The DOI matches its Crossref record; 56 of the 61 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
On the need for attention-aware systems: Measuring effects of interruption on task performance, error rate, and affective state
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Citations
Cites
(1970) · Cited by 24,983
Engineering Psychology and Human Performance
Wickens, C. D., Hollands, J. G., Banbury, S. P., & Parasuraman, R. (2015) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315665177 · Cited by 5,017
(2001) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511546396 · Cited by 4,482
The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction
Card, S. K., Moran, T. P., & Newell, A. (2018) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9780203736166 · Cited by 4,103
Agents that reduce work and information overload
Maes, P. (1994) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/176789.176792 · Cited by 2,365
Cacioppo, J. T., Tassinary, L. G., Berntson, G. G., Shan, H., Mason, P., Kolb, B., Whishaw, I. Q., Geuter, S., Lindquist, M. A., Wager, T. D., et al. (2016) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781107415782 · Cited by 2,032
Task-evoked pupillary responses, processing load, and the structure of processing resources.
Beatty, J. (1982) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.91.2.276 · Cited by 1,959
User Centered System Design: New Perspectives on Human-Computer Interaction
Anderson, N. S., Norman, D. A., & Draper, S. W. (1988) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1422802 · Cited by 1,857
Shifting Intentional Set: Exploring the Dynamic Control of Tasks
(1994) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/1478.003.0025 · Cited by 1,328
Executive control of cognitive processes in task switching
Rubinstein, J. S., Meyer, D. E., & Evans, J. E. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.27.4.763 · Cited by 1,207
Flagged first, then by citations
5 of the 61 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 501–594 of 594
Pourali, P. (2020) · UWSpace (University of Waterloo) · Cited by 1
Video Media in the Hyperconnected Age: Investigating Emergent Viewing Practices
Rigby, J. M. (2018) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 1
The influence of multimodal distractions on computer user performance
Niu, Z. (2019) · Mississippi State University · doi:10.54718/tgoa1959 · Cited by 1
Wickens, C. D. (2007) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781420063363.bmatt · Cited by 1
FPCB Actuator Driven Micromirror Based Availability Indicator and Laser Pattern Pointer
Zuo, H. (2022) · doi:10.32920/ryerson.14668443 · Cited by 1
Supporting document management in complex multitask environments
Bondarenko, O. O. (2010) · TU/e Research Portal · doi:10.6100/ir657436
On the Selection of Just-in-time Interventions
Jaimes, L. G. (2015) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida)
Effects of Intelligent Notification Scheduling
Iqbal, S. T., & Bailey, B. P. (2007) · Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign)
Self-citationAttentive Groupware Systems: A Framework and a Prototype Tool
Ferreira, A., & Antunes, P. A. (2007)
Evaluating groupware usability at the cognitive level of human action
Ferreira, A. M. S. (2010) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT)
To notify or not to notify: That is the question
Astrova, I., Kleiner, C., Koschel, A., & Nitz, S. (2015) · Science and Information Conference · doi:10.1109/sai.2015.7237150
A Web-Based Learning Support System for Rough Sets
Zhou, Y., & Yao, J. T. (2014) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-11740-9_16
“The estimated time can improve learning efficiency, since learners need more time to finish a task in case it has been interrupted [4].”
