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On the need for attention-aware systems: Measuring effects of interruption on task performance, error rate, and affective state
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Engineering Psychology and Human Performance
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The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction
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Agents that reduce work and information overload
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Debunking the instant messaging myth?
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Bhowmick, S. S., Choi, B. K. K., & Li, C. (2017) · ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data (SIGMOD) · doi:10.1145/3035918.3054774 · Cited by 18
“Many studies in the cognitive psychology and HCI communities have reported that interrupting users engaged in tasks by delivering notifications inopportunely can negatively impact task completion time, lead to more errors, and increase user frustration [2, 3, 21, 22, 37].”
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FreeLabel: A Publicly Available Annotation Tool Based on Freehand Traces
Dias, P. A., Shen, Z., Tabb, A., & Medeiros, H. P. (2019) · e-Publications@Marquette (Marquette University) · Cited by 18
Phylter: A System for Modulating Notifications in Wearables Using Physiological Sensing
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“In one study by Bailey and Constan, multitasking participants reported twice the anxiety, committed twice the number of errors, and required up to 25% longer time on a primary task when interruptions arrived during rather than in-between tasks [5].”
BackgroundCostly attentions: Governing the media multitasker
Hassoun, D. (2012) · Continuum · doi:10.1080/10304312.2012.698041 · Cited by 19
“Most scientists now charactize habitual multitasking as an unhealthy strain on the human mind (Bailey and Konstan 2006 ; Hallowell 2006 ; Marois and Ivanoff 2005 ).”
BackgroundUnderstanding of computers and procrastination: A philosophical approach
Breems, N. S., & Basden, A. (2013) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.024 · Cited by 18
“…proximal interfaces, affordance, cognitive dimensions, and much more (Carroll, 2013; Dix et al., 2004; Greeno, 1994; Norman, 1999), and also affective computing (Zeng et al., 2009; Hudlicka, 2003; Rothblum et al., 1986; van Eerde, 2003) and attention-aware computing (Bailey & Konstan, 2006).”
Chiang, C.-E., Chen, Y., Lin, F.-Y., Feng, F., Wu, H.-A., Lee, H.-P., Yang, C.-H., & Chang, Y.-J. (2021) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3411764.3445477 · Cited by 17
“In the case of the latter, the contextual factors that have been identifed in desktop settings [3, 29, 50] and mobile ones [24, 26, 31] have included the characteristics of users’ activity at the time of the interruption; their levels of engagement with that activity; their psychological condition; and their social co…”
BackgroundEvaluating peripheral interaction
Hausen, D., Tabard, A., von Thermann, A., Holzner, K., & Butz, A. M. (2014) · International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction (TEI) · doi:10.1145/2540930.2540941 · Cited by 17
“Task completion time and error rate are logged for the primary task [1] but emotional distress is also of interest, as interruptions are known to cause annoyance and anxiety [1,16].”
BackgroundDeveloping Collaboration Awareness Support from a Cognitive Perspective
Antunes, P. A., & Ferreira, A. (2011) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.1109/hicss.2011.161 · Cited by 19
The Case for Operating System Management of User Attention
Lee, K., Flinn, J., & Noble, B. D. (2015) · IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications (WMCSA) · doi:10.1145/2699343.2699362 · Cited by 17
“This is more challenging than measuring demand because it will usually involve detecting and evaluating user activities external to the computer system such as driving, walking, conversing, etc.”
BackgroundExploring the Effects of Interruptions in Different Phases of Complex Decision-Making Tasks
Wu, M., Gao, Q., & Liu, Y. (2021) · Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1177/00187208211018882 · Cited by 19
“…2000, 2001; Czerwinski et al., 2000b; Gould et al., 2013; Speier et al., 1999), the need for problem representation in memory (Borst et al., 2015; Iqbal & Bailey, 2006), and the moment of interruption (Adamczyk & Bailey, 2004; Bailey & Konstan, 2006; Czerwinski et al., 2000b; Monk et al., 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialLearning in the Face of Digital Distractions
Brady, A. C., Kim, Y., & von Spiegel, J. (2022) · Advances in higher education and professional development book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-9243-4.ch006 · Cited by 16
Mind the Body: How Embodied Cognition Matters in Manufacturing
Kolbeinsson, A., & Lindblom, J. (2015) · Procedia Manufacturing · doi:10.1016/j.promfg.2015.07.576 · Cited by 16
Proportion of work appropriate for pharmacy technicians in anticoagulation clinics
Kuhn, H., Park, A. Y. S., Kim, B., Lukesh, W., & Rose, A. J. (2016) · American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy · doi:10.2146/ajhp150272 · Cited by 16
Intervening in Interruptions: What Exactly Is the Risk We Are Trying to Manage?
