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On the need for attention-aware systems: Measuring effects of interruption on task performance, error rate, and affective state
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The Effects of Highlighting and Pop-up Interruptions on Task Performance
Quinones, P.-A., Vora, J., Steinfeld, A. M., Smailagic, A., Hansen, J. P., Siewiorek, D. P., Phadhana-Anake, P., & Shah, A. (2008) · Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting · doi:10.1177/154193120805200306 · Cited by 3
Effects of communication style and time orientation on notification systems and anti-virus software
Huang, D.-L., Rau, P. P., Su, H., Tu, N., & Zhao, C. G. (2010) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/01449290903490641 · Cited by 3
“Bailey and his co-workers’ studies (Bailey and Konstan 2006, Iqbal and Bailey 2008) indicated that deferring presentation of peripheral information and scheduling notification at breakpoint can reduce disruption and frustration.”
BackgroundBirnholtz, J. P., Gergle, D., Liebman, N., & Sinclair, S. (2015) · International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services (MobileHCI) · doi:10.1145/2785830.2785857 · Cited by 3
“Given that interruptions can be distracting [2,12,27], it is unsurprising that people seek to avoid them.”
BackgroundSmets, N. J. J. M., Streefkerk, J. W., & Neerincx, M. A. (2010) · European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics · doi:10.1145/1962300.1962340 · Cited by 4
“Due to this competition and fragmentation, distraction and interruption occur frequently (Adamczyk & Bailey, 2004; Bailey & Konstan, 2006) causing decision errors and potentially dangerous situations.”
BackgroundMcGuigan, C. J., McGuigan, K., & Mallett, J. (2015) · International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business · doi:10.1504/ijesb.2015.071319 · Cited by 3
“This involves extra time, energy and effort that results in poorer overall performance as employee focus is now split between two tasks rather than one (Brixey et al., 2007; Bailey and Konstan, 2006).”
BackgroundA Social Network to Increase Collaboration and Coordination in Distributed Teams
Vizcaíno, A., Cinco, R. R. P., Morán, A. L., & Piattini, M. G. (2018) · Computación y Sistemas · doi:10.13053/cys-22-2-2491 · Cited by 3
“In addition, it has been shown that interruptions have a negative impact on task completion time [14, 30], decision-making [31, 32], and people’s emotional states [33].”
BackgroundInterruption Timing Prediction via Prosodic Task Boundary Model for Human-Machine Teaming
Peters, N. S. (2019) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-12385-7_37 · Cited by 3
An Attentive Groupware Device to Mitigate Information Overload
Ferreira, A., & Antunes, P. A. (2008) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-70569-7_3 · Cited by 3
“Following Bailey and Konstan [11], these opportunities should occur at the boundaries between consecutive tasks, i.e., for group work, at the transitions between the user doing individual work and paying attention to the group (see Fig.”
BackgroundInfluentialA Semantic Ontology-Based Records Management Approach for Academic Users’ Decision Support
Samsudin, A. Z. H. (2014) · Victoria University Research Repository (Victoria University) · Cited by 3
Characterizing Student Attention in Technology-Infused Classrooms Using Real-time Active Window Data
Mohammadi-Aragh, M. (2013) · VTechWorks (Virginia Tech) · Cited by 3
Understanding and Mitigating the Interruptions Experienced by Intensive Care Unit Nurses
Sasangohar, F. (2015) · TSpace (University of Toronto) · doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.14779.11042 · Cited by 3
FPCB Actuator Driven Micromirror Based Availability Indicator and Laser Pattern Pointer
Zuo, H. (2022) · doi:10.32920/ryerson.14668443.v1 · Cited by 3
Evaluating Attention Management Systems for Dynamic Monitoring Tasks
Gasse, A., Lingler, A., Lorenz, M., Oulasvirta, A., Wintersberger, P., & Ebel, P. (2025) · Annual Symposium on Human-Computer Interaction for Work (CHIWORK) · doi:10.1145/3707640.3731920 · Cited by 2
“However, the overwhelming flow of information can cause details to be overlooked [3].”
