Dietary guidance from the international organization for the study of inflammatory bowel diseases
Abstract
Recent evidence points to a plausible role of diet and the microbiome in the pathogenesis of both Crohn's disease (CD) and Ulcerative Colitis (UC). Dietary therapies based on exclusion of table foods and replacement with nutritional formulas and/or a combination of nutritional formulas and specific table foods may induce remission in CD. In UC, specific dietary components have also been associated with flare of disease. While evidence of varying quality has identified potential harmful or beneficial dietary components, physicians and patients at the present time do not have guidance as to which foods are safe, may be protective or deleterious for these diseases. The current document has been compiled by the nutrition cluster of the International Organization for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IOIBD) based on the best current evidence to provide expert opinion regarding specific dietary components, food groups and food additives that may be prudent to increase or decrease in the diet of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases to control and prevent relapse of inflammatory bowel diseases.
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There is limited evidence for the role of diet and other types of CAMs in inducing and maintaining disease remission in IBD, excluding exclusive enteral nutrition in pediatric Crohn's disease.
“This interest and use of CAM is common in pediatric IBD, despite being limited evidence for the role of diet and other types of CAMs in inducing and maintaining disease remission in IBD (excluding exclusive enteral nutrition in pediatric Crohn’s disease) [22,23,24].”
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Dietary Clues to the Pathogenesis of Crohn's Disease
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A prospective study of pre-illness diet in newly diagnosed patients with Crohn's disease.
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Breakfast and Crohn's disease--I.
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ESPEN guideline on Clinical Nutrition in inflammatory bowel disease
Bischoff, S. C., Bager, P., Escher, J. C., Forbes, A., Hébuterne, X., Hvas, C. L., Joly, F., Kłęk, S., Krznarić, Ž., Ockenga, J., et al. (2023) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2022.12.004 · Cited by 399 · see citing works
“The International Organization for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, therefore, recommends decreasing ultra-processed food in patients with IBD [21].”
BackgroundHashash, J. G., Elkins, J. R., Lewis, J. D., & Binion, D. G. (2024) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2023.11.303 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Lewis, J. D., Sandler, R. S., Brotherton, C., Brensinger, C. M., Li, H., Kappelman, M. D., Daniel, S. G., Bittinger, K. L., Albenberg, L. G., Valentine, J. F., et al. (2021) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2021.05.047 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Inflammation and malnutrition in inflammatory bowel disease
Massironi, S., Viganò, C., Palermo, A., Pirola, L., Mulinacci, G., Allocca, M., Peyrin‐Biroulet, L., & Danese, S. (2023) · The Lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatology · doi:10.1016/s2468-1253(23)00011-0 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
The metabolic nature of inflammatory bowel diseases
Adolph, T. E., Meyer, M., Schwärzler, J., Mayr, L., Grabherr, F., & Tilg, H. (2022) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/s41575-022-00658-y · Cited by 305 · see citing works
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Bancil, A. S., Sandall, A. M., Rossi, M., Chassaing, B., Lindsay, J. O., & Whelan, K. (2020) · Journal of Crohn s and Colitis · doi:10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjaa254 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Recent advances in the treatment of IBD: Targets, mechanisms and related therapies
Liu, J., Di, B., & Xu, L. (2023) · Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.07.001 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Ananthakrishnan, A. N., Kaplan, G. G., Bernstein, C. N., Burke, K. E., Lochhead, P. J., Sasson, A. N., Agrawal, M., Tiong, H. T., Steinberg, J. M., Kruis, W., et al. (2022) · The Lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatology · doi:10.1016/s2468-1253(22)00021-8 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
The global burden of inflammatory bowel disease: from 2025 to 2045
Kaplan, G. G. (2025) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/s41575-025-01097-1 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Dietary management of adults with IBD — the emerging role of dietary therapy
Fitzpatrick, J. A., Melton, S. L., Yao, C. K., Gibson, P. R., & Halmos, E. P. (2022) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/s41575-022-00619-5 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Diet fuelling inflammatory bowel diseases: preclinical and clinical concepts
Adolph, T. E., & Zhang, J. (2022) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2021-326575 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
“149 In turn, dietary restriction with an elemental diet (which may reduce an excess of Western dietary constituents) induces remission in paediatric (and possibly also adult) patients with CD. 41 129 150”
BackgroundHe, Z., Wang, Z., Song, Y., Liu, Y., Kang, L., Xue, F., Wang, T., Fan, X., Li, Z., Wang, S., et al. (2023) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/41518 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
“…the recommendations from the International Organization for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IOIBD) and the best available evidence to date [19-21], dietary guidance for IBD patients was summarized according to the following 6 aspects: fruits/vegetables, carbohydrates, meats, fats,…”
The Role of Diet in the Pathogenesis and Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Review
Wark, G., Samocha‐Bonet, D., Ghaly, S., & Danta, M. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13010135 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
“Emulsifiers are detergent-like molecules used in processed foods that are added to improve texture and quality [134].”
BackgroundAvoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder Prevalent Among Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Yelencich, E., Truong, E., Widaman, A. M., Pignotti, G. A. P., Yang, L., Jeon, Y., Weber, A. T., Shah, R., Smith, J., Sauk, J. S., et al. (2021) · Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2021.08.009 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Diversity of fibers in common foods: Key to advancing dietary research
Khorasaniha, R., Olof, H., Voisin, A., Armstrong, K., Wine, E., Vasanthan, T., & Armstrong, H. (2023) · Food Hydrocolloids · doi:10.1016/j.foodhyd.2023.108495 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Limketkai, B. N., Brewer, G. G., Parian, A. M., Noorian, S., Krishna, M., Shah, N. D., White, J., & Mullin, G. E. (2022) · Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2022.11.026 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Not All Fibers Are Born Equal; Variable Response to Dietary Fiber Subtypes in IBD
Armstrong, H., Mander, I. K., Zhang, Z., Armstrong, D. W. J., & Wine, E. (2021) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2020.620189 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“Based on the studies published to date, there remains clear evidence for the importance of high intake of dietary fibers overall with no current evidence to support restriction of dietary fibers in patients without intestinal strictures or obstructions (21).”
BackgroundInfluentialDay, A. S., Yao, C. K., Costello, S. P., Andrews, J. M., & Bryant, R. V. (2021) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2021.105650 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Adherent-Invasive E. coli: Update on the Lifestyle of a Troublemaker in Crohn’s Disease
Chervy, M., Barnich, N., & Denizot, J. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21103734 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Jiang, Y., Jarr, K. J., Layton, C., Gardner, C. D., Ashouri, J. F., Abreu, M. T., & Sinha, S. R. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13030890 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“Some organizations have provided expert opinions based on the best evidence available on the influence of various dietary components, such as fruits, vegetables, and red meat, on patients with IBD, but the evidence level for recommendations is often low due to the dearth of high-quality data [20].”
BackgroundFink, M. C., Simons, M. L., Tomasino, K. N., Pandit, A. U., & Taft, T. (2021) · Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2021.07.045 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Boneh, R. S., Westoby, C., Oseran, I., Shabat, C. S., Albenberg, L. G., Lionetti, P., Navas‐López, V. M., de Carpi, J. M., Yanai, H. A., Maharshak, N., et al. (2023) · Inflammatory Bowel Diseases · doi:10.1093/ibd/izad255 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Ajabnoor, S. M., Thorpe, G., Abdelhamid, A. S., & Hooper, L. (2020) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-020-02413-y · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Dietary manipulation of the gut microbiome in inflammatory bowel disease patients: Pilot study
Olendzki, B. C., Bucci, V., Cawley, C., Maserati, R., McManus, M. M., Olednzki, E., Madziar, C., Chiang, D., Ward, D. V., Pellish, R. S., et al. (2022) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2022.2046244 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“In line with this observation, the International Organization for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, recommends limiting animal protein intake for UC patients but not CD.(95) Together, this highlights the importance of personalization of diet therapy based on the patient’s disease manifestation.”