Gao, J., Rae, A. J., & Dekker, S. W. A. (2017) · Journal of Patient Safety · doi:10.1097/pts.0000000000000429 · Cited by 16
Forewarning interruptions in dynamic settings: Can prevention bolster recovery?
Labonté, K., Tremblay, S., & Vachon, F. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Applied · doi:10.1037/xap0000219 · Cited by 19
When Spheres Collide: A Refocused Research Framework for Personal Use of Technology at Work
Burleson, J., & Greenbaum, B. E. (2019) · Communications of the Association for Information Systems · doi:10.17705/1cais.04523 · Cited by 17
Russell, E., Jackson, T., & Banks, A. P. (2019) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2019.1683606 · Cited by 17
Peripheral computing during presentations
Iqbal, S. T., Grudin, J. T., & Horvitz, E. (2011) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/1978942.1979073 · Cited by 16
“Much research has focused on identifying costs of multitasking in domains such as desktop computing and driving, where division of attention may be common or even unavoidable [1, 6].”
BackgroundUsing Eye-Tracking for Visual Attention Feedback
Toreini, P., Langner, M., & Maedche, A. (2019) · Lecture notes in information systems and organisation · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-28144-1_29 · Cited by 16
Hirsch, P., Koch, I., & Grundgeiger, T. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-04760-2_4 · Cited by 15
Hirsch, P., Moretti, L., Askin, S., & Koch, I. (2023) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-023-01458-8 · Cited by 17
“…be resumed; and if the primary task is resumed, typically, more time is needed for the completion of the task and more errors are made than in noninterrupted tasks (e.g., Altmann et al., 2014; Bailey & Konstan, 2006; Dodhia & Dismukes, 2009; Lee & Duffy, 2015; Li et al., 2008; Monk et al., 2004).”
BackgroundWohn, D. Y., & Birnholtz, J. P. (2015) · International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services (MobileHCI) · doi:10.1145/2785830.2785865 · Cited by 14
“While substantial work has examined the impact of and response to interruptions [2,25,28], this has largely not focused on the mobile context and has not taken a joint action approach to understanding these behaviors.”
BackgroundPeters, N. S., Romigh, G. D., Bradley, G. C., & Raj, B. (2016) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-41956-5_17 · Cited by 15
“There is empirical research dedicated to manipulating time on the delivery [1], [2], [3] of system-mediated interruptions [4] in multi-task environments [5].”
BackgroundResultHate to interrupt you, but… analyzing turn-arounds from a cockpit perspective
Gontar, P., Schneider, S., Schmidt-Moll, C., Bollin, C., & Bengler, K. J. (2017) · Cognition Technology & Work · doi:10.1007/s10111-017-0440-4 · Cited by 15
“A positive relationship between interruptions and error rate (Bailey and Konstan 2006) as well as user workload (Gupta et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialLee, K., Flinn, J., & Noble, B. D. (2017) · ACM/IEEE Symposium on Edge Computing (SEC) · doi:10.1145/3132211.3134450 · Cited by 15
“Many researchers have studied the detrimental effect of poorlytimed notifications in desktop environments [4, 10, 26].”
BackgroundWhite, R. W., Awadallah, A. H., & Sim, R. (2019) · International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR) · doi:10.1145/3331184.3331187 · Cited by 15
“Systems can employ context-sensitive reminding to jog memories about the information people are likely to forget [34], while also considering factors such as current attentional demand [6].”
BackgroundA Framework for Field Testing in Living Lab Innovation Projects
Coorevits, L., Georges, A., & Schuurman, D. (2018) · Technology Innovation Management Review · doi:10.22215/timreview/1204 · Cited by 15
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A Context Aware Interruption Management System for Mobile Devices
Zulkernain, S., Madiraju, P., & Ahamed, S. I. (2010) · Lecture notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-17758-3_16 · Cited by 15
“Undesired disruption causes interrupted users to take up to 30% longer to complete and commit up to twice the number of errors [4].”