BackgroundTowards dialogue strategies for cognitive workload management
Villing, J. (2015) · Gothenburg University Publications Electronic Archive (Gothenburg University)
Interruption Practice Reduces Errors
Zish, K., & Trafton, J. G. (2014)
Start-Smart as a Support for Starting Interaction in Distributed Software Development
Cinco, R. R. P., Martínez, J. R., Cortez, J., Castro, L. A., & Morán, A. L. (2014) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-10166-8_24
Chesley, N. (2011) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1888626
Designing Application as a Sensor (AaaS) approach for user attention sensing
Okoshi, T., Nakazawa, J., & Tokuda, H. (2014) · International Conference on Mobile Computing and Ubiquitous Network (ICMU) · doi:10.1109/icmu.2014.6799067
Interrupciones en trabajadores del conocimiento y su relación con la profesión y el estado civil
Córdova-Cárdenas, G.-M., Palacio-Cinco, R.-R., Quiroz, C. O. A., & Cortez, J. (2014) · El Profesional de la Informacion · doi:10.3145/epi.2014.jul.05
Effects of Task Switching on Creativity Tests
Roda, C., Stojanov, G., & Kianfar, D. (2013)
Effect of self-interruption and external interruption on error detection
Yau, S. Y. (2015) · Digital Commons - Lingnan (Lingnan University)
An exploration of a haptic affect loop through use cases
Pan, M. K. X. J. (2012) · cIRcle (University of British Columbia) · doi:10.14288/1.0073274
“In other cases, the cost of explicit control demands may be in convenience, privacy or attentional fragmentation [3], [4]: a user may wish to alter a device’s behavior, but cannot or prefers not to use explicit commands (e.”
BackgroundDesign For Auditory Displays: Identifying Temporal And Spatial Information Conveyance Principles
Ahmad, A. H. (2007) · Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research
Fletcher, K. A. (2016) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida)
EXPLORING RESUMPTION AIDS FOR TASKS INVOLVING 3D MODELS ON TABLETS
Almangush, R. M. (2017) · DalSpace (Dalhousie University)
The effect of unresolved interruptions on prospective memory
Slayton, J. T. (2017) · UTC Scholar (University of Tennessee at Chattanooga)
Human-Agent Interruptions: A Systems Perspective
Salehi, P., & Chiou, E. K. (2017) · Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting · doi:10.1177/1541931213601611
“Bailey and Konstan (2006) find that interruptions during execution of a task are more disruptive than interruptions that occur between tasks.”
BackgroundKarunaratne, I. (2018) · Electronic workshops in computing · doi:10.14236/ewic/hci2018.202
“When the peripheral tasks interrupt the primary task it requires more time to complete the primary task (Bailey and Konstan, 2006), more often they take significantly more time to return to and resume work (Iqbal and Horvitz, 2007).”
BackgroundSEQUENTIAL MULTITASKING DRIVEN BY MOBILE INTERRUPTION AND ITS IMPACT ON LAPTOP USER
김평화 (2014) · Seoul National University Open Repository (Seoul National University)
Talker and Team Dependent Modeling Techniques for Intelligent Interruption Interfaces
Peters, N. S. (2020) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-55307-4_23
Trading energy for accuracy in mobile interruptiblity inference
Cuculoski, A., & Pejović, V. (2020) · ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp) · doi:10.1145/3410530.3414429
“Untimely interruptions from ubiquitous computing notifications can result in disruptions to our work schedules, leading to poor performance [4], can increase stress [12] and anxiety [3], and can even be fatal in certain critical environments, such as cockpits.”
BackgroundSchnitman, I. M., & do Nascimento, E. B. (2021) · Brazilian Journal of Development · doi:10.34117/bjdv7n2-334
The benefits of practice with interruptions is step-specific.