ResultInfluentialSugars and Gastrointestinal Health
Arnone, D., Chabot, C., Heba, A.-C., Kökten, T., Caron, B., Hansmannel, F., Dreumont, N., Ananthakrishnan, A. N., Quilliot, D., & Peyrin‐Biroulet, L. (2021) · Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2021.12.011 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Sturm, A., Stallmach, A., Atreya, R. N., Bettenworth, D., Bokemeyer, B., Dignass, A. U., Ehehalt, R., Germer, C. T., Grunert, P., Helwig, U., et al. (2022) · Zeitschrift für Gastroenterologie · doi:10.1055/a-1713-3941 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Pathological mechanism and targeted drugs of ulcerative colitis: A review
Guo, M., & Wang, X. (2023) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000035020 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“[33] With the improvement of people’s living conditions, the intake of high oil and fat, protein, and dairy products has increased, and the intake of dietary fiber has decreased, [34] in which a large amount of intake of trans-unsaturated fat makes the risk of UC disease increased.”
Dietary Interventions in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Godala, M. M., Gaszyńska, E., Zatorski, H., & Małecka-Wojciesko, E. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14204261 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“However, the growing need to produce dietary recommendations for these patients has prompted the International Organization for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IOIBD) to develop nutrition guidelines for the patients [5].”
BackgroundReznikov, E. A., & Suskind, D. L. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15030668 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“With continued evidence of the impact of diet in IBD, the International Organization for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IOSIBD) reviewed current evidence of potentially harmful and beneficial dietary components in CD and UC [49].”
BackgroundNguyen, N. H., Khera, R., Lucila Ohno-machado, A., Sandborn, W. J., & Singh, S. (2020) · Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2020.05.056 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
The 2023 Impact of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Canada: Epidemiology of IBD
Coward, S. B., Benchimol, E. I., Kuenzig, M. E., Windsor, J. W., Bernstein, C. N., Bitton, A., Jones, J., Lee, K., Murthy, S. K., Targownik, L. E., et al. (2023) · Journal of the Canadian Association of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1093/jcag/gwad004 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“20 Whole foods including vegetables, fruits, and omega-3 oils from fish are associated with a reduced risk of developing IBD and sustaining remission in those with IBD.”
BackgroundRole of diet and nutrition in inflammatory bowel disease
de Castro, M. M., Pascoal, L. B., Steigleder, K. M., Siqueira, B. P., Corona, L. P., Ayrizono, M. D. L. S., Milanski, M., & Leal, R. F. (2021) · World Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.5493/wjem.v11.i1.1 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Sasson, A. N., Ingram, R. J. M., Zhang, Z., Taylor, L., Ananthakrishnan, A. N., Kaplan, G. G., Ng, S. C., Ghosh, S. K., & Raman, M. (2021) · The Lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatology · doi:10.1016/s2468-1253(21)00097-2 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Nutritional Therapy Strategies in Pediatric Crohn’s Disease
Verburgt, C. M., Ghiboub, M., Benninga, M. A., de Jonge, W. J., & Limbergen, J. V. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13010212 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Dietary Intake Pattern is Associated with Occurrence of Flares in IBD Patients
Peters, V., Spooren, C. E. G. M., Pierik, M. J., Weersma, R. K., van Dullemen, H. M., Festen, E. A. M., Visschedijk, M. C., Masclee, A. A. M., Hendrix, E. M. B., Almeida, R., et al. (2021) · Journal of Crohn s and Colitis · doi:10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjab008 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Day, A. S., Yao, C. K., Costello, S. P., Andrews, J. M., & Bryant, R. V. (2021) · Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1111/jhn.12920 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Dietary Patterns and Their Association With Symptoms Activity in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Limketkai, B. N., Hamideh, M., Shah, R., Sauk, J. S., & Jaffe, N. (2022) · Inflammatory Bowel Diseases · doi:10.1093/ibd/izab335 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Metabolome Changes With Diet-Induced Remission in Pediatric Crohn’s Disease
Ghiboub, M., Penny, S. L., Verburgt, C. M., Boneh, R. S., Wine, E., Cohen, A., Dunn, K. A., Pinto, D. M., Benninga, M. A., de Jonge, W. J., et al. (2022) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2022.05.050 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Ren, D., Chen, K.-C., Li, S.-S., Zhang, Y.-T., Li, Z.-M., Liu, S., & Sun, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1161625 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“IBD mainly includes ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD) (2).”