BackgroundZhang, C., Wei, D., Ji, Y., Chen, D., Li, X. Y., & Gong, X. D. (2025) · International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.ergon.2025.103761 · Cited by 17
Designing Task Resumption Cues for Interruptions in Mobile Learning Scenarios
Schneegass, C., & Draxler, F. (2021) · Human-computer interaction series · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-30457-7_5 · Cited by 17
Predicting the Noticeability of Dynamic Virtual Elements in Virtual Reality
Li, Z., Cheng, Y. F., Yan, Y., & Lindlbauer, D. (2024) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3613904.3642399 · Cited by 18
Interruptions and Multitasking: Advantages and Disadvantages for Creativity at Work
Mochi, F., & Madjar, N. Y. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813238-8.00005-x · Cited by 14
Just a click away: Action–state orientation moderates the impact of task interruptions on initiative
Birk, M. V., Mandryk, R. L., & Baumann, N. (2019) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12498 · Cited by 14
“Bailey and Konstan (2006) extend these findings by showing that interruptions during tasks not only increase completion times for the primary task, but also elicit more annoyance and anxiety than interruptions in between tasks.”
BackgroundTheorizing inconsistent media selection in the digital environment
Gui, M., Shanahan, J. E., & Tsay‐Vogel, M. (2021) · The Information Society · doi:10.1080/01972243.2021.1922565 · Cited by 14
“Empirical research shows that workflow interruptions are negatively related to job performance (Bailey and Konstan 2006) and job satisfaction (Baethge and Rigotti 2013; Kirkcaldy and Martin 2000) and positively related to feelings of irritation (Grebner et al. 2003).”
BackgroundThe effects of positive and negative self-interruptions in discretionary multitasking
Adler, R. F., & Benbunan‐Fich, R. (2012) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/2212776.2223706 · Cited by 15
“In contrast, there is a plethora of studies investigating the consequences of external interruptions [1,6,11,15].”
BackgroundTan, M. K. S., Goode, S., & Richardson, A. (2020) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2020.1734087 · Cited by 14
Don't bother me: learning as a function of task autonomy and cognitive demands
Wielenga-Meijer, E. G. A., Taris, T. W., Wigboldus, D. H. J., & Kompier, M. A. J. (2012) · Human Resource Development International · doi:10.1080/13678868.2011.646898 · Cited by 20
“Prior experiments have examined the effects of interruptions using combinations of task completion time, error-rate, decision-making and affective state (Bailey and Konstan 2006 ).”
MethodIncreasing Efficiency in Military Learning: Theoretical Considerations and Practical Applications
Vogel-Walcutt, J. J., Carper, T. M., Bowers, C. A., & Nicholson, D. M. (2010) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1080/08995605.2010.492701 · Cited by 14
“When a primary task is interrupted by a peripheral task, learners require significantly more time to complete the primary task and commit twice as many errors (Bailey & Konstan, 2006).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialEmail communication in project management: A bane or a blessing?
Smit, M. C., Bond-Barnard, T. J., Steyn, H., & Fabris‐Rotelli, I. (2017) · South African journal of information management · doi:10.4102/sajim.v19i1.826 · Cited by 13
User Time Spent Between Persuasiveness and Usability of Social Networking Mobile Applications
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“While the excessive number of notifications and interruptions caused in inappropriate time may be considered a form of distraction, which can negatively influence the user and can be seen as counterproductive [32][33].”
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“…the consumers’ mental load (Kahneman 1973) and diverting attention away from the primary task (Speier et al. 1997), which limits the processing of relevant information (Bailey and Konstan 2006, Trafton et al. 2003) and consequently lowers the decision quality (Speier et al. 1999, Zhang 2000).”
BackgroundSMART DIGITAL EDUCATION ENHANCED BY AR AND IOT DATA
Shoikova, E., Nikolov, R., & Kovatcheva, E. P. (2018) · INTED proceedings · doi:10.21125/inted.2018.1392 · Cited by 13
Autonomous Agent as Helper - Helpful or Annoying?
