observed in cognitive functions such as attention and working memory (Buschman and Miller, 2007; Van Kerkoerle et al., 2014; Bastos et al., 2015; Lundqvist et al., 2016; Michalareas et al., 2016).”
- Authors
- van Kerkoerle, T., Self, M. W., Dagnino, B., Gariel-Mathis, M.-A., Poort, J., van der Togt, C., & Roelfsema, P. R.
- Affiliations
- Department of Vision and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neurosciences, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NL)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2014-09-09
- Volume
- 111
- Issue
- 40
- Pages
- 14332-14341
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC4210002
- OpenAlex
- W2111177605
- Cited by
- 918
- References
- 110
- Citations by year
- 2026: 56 · 2025: 89 · 2024: 90 · 2023: 66 · 2022: 81 · 2021: 90 · 2020: 108 · 2019: 73 · 2018: 76 · 2017: 71 · 2016: 65 · 2015: 44 · 2014: 7
- FWCI
- 34.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion)
- KNAW Research Portal (The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- European Commission (339490, 269921)
- FP7 Ideas: European Research Council (339490)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- alpha oscillations, gamma oscillations, feedback processing, feedforward processing, primary visual cortex, NMDA receptor blockade, microstimulation, neural oscillations, monkey visual cortex
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Electric Stimulation, Evoked Potentials, Visual, Macaca, Neurons, Photic Stimulation, Psychomotor Performance, Reward, Valine, Visual Cortex, Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Receptors, AMPA, Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione, Feedback, Physiological
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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