BackgroundThe dietary practices and beliefs of people living with inactive ulcerative colitis
Crooks, B. J., McLaughlin, J. T., Matsuoka, K., Kobayashi, T., Yamazaki, H., & Limdi, J. K. (2020) · European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1097/meg.0000000000001911 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Shabat, C. S., Albenberg, L. G., Limbergen, J. V., Pressman, N., Otley, A. R., Yaakov, M., Wine, E., Weiner, D., & Levine, A. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13113736 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“A recent guideline from the international organization for the study of inflammatory bowel disease (IOIBD), primarily based on epidemiologic and animal models, suggested that patients with UC should reduce exposure to red or processed meat; saturated, trans and dairy fat; and certain additives [18].”
BackgroundResults of the Seventh Scientific Workshop of ECCO: Precision Medicine in IBD—What, Why, and How
Fiocchi, C., Dragoni, G., Iliopoulos, D., Katsanos, K. H., Hernández, V., Suzuki, K., Verstockt, B., Fiocchi, C., Torres, J., & Scharl, M. M. (2021) · Journal of Crohn s and Colitis · doi:10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjab051 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Dietary Behaviors and Beliefs in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Godala, M. M., Gaszyńska, E., Durko, Ł., & Małecka-Wojciesko, E. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12103455 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“The IOIBD advocated against consumption of milk and unpasteurized products; however, no clear recommendations have been established with regard to consumption of pasteurized dairy products [17].”
BackgroundMak, J. W. Y., Sun, Y., Limsrivilai, J., Abdullah, M., Kaibullayeva, J. A., Balderramo, D. C., Vergara, B. I., Paudel, M. S., Banerjee, R., Hilmi, I. N., et al. (2023) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-023-01944-2 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Diagnosis and management of inflammatory bowel disease
Li, L., Cheng, R., Wu, Y., Lin, H., Gan, H., & Zhang, H. (2024) · Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine · doi:10.1111/jebm.12626 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Gluten‐Free Diet in IBD: Time for a Recommendation?