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“[10] B. P. Bailey and J. A. Konstan, "On the need for attention-aware systems: Measuring effects of interruption on task performance, error rate, and affective state," Computers in Human Behavior, vol. 22, pp. 685-708, 2006.”
BackgroundInforming the Design of User-adaptive Mobile Language Learning Applications
Schneegass, C., Terzimehić, N., Nettah, M., & Schneegaß, S. (2018) · International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia (MUM) · doi:10.1145/3282894.3282926 · Cited by 13
“Controlled experiences have already shown that interruptions have a highly disruptive effect on task performance, error rate, as well as affective state [2].”
BackgroundMultitasking and Interrupted Task Performance
Werner, N. E., Cades, D. M., & Boehm‐Davis, D. A. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118771952.ch25 · Cited by 13
Going with(out) the flow at home: day-to-day variability in flow and performance while teleworking
Aitken, J. A., Kaplan, S. A., & Kuykendall, L. E. (2023) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/1359432x.2023.2211271 · Cited by 15
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Jeuris, S., & Bardram, J. E. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.03.059 · Cited by 14
“Finishing subtasks was allowed to control for disruptive effects due to differences within the disengagement stage, since interruptions at task boundaries are know to be less disruptive (Bailey & Konstan, 2006).”
BackgroundDewan, P. (2014) · The Reference Librarian · doi:10.1080/02763877.2014.880636 · Cited by 14
“As (Richtel, 2010b) Research has also shown that distractions come at the psychological cost of added stress and frustration (Bailey & Konstan, 2006; Markel, 2009; Zijlstra, Roe, Leonora, & Krediet, 1999).”
BackgroundBirnholtz, J. P., Bi, N., & Fussell, S. R. (2012) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/2207676.2208308 · Cited by 12
“, [4]), and not how perceived urgency for the interrupter affects behavior.”
BackgroundGontar, P., Fischer, U. M., & Bengler, K. J. (2017) · Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making · doi:10.1177/1555343417715161 · Cited by 12
“Moreover, research on the impact of interruptions has shown that operators commit more errors (e.g., Bailey & Konstan, 2006) and perceive increased workload (Gontar, Schneider, Schmidt-Moll, Bollin, & Bengler, 2017; Weigl, Antoniadis, Chiapponi, Bruns, & Sevdalis, 2015) when they are interrupted.”
BackgroundDeveloping an appropriate staff mix for anticoagulation clinics: functional job analysis approach
Hailemariam, D. A., Shan, X. G., Chung, S. H., Khasawneh, M. T., Lukesh, W., Park, A. Y. S., & Rose, A. J. (2018) · Journal of industrial engineering international · doi:10.1007/s40092-018-0267-5 · Cited by 12
“Furthermore, studies have also reported that multitasking and interruption of clinicians by clerical and administrative tasks led to reduced performance and increased error rates (Bailey and Konstan 2006; Laxmisan et al. 2007; Westbrook et al. 2010).”
BackgroundMetrics for Discrete Student Models: Chance Levels, Comparisons, and Use Cases
Bosch, N., & Paquette, L. (2018) · Journal of Learning Analytics · doi:10.18608/jla.2018.52.6 · Cited by 16
“These states might include a student’s current emotional, cognitive, or behavioural state (Bailey & Konstan, 2006; Baker, Corbett, Koedinger, & Wagner, 2004; Baker, D’Mello, Rodrigo, & Graesser, 2010; Bixler & D’Mello, 2015; Bosch, D’Mello, Ocumpaugh, Baker, & Shute, 2016; Calvo & D’Mello, 2010;…”
Techno-Unreliability: A Pilot Study in the Field
Kalischko, T., Fischer, T., & Riedl, R. (2019) · Lecture notes in information systems and organisation · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-28144-1_15 · Cited by 12
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Building respectful interface agents
Schiaffino, S., Armentano, M. G., & Amandi, A. (2009) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2009.12.002 · Cited by 12
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Association of Interruptions With an Increased Risk and Severity of Medication Administration Errors
Raab, S. S. (2011) · Yearbook of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypat.2010.11.049 · Cited by 11
Use of attentive information dashboards to support task resumption in working environments
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“Such interfaces are supposed to be a support for managing interruptions [Bailey and Konstan 2006; Bulling 2016].”