Zish, K., McCurry, J. M., & Trafton, J. G. (2020) · eScholarship (California Digital Library)
Attention Analysis for Assistance in Assembly Processes
Paletta, L. (2021) · IFIP advances in information and communication technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-72632-4_23
Notification Timing Control While Reading Text Information
Zhou, J., Wu, H., & Takada, H. (2021) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-78321-1_11
A Time Management Knowledge Analysis of a Selected Organization
Hynková, J. (2018)
Towards a Computerized Approach to Identify Attentional States of Online Learners
Karunaratne, I., & Atukorale, A. S. (2021) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-90328-2_28
Application Scenarios and Basic Structure for Context-Aware Machine Learning Framework
Sarker, I. H., Colman, A., Han, J., & Watters, P. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-88530-4_2
Cognitive Resource-Aware Adaptive Web Service Binding and Scheduling
Jimenez-Molina, A., Choi, J., Gaete-Villegas, J., & Ko, I. (2012) · IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology (WI-IAT) · doi:10.1109/wi-iat.2012.189
Perpetual Mobile Availability as a Reason for Communication Overload
Kneidinger-Müller, B. (2019) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-7909-0.ch067 · Cited by 1
Fine-tuning human-machine cooperation
Cai, H. (2011) · Digital Repository Service (Northeastern University) · doi:10.17760/d20000969
The Impact of Cross Personal IT Device Use on Task Performance and Mental Workload
Chen, C.-W. (2014) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems
Randolph, J. J. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-11389-5_12 · Cited by 2
Ricci, A. (2023) · Sustainable development goals series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-19142-8_5
The effects of displaying availability sections of an automated driving function
Danner, S., Feierle, A., Gary, S., & Bengler, K. J. (2023) · Frontiers in Future Transportation · doi:10.3389/ffutr.2023.1153599
Konzentration steigern und Ablenkung reduzieren
Becker, F. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-67620-2_11
Хрущ, О. (2024) · Наукові інновації та передові технології · doi:10.52058/2786-5274-2024-11(39)-1916-1928
Rosa, G., Picinatto, J. L. D. C., Rodrigues, N. C. F., & de Oliveira, G. A. Q. S. M. (2024) · GEPROS. Gestão da Produção, Operações e Sistemas · doi:10.15675/gepros.3022
Hipp, L. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-43502-8_4
Evaluating Attention Management Systems for Dynamic Monitoring TasksPreprint
Gasse, A., Lingler, A., Lorenz, M., Oulasvirta, A., Wintersberger, P., & Ebel, P. (2025) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/jq8ua_v1
Evaluating Attention Management Systems for Dynamic Monitoring TasksPreprint
Gasse, A., Lingler, A., Lorenz, M., Oulasvirta, A., Wintersberger, P., & Ebel, P. (2025) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/jq8ua_v2
Evaluating Attention Management Systems for Dynamic Monitoring TasksPreprint
Gasse, A., Lingler, A., Lorenz, M., Oulasvirta, A., Wintersberger, P., & Ebel, P. (2025) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/jq8ua_v3
Digital Distraction and Legal Risk
Szalados, J. E. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-85546-7_9
Jei, H.-G., Rao, A., Susindar, S., Scott, S. D., & Sasangohar, F. (2025) · Human-Intelligent Systems Integration · doi:10.1007/s42454-025-00065-z
“While interruptions can increase task completion times, job stress, and error rates in most tasks (Bailey and Konstan 2006; Czerwinski et al. 2000), the effects can be particularly disruptive in highly collaborative, safety–critical contexts such as command and control (C2; Cooke et al. 2007).”
Singh, Y. (2025) · BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS eBooks · doi:10.2174/9798898810153125010013
People are increasingly interrupted at work, but it’s not all bad
Feldman, E. R. (2019) · doi:10.64628/aai.fkxtsfvk6
Rewind and Recover: A Comparative Study of Resumption Aids for 3D Model Tasks
Almangush, R. M., Raza, M., Sampangi, R. V., & Reilly, D. F. (2025) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-04999-5_34
Wang, Z., Chen, F., & Cao, J. (2025) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/lodj-05-2024-0340
Cheng, Q., Liu, Y., & Ming, D. (2025) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc58623.2025.11252790
“Studies indicate that ill-timed interruptions and distractions can impede limb-motion task recovery and lower fluency [8 – 10].”
Li, Y., Fang, W., Miao, C., & Sun, Z. (2026) · International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.ergon.2026.104040
"Do Not Disturb": A Micro-Macro Examination of Intrusions at Work
Lin, B. (2000) · doi:10.15760/etd.1499
“Indeed, past experimental research has found that neutral distractions increase negative emotions such as frustration (Adamcyk & Bailey, 2004; Bailey & Konstan, 2006; Bailey, Konstan & Carlis, 2006).”