Weaver, K. N., & Herfarth, H. H. (2020) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.201901274 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Eder, P., Łodyga, M., Gawron-Kiszka, M., Dobrowolska, A., Gonciarz, M., Hartleb, M., Kłopocka, M., Małecka-Wojciesko, E., Radwan, P., Reguła, J., et al. (2023) · Gastroenterology Review · doi:10.5114/pg.2023.125882 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Feng, R., Tian, Z., Mao, R., Ma, R., Luo, W., Zhao, M., Li, X., Liu, Y., Huang, K., Xiang, L., et al. (2023) · Journal of Crohn s and Colitis · doi:10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjad098 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Kamp, K., Pennings, B., Javelli, D. R., Wyatt, G. K., & Given, B. A. (2020) · Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1111/jhn.12786 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Ultra-processed foods as a possible culprit for the rising prevalence of inflammatory bowel diseases
Vissers, E., Wellens, J., & Sabino, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.1058373 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Wine, E., Aloi, M., Biervliet, S. V., Bronský, J., de Carpi, J. M., Gasparetto, M., Gianolio, L., Gordon, H., Hojsak, I., Hudson, A. S., et al. (2025) · Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition · doi:10.1002/jpn3.70097 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Łodyga, M., Eder, P., Gawron-Kiszka, M., Dobrowolska, A., Gonciarz, M., Hartleb, M., Kłopocka, M., Małecka-Wojciesko, E., Radwan, P., Reguła, J., et al. (2021) · Gastroenterology Review · doi:10.5114/pg.2021.110914 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“However, given the importance of diet as an important environmental factor in the pathogenesis of IBD, and taking into account the high interest of patients in the importance of diet, the option to consult a professional clinical dietitian having appropriate qualifications and experience is an important element in the…”
BackgroundRatajczak, A. E., Festa, S., Aratari, A., Papi, C., Dobrowolska, A., & Krela‐Kaźmierczak, I. (2023) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.1088693 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Nutritional Lipids and Mucosal Inflammation
Wawrzyniak, P., Noureddine, N., Wawrzyniak, M., Lucchinetti, E., Krämer, S. D., Rogler, G., Zaugg, M., & Hersberger, M. (2020) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.201901269 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Guida, L., Giorgio, F. M. D., Busacca, A., Carrozza, L., Ciminnisi, S., Almasio, P. L., Marco, V. D., & Cappello, M. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13030759 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Recently, the International Organization for the Study of IBD (IOIBD) recommended increasing exposure to fruit and vegetables in Crohn’s disease [18].”
BackgroundEfficacy of theobromine in preventing intestinal CaCo-2 cell damage induced by oxysterols
Iaia, N., Rossin, D., Sottero, B., Venezia, I., Poli, G., & Biasi, F. (2020) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1016/j.abb.2020.108591 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Peters, V., Dijkstra, G. D. H., & Campmans-Kuijpers, M. J. E. (2021) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuab062 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Damas, O. M., Kuftinec, G. N., Khakoo, N. S., Morillo, D., Quintero, M. A., Leavitt, J. S., Lopez, J., Kerman, D. H., Abreu, M. T., Deshpande, A. R., et al. (2022) · Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology · doi:10.1177/17562848221079162 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Cassotta, M., Cianciosi, D., Giuseppe, R. D., Navarro‐Hortal, M. D., Díaz, Y. A., Forbes-Hernández, T. Y., Pifarré, K. T., Barrera, A. E. P., Grosso, G., Xiao, J., et al. (2023) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2023.111980 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Polyphenol-Protein Particles: A Nutraceutical Breakthrough in Nutrition and Food Science
Muntaha, S., Rakha, A., Rasheed, H., Fatima, I., Butt, M. S., Abdi, G., & Aadil, R. M. (2025) · Journal of Agriculture and Food Research · doi:10.1016/j.jafr.2025.101641 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Antoniussen, C. S., Rasmussen, H. H., Holst, M., & Lauridsen, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.733433 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“However, despite these results, the dietary guidance from the IOIBD (41) recommends increased consumption of natural sources of n-3 fatty acids (e.”
BackgroundInfluentialDietary Management in Pediatric Patients with Crohn’s Disease
Scarallo, L., & Lionetti, P. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13051611 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Intestinal Microbiota in Common Chronic Inflammatory Disorders Affecting Children
Torun, A., Hupalowska, A., Trzonkowski, P., Kierkuś, J., & Pyrzyńska, B. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.642166 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Dąbek, A., Kaczmarczyk, O., Woźniakiewicz, M., Paśko, P., Dobrowolska‐Iwanek, J., Woźniakiewicz, A., Piątek-Guziewicz, A., Zagrodzki, P., & Zwolinska-Wcislo, M. M. (2022) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology11010108 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“However, there are insufficient scientific data to recommend any specific dietary change or restriction of fruit and vegetables in patients with UC [43].”