Knight, E., Palada, H., Neal, A. F., Sanderson, P. M., & Ballard, T. (2025) · Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1177/00187208251388356 · Cited by 2
“…that is interrupted — the interruptee — as they must put their task on hold and may experience an increased risk of error when they resume their task (Bailey & Konstan, 2006; Chen et al., 2022; Grundgeiger & Sanderson, 2009; Johnson et al., 2018; Loft et al., 2015; Santomauro et al., 2021;…”
InfluentialDon't Miss Notifications: Exploring Gaze Notifications for Virtual Reality Cooking Environment
Türkmen, R., Ortega, F. R., & Batmaz, A. U. (2025) · Proceedings - International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality, ISMAR · doi:10.1109/ismar67309.2025.00062 · Cited by 2
“However, designing effective notifications can be challenging, as they may become distracting [9], lead users to make errors [2], or remain unnoticed and leads inattention [26].”
Feroz, R., Shang, Y., Zhao, R., & Richards, M. (2025) · Team Performance Management · doi:10.1108/tpm-06-2025-0083 · Cited by 2
Randolph, J. J. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6605-5_6 · Cited by 2
Exploring Interruptions in the Wild
Werner, N. E., & Holden, R. J. (2014) · Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting · doi:10.1177/1541931214581133 · Cited by 2
Walter, S. R., Brown, B. M., & Dunsmuir, W. T. M. (2020) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Statistics · doi:10.1111/anzs.12296 · Cited by 2
“Of the experimental studies that estimated resumption lag (Bailey & Konstan 2006; Altmann & Trafton 2004; Hodgetts & Jones 2003), values ranged from about 1 to 3 seconds.”
BackgroundInfluentialXu, N., Tang, C., Yang, C., & Lai, Y. (2023) · International Journal of Conflict Management · doi:10.1108/ijcma-03-2023-0058 · Cited by 2
The effects of online interruption pace and richness on task performance
Levy, E. C., Rafaeli, S., & Ariel, Y. (2024) · Atlantic Journal of Communication · doi:10.1080/15456870.2024.2317434 · Cited by 4
“Bailey and Konstan (2006) found that interruptions harmed task completion time, increasing it by 3– 27%.”
InfluentialCognitive Psychology Meets Data Management: State of the Art and Future Directions
Bhowmick, S. S., Chen, S. A., & Srivastava, D. (2024) · ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data (SIGMOD) · doi:10.1145/3626246.3654682 · Cited by 2
Freedom Of Choice: Perspectives On Personal Workspaces
Kohlegger, M., Maier, R. K., & Remus, U. (2013) · European Conference on Information Systems · Cited by 2
That's Easy! The Effects of Objective and Subjective Task Difficulty when Multitasking
Adler, R. F., Rubin, D., Mohammad, A. R., Irfan, A., Senadeera, H., & Nguyen, T. V. (2015) · Procedia Manufacturing · doi:10.1016/j.promfg.2015.07.684 · Cited by 2
An Overview of Human Factors Psychology
Kirlik, A. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199928286.013.0038 · Cited by 2
Can e-Commerce Recommender Systems be More Popular with Online Shoppers if they are Mood-aware?
Shi, F., & Marini, J.-L. (2016) · International Conference on Web Information Systems and Technologies · doi:10.5220/0005618901730180 · Cited by 2
“In practice, moodaware systems have been integrated into video games (Ambinder, 2011), online learning systems (D’Mello et al., 2008; Mao and Li, 2009), productivity software (Bailey and Konstan, 2006) and other interactive computer systems (Kolakowska et al., 2013).”
BackgroundFine-tuning human-machine cooperation: cognitive processing oriented assistance coordination
Lin, Y., & Cai, H. (2011) · Cited by 2
The Effects of Hover Interface on Users’ Behavioral Multitasking Intention
Jang, J., Lee, I., & Kim, J. (2016) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2016.1256038 · Cited by 2
“…affect performance (Davidson, 2011; Palladino, 2007), but sequential multitasking, which involves high-frequency switching or a large number of ongoing tasks, tends to negatively affect user performance (Adler & Benbunan-Fich, 2012; Bailey & Konstan, 2006; Oulasvirta & Saariluoma, 2004, 2006).”