BackgroundInterruptions to Clinical Work: How Frequent Is Too Frequent?
Westbrook, J. I. (2013) · Journal of Graduate Medical Education · doi:10.4300/jgme-d-13-00076.1 · Cited by 11
FreeLabel: A Publicly Available Annotation Tool Based on Freehand Traces
Dias, P. A., Shen, Z., Tabb, A., & Medeiros, H. (2019) · IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision · doi:10.1109/wacv.2019.00010 · Cited by 11
“As backed by psychology studies [43, 4], minimizing interruptions and choices help to reduce user anxiety and increase efficiency.”
BackgroundTwyman, N. W., Proudfoot, J. G., Cameron, A., Case, E., Burgoon, J. K., & Twitchell, D. P. (2020) · Journal of Management Information Systems · doi:10.1080/07421222.2020.1759938 · Cited by 11
“Most multitasking research investigates these types of scenarios and reports a drop in performance (e.g., [1, 53, 74]) or an increase in errors [1, 4, 19, 23, 32, 56].”
BackgroundVisualizing a User’s Cognitive and Emotional Journeys: A Fintech Case
Veilleux, M., Sénécal, S., Demolin, B., Bouvier, F., Fabio, M.-L. D., Coursaris, C. K., & Léger, P. (2020) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-49713-2_38 · Cited by 13
The effect of interruption on the decision-making process
Nicholas, C. A., & Cohen, A. L. (2016) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s1930297500004824 · Cited by 11
Tng, G. Y. Q., & Yang, H. (2023) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2023.2196573 · Cited by 12
“Further, these disruptions in daily activities due to interruptive smart-phone noti fi cations have been linked to maladaptive psychological outcomes of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms (Bailey and Konstan 2006; Elhai et al. 2021; Winkler et al. 2020).”
BackgroundTiilikainen, S., Tuunainen, V. K., Sarker, S., & Arminen, I. (2024) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.25300/misq/2023/16434 · Cited by 13
Interruption-Sensitive Empty Result Feedback
Bhowmick, S. S., Dyreson, C., Choi, B. K. K., & Ang, M. H. (2015) · ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM) · doi:10.1145/2806416.2806432 · Cited by 10
“Research in cognitive psychology and hci has investigated intelligent notification management [5,9,15,21,24], focusing on visual tasks such as document editing, diagram editing, image manipulation, and programming.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialOn the Benefit of Adding User Preferences to Notification Delivery
Russis, L. D., & Roffarello, A. M. (2017) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3027063.3053160 · Cited by 10
“The disruptive effect that the continuous interruptions of notifications cause to the users has already been demon-Late-Breaking strated in the literature (e.g., [4, 1, 3]).”
BackgroundAutomatic Task Analysis: Toward Wearable Behaviometrics
Epps, J., & Chen, S. (2018) · IEEE Systems Man and Cybernetics Magazine · doi:10.1109/msmc.2018.2822846 · Cited by 10
“For example, mental activities have been classified using EEG to discriminate among adding, counting, reading comprehension, image comprehension, selection, and registration [2] or among conditions of being at rest, moving, thinking, or busy [5].”
BackgroundBehaviours and preferences when coordinating mediated interruptions: Social and system influence
Romero, N. A., Szostek, A. M., Kaptein, M. C., & Markopoulos, P. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-84800-031-5_19 · Cited by 10
Four common multicommunicating misconceptions
Cameron, A., Webster, J., Barki, H., & de Guinea, A. O. (2016) · European Journal of Information Systems · doi:10.1057/ejis.2016.8 · Cited by 10
“Although studies of MC ’ s direct effects on speed and timing do not exist, multitasking research has observed a negative effect on speed (Bailey & Konstan, 2006) which is exacerbated when the pace of switching between tasks is unpredictable (Adler & Benbunan-Fich, 2014), as is the case for MC.…”
BackgroundAttention support in digital environments. Nine questions to be addressed
Roda, C. (2009) · New Ideas in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2009.09.010 · Cited by 11
“For example, Bailey and his colleagues (Bailey, Adamczyk, Chang, & Chilson, 2006; Bailey & Konstan, 2006) represent tasks as two-level hierarchies composed of coarse events further split into fine events, and demonstrate that interruptions are less disruptive when presented at coarse breakpoints,…”
BackgroundResultMüller, L. S., & Hertel, G. (2023) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140139.2023.2286910 · Cited by 9
“Indeed, past research has demonstrated that distractions during performance of tasks decrease well-being, increase strain (Baethge, Rigotti, and Roe 2015; Keller et al. 2020) and trigger emotional responses such as annoyance and anxiety (Bailey and Konstan 2006).”