BackgroundWhat’s new in IBD therapy: An “omics network” approach
Fiocchi, C., & Iliopoulos, D. (2020) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104886 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Crooks, B. J., Misra, R., Arebi, N., Kok, K. B., Brookes, M., McLaughlin, J. T., & Limdi, J. K. (2021) · Intestinal Research · doi:10.5217/ir.2020.00079 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Whilst diet is of great interest to those living with IBD, there remains a paucity of evidence-based dietary recommendations and advice from healthcare professionals is inevitably limited by a relative dearth of credible scientific data.(19,20) This fuels frustration due to perceived clinician indifference, leading th…”
BackgroundSturm, A., Atreya, R. N., Bettenworth, D., Bokemeyer, B., Dignass, A. U., Ehehalt, R., Germer, C.-T., Grunert, P., Helwig, U., Horisberger, K., et al. (2024) · Zeitschrift für Gastroenterologie · doi:10.1055/a-2309-6123 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Eindor‐Abarbanel, A., Healey, G. R., & Jacobson, K. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms222212506 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Pediatric Management of Crohn’s Disease
Mitchel, E. B., & Rosh, J. R. (2022) · Gastroenterology Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.gtc.2021.12.013 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
do Nascimento, R. D. P., Moya, A. M. T. M., Machado, A. P. D. F., Geraldi, M. V., Diez‐Echave, P., Vezza, T., Gálvez, J., Cazarin, C. B. B., & Maróstica, M. R. (2020) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109796 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Vitamin C Deficiency in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: The Forgotten Micronutrient
Dunleavy, K. A., Ungaro, R. C., Manning, L., Gold, S. L., Novak, J. D., & Colombel, J. (2021) · Crohn s & Colitis 360 · doi:10.1093/crocol/otab009 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Naqvi, S. A., Taylor, L., Panaccione, R., Ghosh, S. K., Barkema, H. W., Hotte, N., Shommu, N. S., Kaur, S., Reimer, R. A., Madsen, K. L., et al. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-80924-8 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Abdominal Pain in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: An Evidence-Based, Multidisciplinary Review
Coates, M. D., Clarke, K., Williams, E. D., Jeganathan, N., Yadav, S., Giampetro, D., Gordin, V., Smith, S. E., Vrana, K. E., Bobb, A. D., et al. (2023) · Crohn's & Colitis 360 · doi:10.1093/crocol/otad055 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Dietary Interventions in Ulcerative Colitis: A Systematic Review of the Evidence with Meta-Analysis
Herrador‐López, M., Martín‐Masot, R., & Navas‐López, V. M. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15194194 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“However, while the connection between diet and gut health is becoming clearer, the precise role of diet in managing UC remains a matter of ongoing investigation [1].”
BackgroundInfluentialChen, H., Fu, T., Dan, L., Chen, X., Sun, Y., Chen, J., Wang, X., & Hesketh, T. M. (2021) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101406 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Nutraceuticals for the Treatment of IBD: Current Progress and Future Directions
Ban, Q.-Y., Liu, M., Ding, N., Chen, Y., Lin, Q., Zha, J., & He, W. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.794169 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“For patients with IBD, it is suggested to reduce the intake of saturated fat, trans-fat, animal protein, and food additives (146).”
BackgroundCurrent recommendations on the role of diet in the aetiology and management of IBD
Gerasimidis, K., Godny, L., Boneh, R. S., Svolos, V., Wall, C. L., & Halmos, E. P. (2021) · Frontline Gastroenterology · doi:10.1136/flgastro-2020-101429 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Hou, Y., Wang, S.-F., Zhou, K., & Dai, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.1066252 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“In contrast, lean chicken breast is a low animal fat and low taurine protein source that can be appropriately used in CD-exclusion diets, but there are also studies showing no association between red meat intake and IBD (12).”