BackgroundDigital Distraction and Legal Risk
Szalados, J. E. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-48707-6_15 · Cited by 2
Othman, M. K., Rahman, N. S. F. A., & Fadzil, M. N. (2017) · Maritime Business Review · doi:10.1108/mabr-01-2017-0004 · Cited by 2
“Besides, interruptions are also explored in less-safety critical workplaces, such as offices, where interruptions can induce stress (Mark et al., 2008), anxiety (Bailey and Konstan, 2006) and poorer performance (Cades et al., 2010).”
BackgroundMetaphor and social action: how worker attention is translated into capital
Roderick, I. (2017) · Social Semiotics · doi:10.1080/10350330.2017.1406578 · Cited by 2
Peters, N. S., Raj, B., & Romigh, G. D. (2017) · National Conference on Artificial Intelligence · Cited by 2
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Co-designing Tangible Break Reminders with People with Repetitive Strain Injury
Singh, A., Nabil, S., Roudaut, A., & Girouard, A. (2021) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-85623-6_18 · Cited by 2
The Effects of Fragmented and Continuous Interruptions on Online Task Performance
Ariel, Y., & Levy, E. C. (2022) · Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies · doi:10.30935/ojcmt/12404 · Cited by 2
Labonté, K., St-Cyr, H., & Vachon, F. (2023) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2023.2227400 · Cited by 3
Peripheral Notification That Does Not Bother User's Operations by Peripheral Cognition Technology
Yamada, S., Mori, N., & Kobayashi, K. (2015) · Transactions of the Japanese Society for Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1527/tjsai.30.449 · Cited by 2
Interruptibility Map: Geographical analysis of users' interruptibility in smart cities
Obuchi, M., Okoshi, T., Yonezawa, T., Nakazawa, J., & Tokuda, H. (2017) · IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops (PerCom Workshops) · doi:10.1109/percomw.2017.7917588 · Cited by 2
Tags’ Recommender to Classify Architectural Knowledge Applying Language Models
Borrego, G., González‐López, S., & Cinco, R. R. P. (2022) · Mathematics · doi:10.3390/math10030446 · Cited by 2
Attention Based, Naive Strategies, for Guiding Intelligent Virtual Agents
Clauzel, D., Roda, C., Ach, L., & Morel, B. (2007) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-74997-4_43 · Cited by 2
“AtGentive systems select the time of the intervention depending on the desired impact on the user’s current attentional state[ 4 ].”
BackgroundOn the Need for a Framework for Attentive Groupware Systems
Ferreira, A., & Antunes, P. A. (2007) · Cited by 2
Modeling Cost of Interruption (COI) to Manage Unwanted Interruptions for Mobile Devices
Zulkernain, S. (2011) · e-Publications@Marquette (Marquette University) · Cited by 2
Sycophant: a context based generalized user modeling framework for desktop applications
Louis, S. J., & Shankar, A. (2008) · Cited by 2
The Hidden Cost of Window ManagementPreprint
Jeuris, S., Tell, P., Houben, S., & Bardram, J. E. (2018) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1810.04673 · Cited by 2
“Attempting to observe this sequence of events might prove useful for interruption management systems, since interruptions at task boundaries are known to be less disruptive [Bailey and Konstan 2006].”
BackgroundShape-Changing Break Reminders for People with Repetitive Strain Injury
Singh, A. (2019) · doi:10.22215/etd/2019-13613 · Cited by 2
“[2] found out that when users were interrupted for peripheral task in between two primary tasks, it did not have an adverse effect on their task time, error rate, and affective state when compared to interruption in between a particular primary task.”
BackgroundInfluentialZickerick, B., Rösner, M., Sabo, M., & Schneider, D. A. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.08.20.259473 · Cited by 2
“Interruptions (e.g., phone calls, messages or emails) are defined as secondary tasks that have been shown to deteriorate task performance, for example indicated by poorer accuracy and slower response times (Bailey & Konstan, 2006; Baron, 1986; Eyrolle & Cellier, 2000; Hodgetts & Jones, 2006).”