BackgroundIqbal, S. T., & Bailey, B. P. (2006) · Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign)
Self-citationBerdot, S., Vilfaillot, A., Bézie, Y., Perrin, G., Berge, M., Corny, J., Thi, T. T. P., Depoisson, M., Guihaire, C., Valin, N., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16435821
Work Interruptions in Digital Information Work - A Scoping Review of Influencing Factors and Effects
Rick, V., Mertens, A., & Nitsch, V. (2025) · Springer series in design and innovation · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-9330-6_61
Interruptions and Recovery: Leveraging Dynamic Code History in Development
Pham, V. T. T., Zhou, H., & Kelleher, C. L. (2025) · IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing (VL/HCC) · doi:10.1109/vl-hcc65237.2025.00012
“Other studies [6], [44] constructed statistical models to predict and manage interruptibility, providing a quantitative basis for effective interruption management system design.”
InfluentialTaskSnap: One Task at a Time With Snapshots
Souza, J., Egloff, R., Fritz, T., & Meyer, A. N. (2026) · IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering · doi:10.1109/tse.2026.3656405
“Prior work supports this, showing that frequent inter-ruptions heighten anxiety [84] and increase stress, frustration, time pressure, and effort during task execution [60].”
Rogelberg, S., & Kreamer, L. M. (2023) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)
Hensen, S., Koch, I., Jin, A., & Hirsch, P. (2026) · Cognitive Research Principles and Implications · doi:10.1186/s41235-026-00709-x
Designing Computer-Mediated Communication with Affective Technology to Increase Feedback Acceptance
Jahn, K., Rehren, O., Kordyaka, B., Jansen, S., Ohler, P. C., & Rey, G. D. (2026) · Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation/Advances in science, technology & innovation · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-03488-5_35
L'impact des conditions de travail sur les capacités attentionnelles des salariés
Couffe, C. (2016) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/66fc651ezfa81z4930z8dabzb4e39affd6e6
Brazzolotto, P. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/6be88775z3a53z4c21z8f36z87023aad5089
FoCUS: Leveraging Lower Limbs for Uninterrupted Procedural-Practical Tasks in Mixed Reality
Chen, L., Qu, N., Chen, D., Yuan, H., Yan, Y., Hu, R., An, P., Wang, Q., & Lou, Y. (2026) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2026.2639824
GazeFlow: Personalized Ambient Soundscape Generation for Passive Strabismus Self-Monitoring
Chandra, J., Navneet, S. K., & Zhang, Y. (2026) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3772363.3798882
“Traditional health monitoring uses threshold-based alerts: normal state produces silence, anomaly triggers alarm [2].”
Breaking the Curse of Knowledge: Toward Personalized Jargon Support in Online Meetings
Song, Y., Au, W. Y., Wong, H. Y., Bailey, B. P., & August, T. (2026) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3772363.3798465
“Another common approach, independently searching for definitions during conversations, can introduce distractions [6].”
Self-citationTan, F. F.-Y., & Nov, O. (2026) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3790475
“Delays under 10–12s are generally considered tolerable and allow users to maintain task focus without breaking engagement [6, 45].”
PREFAB: PREFerence-based Affective Modeling for Low-Budget Self-Annotation
Moon, J., Choi, Y., Park, Y., Melhárt, D., Yannakakis, G. N., & Kim, K.-J. (2026) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3791702
“…yielding relatively accurate labels by capturing experiences in real time [6, 23, 55], it can interfere with immersion in tasks where concentration is essential—such as games, training, or educational activities—thereby causing side effects that disrupt the primary purpose of the main task [3, 38].”
Kato, M., Kan, S., Ichikawa, N., Takamura, M., & Okada, G. (2026) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.1177/00315125261439049
A multi-task reinforcement learning framework for resilient autonomous USV navigation
Tranos, T., Chaysri, P., Spatharis, C., & Blekas, K. (2026) · Ocean Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2026.125549
Cao, Y., Hollan, J. D., & Xia, H. (2026) · Designing Interactive Systems Conference · doi:10.1145/3800645.3813082
“Despite tremendous advances in computing capacity, speed, and connectivity, the activities of today’s information workers have become increasingly fragmented, frustrating, and fragile [5, 38].”