BackgroundDietary salt exacerbates intestinal fibrosis in chronic TNBS colitis via fibroblasts activation
Amamou, A., Rouland, M., Yaker, L., Goichon, A., Guérin, C., Aziz, M., Savoye, G., & Marion‐Letellier, R. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-94280-8 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Dysbiosis in a canine model of human fistulizing Crohn’s disease
Maldonado‐Contreras, A., Ferrer, L., Cawley, C., Crain, S. K., Bhattarai, S. K., Toscano, J., Ward, D. V., & Hoffman, A. M. (2020) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2020.1785246 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“A dietary guidance for patients with IBD has been recently published highlighting the lack of strong evidence for foods to include or avoid for patients with IBD.(22) Most IBD-friendly whole food diets involved exclusion of carbohydrates, inclusion of lean protein, fruits, and vegetables.”
BackgroundInfluentialBiological Treatments in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Complex Mix of Mechanisms and Actions
Moreno, L. O., Fernández‐Tomé, S., & Abalo, R. (2021) · Biologics · doi:10.3390/biologics1020012 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Fitzpatrick, J. A., Gibson, P. R., Taylor, K. M., Anderson, E. J., Friedman, A. B., Ardalan, Z. S., Smith, R. L., & Halmos, E. P. (2025) · Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/apt.70041 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“…is gathering momentum, with The European Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition [11] and the International Organisation for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease [12] recommending restriction or exclusion of UPF and specifically dietary emulsifiers in patients with Crohn's disease.”
Crooks, B. J., McLaughlin, J. T., & Limdi, J. K. (2020) · Frontline Gastroenterology · doi:10.1136/flgastro-2020-101723 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Diets for inflammatory bowel disease: What do we know so far?
Serrano‐Moreno, C., Torrecilla, N. B., Arhip, L., Romero, I., Morales, Á., Carrascal, M. L., Cuerda, C., Motilla, M., Camblor, M., Velasco, C., et al. (2022) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/s41430-021-01051-9 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Bonsack, O., Caron, B., Baumann, C., Heba, A.-C., Vieujean, S., Arnone, D., Netter, P., Danese, S., Quilliot, D., & Peyrin‐Biroulet, L. (2023) · United European Gastroenterology Journal · doi:10.1002/ueg2.12385 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“In 2020, the International Organization for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases published a dietary guidance consensus.(6) It refers to several dietary patterns that are commonly recommended to patients with IBD (e.”
BackgroundRussell, L. A., Balart, M. T., Serrano, P. E., Armstrong, D., & Pinto-Sánchez, M. I. (2021) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuab015 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Macronutrients, specifically carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, are essential components of proper nutrition within a healthy diet.9 Patients with IBD are particularly at risk for fat malabsorption and protein-losing enteropathy, especially those with small-bowel involvement or surgical resection of terminal ileum.9 C…”
BackgroundInfluentialReview article: Evidence‐based dietary management of inflammatory bowel disease
Gibson, P. R., Yao, C. K., & Halmos, E. P. (2024) · Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/apt.18214 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“This has not inhibited ESPEN 35 or the IOIBD 131 to advise that UPF and dietary emulsifiers be excluded from or reduced in the diet in patients with IBD.”
Feng, J., Zhang, L., Xue Ming, T. A. N. G., Wei, H., & Zhou, P. (2021) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110841 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Brazilian guide to nutrition in bariatric and metabolic surgery
Pereira, S., Rossoni, C., Cambi, M. P. C., Faria, S., Mattos, F., de Campos, T. F. D., Petry, T., da Silva, S. A., Pereira, A. Z., Umeda, L. M., et al. (2023) · Langenbeck's archives of surgery (Print) · doi:10.1007/s00423-023-02868-7 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“of animal origin, a source of saturated fat (milk fat; meats, lard (pig fat) and charcuterie), as well as coconut oil (vegetable fat), should be avoided or consumed in restricted amounts (< 10% of the total amount of recommended fat intake) [123].”