BackgroundExamining the effects of interruption timing and frequency on performance: An update
Powers, S. A., & Scerbo, M. W. (2022) · Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting · doi:10.1177/1071181322661418 · Cited by 1
“Interruptions occurring at opportune moments are associated with improved performance (Bailey & Konstan, 2006), and increased trust in a system (Adamczyk & Bailey, 2004).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialThe Everyday Use of Digital Technology
Turner, P. (2023) · Human-computer interaction series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-32454-3_1 · Cited by 1
MuM'23 Workshop on Interruptions and Attention Management
Lingler, A., Talypova, D., Draxler, F., Schneegass, C., Dingler, T., & Wintersberger, P. (2023) · International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia (MUM) · doi:10.1145/3626705.3626706 · Cited by 1
“Additionally, interruptions have been shown to increase stress, frustration, and error rates and to impede overall performance [4, 10, 13], which illustrates the damaging toll multitasking takes on people’s lives.”
BackgroundInterruptions in a dental setting and evaluating the efficacy of an intervention: A pilot study
Ziegler, C., & Parikh, P. J. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0296677 · Cited by 1
Pan, T., Wang, H., Si, H., Li, Y., Li, G., & Zhu, Y. (2024) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140139.2024.2380340 · Cited by 1
“…it may cause the flight mission to be interrupted. interrupting the task performance and emotional state of participants has a negative impact (Bailey and Konstan 2006; iqbal and Bailey 2005). therefore, three Nasa-tlX questionnaires are chosen to be completed for the departure segment,…”
North, M. N., Huck, J. T., Day, E. A., Jorgensen, A. G., & Richels, K. A. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1344350 · Cited by 1
“…high in affect variability are more likely to view complex, dynamic task environments as distressing, leading to self-doubt, worry, and mind wandering, all of which are aspects of off-task attention and undermine performance (Gopher et al., 2000; Bailey and Konstan, 2006; Randall et al., 2014).”
BackgroundDussard, C., Pillette, L., Dumas, C., Pierrieau, E., Hugueville, L., Lau, B., Jeunet, C., & George, N. (2024) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ad7f88 · Cited by 1
“Though not tested in a BCI environment, interruptions are known to be detrimental to attention and performance (Bailey and Konstan 2006), especially in cognitive tasks (Lee and Duffy 2015).”
Avoiding Complication: The Role of Human Factors in Maxillary Sinus Augmentation. A Narrative Review
Franck, R., Bedrossian, E. A., & Scaini, R. (2025) · Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research · doi:10.1111/cid.70018 · Cited by 1
Enhancing Performance or Hijacking Attention? A Workshop on the Use of AI in Workplace Environments
Shahu, A., Wintersberger, P., Talypova, D., Vitali, A., Kobiella, C., & Dingler, T. (2025) · Annual Symposium on Human-Computer Interaction for Work (CHIWORK) · doi:10.1145/3707640.3729211 · Cited by 1
“Previous research has shown that these interruptions increase cognitive load, slow down task resumption, and increase error rates [5, 16, 20], overall disrupting workers’ focus and productivity.”
Ghani, T., Abbas, J., & Sarwat, N. (2025) · Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences / Revue Canadienne des Sciences de l Administration · doi:10.1002/cjas.70013 · Cited by 1
Verma, S. R., Gaikwad, S. B., & Shome, S. (2025) · FIIB Business Review · doi:10.1177/23197145251363947 · Cited by 1
VR as a “Drop-In” Well-Being Tool for Knowledge Workers
Ppali, S., Psallidopoulos, H., Constantinides, M., & Liarokapis, F. (2025) · Proceedings - International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality, ISMAR · doi:10.1109/ismar67309.2025.00127 · Cited by 1
“Participants viewed booking systems, log-ins, and usage tracking as intrusive, likely to undermine trust and discourage use [4].”
Lyu, Y., Wang, X., Ma, H., Yang, Y., & Zhao, J. (2025) · ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST) · doi:10.1145/3746059.3747792 · Cited by 1
“Compared to text alone, icons have been shown to offer advantages in recognition speed [19, 46], cognitive processing efficiency [46, 83], reducing perceived interruptions [2, 33], and minimizing errors [59].”