User-Centered Investigation of Features for Attention Management Systems in an Online Vignette Study
Talypova, D., Lingler, A., & Wintersberger, P. (2023) · International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia (MUM) · doi:10.1145/3626705.3627766 · Cited by 9
“” Studies have consistently demonstrated that inter-ruptions disrupt cognitive processes and can lead to performance decrements and increased error rates [6, 37, 45].”
BackgroundInfluentialDriver Takeover Performance Prediction Based on LSTM-BiLSTM-ATTENTION Model
Chen, L., Li, D., Wang, T., Chen, J., & Yuan, Q. (2025) · Systems · doi:10.3390/systems13010046 · Cited by 9
“The procedure of this experiment is shown in Figure 6, and the steps are as follows.”
Protecting children: Testing a stop‐and‐take‐a‐break advergame intervention strategy
Cho, E., & Riddle, K. E. (2021) · International Journal of Consumer Studies · doi:10.1111/ijcs.12654 · Cited by 11
Labonté, K., & Vachon, F. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.659451 · Cited by 11
“Working Memory Capacity and Interruption Recovery Task interruptions are often detrimental to the execution of an ongoing activity, for instance by lengthening decision time and increasing the likelihood of errors (Bailey and Konstan, 2006; Altmann et al., 2014).”
BackgroundWixon, M., & Arroyo, I. (2014) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-08786-3_42 · Cited by 9
“Prior work has found that interrupting students during primary tasks can cause an increase in annoyance [12], and it is our hope that judicious use of self-reports will mitigate effects such as these.”
BackgroundDesigning for Continuous Interaction with Artificial Intelligence Systems
Wintersberger, P., van Berkel, N., Fereydooni, N., Tag, B., Glassman, E. L., Buschek, D., BLANDFORD, A. E., & Michahelles, F. (2022) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3491101.3516409 · Cited by 9
“These developments must be seen under consideration of the ‘always-on-mentality’ (i.e., users simultaneously engaged in multiple conversations, consuming media content from various sources, etc.) that can impair productivity and well-being [3, 17, 22].”
BackgroundCombining social strategies and workload
de Vries, R. A. J., Lohse, M., Winterboer, A. K., Groen, F. C. A., & Evers, V. (2013) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/2468356.2468388 · Cited by 9
“Most of these effects are of a negative kind, such as frustration, stress and diminishing performance [16], or increased annoyance, anxiety, error rate and bad decision making [1, 3].”
Snookered by an interruption? Use a cue
Jones, S., Gould, S. J. J., & Cox, A. L. (2012) · Electronic workshops in computing · doi:10.14236/ewic/hci2012.33 · Cited by 10
“People are using computers for long periods of time on a daily basis and are finding themselves increasingly disrupted by incoming emails, updates and tweets – what Bailey and Konstan (2006) term a “burgeoning epidemic of interruption at the user interface”.”
BackgroundAwareNotifications: Multi-device semantic notification handling with user-defined preferences
Corno, F., Russis, L. D., & Roffarello, A. M. (2018) · Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Smart Environments · doi:10.3233/ais-180492 · Cited by 9
Attention & Interruption Management for Systems Design - A Research OverviewPreprint
Spiekermann, S. (2008) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1244622 · Cited by 9
Ebner, K., Wehrt, W., & Souček, R. (2025) · International Journal of Workplace Health Management · doi:10.1108/ijwhm-12-2024-0249 · Cited by 9
Chen, U.-D., Wang, P.-J., Lee, Y.-C., Lin, Y.-H., Chou, Y.-L., & Chang, Y.-J. (2025) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3743703 · Cited by 8
“The sheer volume of notifications, coupled with frequent alerts and large amounts of accompanying information, has been shown to cause negative emotions such as annoyance, stress, and anxiety [4, 14, 16, 18, 23, 33, 50, 54, 55, 68], ultimately undermining users’ well-being.”