From Activity to Recovery: Behavioral Factors Shaping Interruptibility
Lingler, A., Talypova, D., Frijns, H. A., & Wintersberger, P. (2026) · Annual Symposium on Human-Computer Interaction for Work (CHIWORK) · doi:10.1145/3808045.3808048
“Inter-ruptions occurring at task boundaries or between subtasks are generally associated with shorter resumption lags than interruptions that occur mid-task [1, 8, 22, 38, 48].”
InfluentialAI-Enabled Organizational Information Systems for Sustainable Productivity and Digital Well-Being
ÖZDER, S. I. (2026) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-2600-0111-0.ch001
A Study on Attentional Shifts and the Process of Concentration Recovery After Interruptions
Magara, Y., Kasamatsu, K., & Ainoya, T. (2026) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-29178-3_23
Chiu, C., & Chen, C. (2026) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-29175-2_2
Marantika, I. F., Rahmawati, A., & Rizka, C. M. (2026) · JURNAL DIVERSITA · doi:10.31289/diversita.v12i1.17445
The Impact of Digital Addiction on Employees’ Work Productivity: A Narrative Review
Tekiner, M. A., Karakoyunlu, İ., & İsbir-Turan, A. A. (2026) · Psychiatry International · doi:10.3390/psychiatryint7040183
“In other words, efficiency is the ability to achieve the highest possible level of output by using available resources in the most effective way [45]—“Productivity = Output / Input” [46].”
Prosaccades as lightweight workload probes in MR teleoperation
Wang, X., Zhang, G., Li, Y., Xiao, J., MacKenzie, I. S., & Hansen, J. P. (2026) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2026.103937
Lee, S., Park, D.-H., Lee, J., Kim, J., Ko, S., Kim, E., Jeon, K., & Kim, Y. (2026) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2026.2737580
Mind the App: Mobile Access to Financial Information and Consumer Behavior
Levi, Y., & Benartzi, S. (2020) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.1111/jofi.70087 · Cited by 35
Valera, J., Toyoda, A., Funayama, T., Sakai, K., Mikata, R., Minato, T., Sumioka, H., & Ishiguro, H. (2026) · Advanced Robotics · doi:10.1080/01691864.2026.2736440
Zhang, T., Zhou, H., Qin, K., & Wang, Y. (2026) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-026-14168-w
“This multitasking ultimately results in lower-quality storage of information in long-term memory, which explains why excessive ICT use impairs complex cogni - tive abilities such as reading literacy and metacognition (Bailey & Konstan, 2006).”
Microdelays disrupt online learning
Mazar, A., Tomaino, G., Siedahmed, A., Abdolsaheb, A., Heffernan, N. T., Carmon, Z., & Duckworth, A. L. (2026) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-026-02598-y
Bradley, S., Cooke, N., & Thakur, A. (2026) · Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting · doi:10.1177/10711813261493614
Beyond Algorithms: The Cognitive Anatomy of Process MiningPreprint
Morozan, E., Soffer, P., Hadar, I., Zerbato, F., & Weber, B. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.7589803
Attention Management: A Survey
Barbosa, C. E., Cunha, L. M., Neto, B. H., Orleans, L. F., Silva, C. E. P., Oliveira, J., & de Souza, J. M. (2008)
Metadata
- Authors
- Bailey, B. P., & Konstan, J. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bailey, Brian P.
- Venue
- Computers in Human Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006-07
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 685-708
- ISSN
- 0747-5632 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2063748437
- Cited by
- 600
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 47 · 2017: 49 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 32.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Computers in Human Behavior (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Information Systems and Management › Personal Information Management and User Behavior
- Social Sciences › Human Factors and Ergonomics › Human-Automation Interaction and Safety
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Usability and User Interface Design
- Keywords
- interruptions, task performance, error rate, annoyance, anxiety, affective states, task completion time, primary task, task boundaries, presentation timing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review