Message for You: Observing the Effects of a Social Robot’s Interruptions During an Office Task
Ganal, E., Steinhaeusser, S. C., Niebling, F., & Lugrin, B. (2025) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-2379-5_12 · Cited by 1
DOĞAN, O. (2026) · Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries · doi:10.1002/hfm.70028 · Cited by 1
“Comparable outcomes have been observed in previous research examining how attentional distraction contributes to workplace incidents (Bailey and Konstan 2006; Dingus et al. 2006), highlighting that excessive cognitive load may slow employees' recognition of potential hazards.”
Obinwanne, I. S. O., Ozoekwe, U. U., Ikemdinachi, I. B., & Oluwayomi, O. V. (2026) · International Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Research · doi:10.1142/s2972335326500031 · Cited by 1
Gaze-based Prediction of Cognitive Load in Augmented Reality ETRA026
Nerella, G., Gan, D., David-John, B., & Alghofaili, R. (2026) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3806040 · Cited by 1
“As Augmented Reality (AR) adoption grows, minimizing the extraneous load of notifications is essential, as alerts can degrade efficiency by diverting attention [Adamczyk and Bailey 2004; Bailey and Konstan 2006; Okoshi et al. 2015; Timileyin 2024].”
Shahin, M., Maghanaki, M., & Chen, F. F. (2026) · Big Data and Cognitive Computing · doi:10.3390/bdcc10070215 · Cited by 1
“While context switching costs have been extensively studied in cognitive psychology and human–computer interaction, existing research conceptualizes them as local performance effects [55–59].”
Enhancing Mobile Multitasking with Reinforcement Learning-Based Attention Management
Lingler, A., Frijns, H. A., Silva, N., Ebel, P., & Wintersberger, P. (2026) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2026.2688492 · Cited by 3
Hensley, R., Wilcox, J., Suszko, P., Mesones, S., & Bačić, D. (2026) · International Convention on Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics · doi:10.1109/mipro70003.2026.11591879 · Cited by 1
“Research on interruptions suggests that interruptions disrupt ongoing work by forcing users to reallocate attention and temporarily suspend task goals while processing the interrupting stimulus [2], [14], [18], [19].”
Cognitive Resource-Aware Adaptive Web Service Binding and Scheduling
Jimenez-Molina, A., Choi, J., Gaete-Villegas, J., & Ko, I. (2012) · Web Intelligence · doi:10.5555/2457524.2457612 · Cited by 1
The Dynamic Nature of Availability
Szostek, A. M. (2011) · The Ergonomics Open Journal · doi:10.2174/1875934301104010028 · Cited by 1
“Both studies focused on face-to-face communication that is considered the richest communication channel and at the same time imposing the heaviest burden caused by a communicative attempt in terms of resumption lag to the primary task of the interruptee [32, 33] and also high social cost for both communicators [8, 34,…”
BackgroundResultEntity-linking interfaces in user-contributed content
Dong, X., Harper, F. M., & Konstan, J. A. (2011) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/1978942.1979261 · Cited by 1
“Bailey and Konstan [3] found that presenting peripheral tasks can worsen performance (time, error rate) in primary tasks and increase annoyance.”
BackgroundSelf-citationUsing gaze-directed vision to identify focus of attention in pervasive healthcare systems
Noor, S., Minhas, H. N., & Aqeel-ur-Rehman (2011) · IEEE International Multitopic Conference (INMIC) · doi:10.1109/inmic.2011.6151493 · Cited by 1
Athreya, B. H., & Mouza, C. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-12364-6_9 · Cited by 1
Rigby, J. M., Brumby, D. P., Gould, S. J. J., & Cox, A. L. (2017) · International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services (MobileHCI) · doi:10.1145/3098279.3122136 · Cited by 1
“Interruptions can make knowledge workers slower and more error-prone [2].”
BackgroundSantos, D., Stavraki, M., Gandarillas, B., Cancela, A., & Briñol, P. (2018) · International Journal of Social Psychology Revista de Psicología Social · doi:10.1080/02134748.2018.1483623 · Cited by 2
“…quienes encontraron que debido al incremento del arousal provocado por la tensión que producen las tareas interrumpidas, el rendimiento posterior en distintas tareas aumentó, sobre todo en aquellas tareas que resultaron más sencillas (Bailey & Konstan, 2006; Speier, Valacich, & Vessey, 1999).”