Trusty: A Tool to Improve Communication and Collaboration in DSD
Aranda, G. N., Vizcaíno, A., Ochoa, J. L., Cinco, R. R. P., & Morán, A. L. (2011) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-23801-7_18 · Cited by 8
“In addition, it has been shown that interruptions have a negative impact on task completion time [6, 7], decision-making [17, 20], and people’s emotional state [3].”
BackgroundMedication Counselling: Physicians' Perspective
Bonnerup, D. K., Lisby, M., Eskildsen, A. G., Sædder, E. A., & Nielsen, L. P. (2013) · Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology · doi:10.1111/bcpt.12111 · Cited by 9
SilentPhone: Inferring User Unavailability based Opportune Moments to Minimize Call Interruptions
Sarker, I. H. (2018) · ICST Transactions on Mobile Communications and Applications · doi:10.4108/eai.10-7-2018.155647 · Cited by 8
Situation Awareness in Aircraft Ground Handling: The Impact of Auditory and Visual Notification Cues
Nadj, M., & Maedche, A. (2019) · Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making · doi:10.1177/1555343419830183 · Cited by 8
Optimizing Forecasted Activity Notifications with Reinforcement Learning
Fikry, M., & Inoue, S. (2023) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s23146510 · Cited by 8
“Consequently, researchers have analyzed the impact of notification disruptions [45–47], such as their potential to disrupt work routines [46,48,49].”
BackgroundMARingBA: Music-Adaptive Ringtones for Blended Audio Notification Delivery
Wang, A., Cheng, Y. F., & Lindlbauer, D. (2024) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3613904.3642376 · Cited by 10
Supporting Software Developers' Focused Work on Window-Based Desktops
Pilzer, J., Rosenast, R., Meyer, A. N., Huang, E. M., & Fritz, T. (2020) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3313831.3376285 · Cited by 9
“With increasing screen size, multi-monitor support, and the ability to use several applications simultaneously, they also provide sources for distractions, such as multi-tasking between the main and less relevant task, thus reducing focus [1].”
BackgroundResultProactive Recommendation Delivery
Sabic, A. (2016) · ACM Conference on Recommender Systems (RecSys) · doi:10.1145/2959100.2959108 · Cited by 8
“These unwanted interruptions can have negative effects on work performance [3], emotional state [1], etc. Preliminary studies on time, location and modality (user interface) of interruptions, showed promising results in easing the negative effects of information delivery that was not explicitly…”
BackgroundInterruptions in Emergency Medicine: Things Are Not Always What They Seem
Walter, S. R. (2018) · Academic Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1111/acem.13505 · Cited by 8
Collaborative Brain-Computer Interface for Human Interest Detection in Complex and Dynamic Settings
Solon, A. J., Gordon, S. M., McDaniel, J., & Lawhern, V. J. (2018) · Conference proceedings/Conference proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics · doi:10.1109/smc.2018.00172 · Cited by 8
“Directly querying an individual [1] for their assessment of a scene, or synthesizing of information across group members [2, 3], may be deleterious to their primary tasking in complex scenarios.”
BackgroundUnderstanding the Impact of Interruptions on Knowledge Work: An Exploratory Neuroimaging Study
Kalgotra, P., Sharda, R., & McHaney, R. (2016) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.1109/hicss.2016.87 · Cited by 8
“For example, Bailey and Konstan [47] found task execution time increased by 3% to 27% due to interruptions.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Bailey, B. P., & Konstan, J. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bailey, Brian P.
- Venue
- Computers in Human Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006-07
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 685-708
- ISSN
- 0747-5632 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2063748437
- Cited by
- 600
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 47 · 2017: 49 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 32.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Computers in Human Behavior (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Information Systems and Management › Personal Information Management and User Behavior
- Social Sciences › Human Factors and Ergonomics › Human-Automation Interaction and Safety
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Usability and User Interface Design
- Keywords
- interruptions, task performance, error rate, annoyance, anxiety, affective states, task completion time, primary task, task boundaries, presentation timing
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