Chong, J., Chen, Z., Ma, J., He, L., Zhu, Y., Lu, Z., Qiu, Z., Chen, C., Chen, Y., & Jiang, F. (2025) · BMC Gastroenterology · doi:10.1186/s12876-025-03629-0 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Gut microbiome in IBD: past, present and the future
Zhang, J., Mak, J., & Ng, S. (2025) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2025-335626 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“92 In 2024, the American Gastroenterological Association highlights that all patients with IBD should be advised to follow a Mediterranean diet 93 ; this diet has been found to be associated with lower rates of active disease, inflammatory marker elevation and improved quality of life in CD and UC.”
Murtagh, A., Cooney, L., Higginbotham, C. L., & Heavey, P. (2022) · Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971 -) · doi:10.1007/s11845-022-03097-5 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Zhang, X., Li, A., Wang, Y., Wang, J., Zhang, B., Zhang, Y., Liu, J., & Wang, S. (2023) · Food Science and Human Wellness · doi:10.26599/fshw.2022.9250046 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Tahiri, M., Johnsrud, C., & Steffensen, I. (2023) · Critical Reviews in Toxicology · doi:10.1080/10408444.2023.2270574 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Russell, E. E., Day, A. S., Dimitroff, C., Trakman, G., Silva, H., Bryant, R. V., Purcell, L., Yao, C. K., Landorf, E., & Fitzpatrick, J. A. (2023) · Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1111/jgh.16414 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
What Should I Eat? Dietary Recommendations for Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Saha, S., & Patel, N. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15040896 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Based on the current evidence, a guidance statement was released, in which the authors thought it prudent to increase the dietary intake of fruits and vegetables in CD (with the exception of stricturing disease) [16].”
BackgroundInflammatory Potential of the Diet and Risk of Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis
Meyer, A., Chan, S. S. M., Touvier, M., Julia, C., Tjønneland, A. M., Kyrø, C., Dahm, C. C., Katzke, V. A., Schulze, M. B., Tumino, R., et al. (2025) · Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/apt.18497 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Further studies should focus on the effect of various types of dietary fibre upon the risk of developing IBD [37].”
Crohn’s Disease: Is the Cold Chain Hypothesis Still Hot?
Hugot, J., Dumay, A., Barreau, F., & Meinzer, U. (2020) · Journal of Crohn s and Colitis · doi:10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjaa192 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Guney-Coskun, M., Kolay, E., & Başaranoğlu, M. (2023) · World Journal of Clinical Cases · doi:10.12998/wjcc.v11.i2.308 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
- Authors
- Levine, A., Rhodes, J. M., Lindsay, J. O., Abreu, M. T., Kamm, M. A., Gibson, P. R., Gasche, C., Silverberg, M. S., Mahadevan, U., Boneh, R. S., Wine, E., Damas, O. M., Syme, G., Trakman, G. L., Yao, C. K., Stockhamer, S., Hammami, M. B., Garces, L. C., Rogler, G., Koutroubakis, I. E., Ananthakrishnan, A. N., McKeever, L., & Lewis, J. D.
- Affiliations
- Tel Aviv University (IL)
- University of Liverpool (GB)
- Queen Mary University of London (GB)
- University of Miami (US)
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Alfred Health (AU)
- Mount Sinai Hospital (CA)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Barts Health NHS Trust (GB)
- University Hospital Zurich (CH)
- Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lewis, James D.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-05
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1381-1392
- ISSN
- 1542-3565 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3005828812
- Cited by
- 297
- References
- 105
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 24
- FWCI
- 5.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Keywords
- inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, dietary recommendations, gut microbiota, dietary therapy, nutritional formula, food additives, disease flares, remission, relapse prevention, food safety
- MeSH terms
- Colitis, Ulcerative, Crohn Disease, Diet, Humans, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Microbiota
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