BackgroundExploration of Human-Mediated Interruption Strategies via Spoken Information Removal
Seals, S. M., Peters, N. S., & Pryor, N. (2020) · Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting · doi:10.1177/1071181320641290 · Cited by 1
“…in the inter-ruption domain has explored the effects of manipulating the delivery time of system interruptions in multitasking environments (Bailey & Konstan, 2006; Czerwinski, Cutrell, & Horvitz, 2000; McCrickard, Chewar, Somervell, & Ndiwalana, 2003; McFarlane & Latorella, 2002; Monk,…”
BackgroundInfluentialStudent Perceptions of Cognitive Efficiency: Implications for Instruction
Hoffman, B. H. (2013) · International Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.4471/ijep.2013.22 · Cited by 1
“In a study of cognitive disruptions, similar to the type found in many classrooms, Bailey and Konstan (2006) found up to 27% longer task completion times and more errors on interrupted computational and reading tasks then when compared to an uninterrupted control group.”
Asserting your mind: Interruptions extremize consumer choices
Pang, Y., Wang, L., You, Y., & Ding, Y. (2023) · Journal of Consumer Behaviour · doi:10.1002/cb.2152 · Cited by 2
Physische und psychische Gesundheitsbelastungen und Risikofaktoren in der Krankenhausgroßküche
Fischer, M., Holzgreve, F., Varnai, A., Schneidereit, L., Germann, U., & Wanke, E. M. (2024) · Zentralblatt für Arbeitsmedizin Arbeitsschutz und Ergonomie · doi:10.1007/s40664-024-00547-y · Cited by 1
“Laborstudien bestätigen, dass Un-terbrechungen zu einer verlängerten Bearbeitungszeit der primären sowie der Störaufgabe führen und dass die Fehlerrate durch das Hinzufügen der Störaufgabe ansteigt [5, 76].”
InfluentialBeerepoot, I., del–Río–Ortega, A., Resinas, M., & Reijers, H. A. (2024) · ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) · doi:10.1145/3678884.3681848 · Cited by 1
“A widely explored avenue has been to study the impact of interruptions on different aspects, such as productivity and personal well-being [3, 5, 7, 9].”
The Impact of Animated Mascot Displays on Consumer Evaluations in E-Commerce
Oh, J., & Kim, D. (2025) · Administrative Sciences · doi:10.3390/admsci15060203 · Cited by 8
“Lee & Ahn, 2012; Bailey & Konstan, 2006; Gao et al., 2004; Goldstein et al., 2014), particularly when animation is perceived as disruptive (Goldstein et al., 2014).”
(Ir)Responsible Uses of Digital Technologies in Business Education. Interruptions or Engagement?
Caporarello, L., Magni, M., & Trabskaya, J. (2025) · Lecture notes in information systems and organisation · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-01697-3_20 · Cited by 1
The Effect of Interruption Similarity in Planning Tasks
Nystrom, D., Musters, A., & Drews, F. A. (2010) · Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting · doi:10.1177/154193121005402306 · Cited by 1
“Another study showed that interruptions cause twice as many errors in task performance than in tasks that were performed without interruption (Bailey & Konstan, 2006).”
BackgroundAttention Management as a Fundamental Aspect of 21st Century Technology Literacy: A Research Agenda
Vorvoreanu, M. (2020) · ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition · doi:10.18260/1-2--20109 · Cited by 2
Measuring individual productivity
Fritz, T. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-804206-9.00013-1 · Cited by 1
Folkestad, J., McKernan, B., Train, S., Martey, R. M., Rhodes, M. G., Kenski, K. M., Shaw, A., Stromer‐Galley, J., Clegg, B. A., & Strzalkowski, T. (2017) · Technology Knowledge and Learning · doi:10.1007/s10758-017-9302-7 · Cited by 1
“These cycles of attention are closely linked to the natural behaviors of cognition and attention (Bailey and Konstan 2006; Packard 1970).”
BackgroundCollege Student Work Habits, Interruptions, and Stress
Conard, M. A., Michael, B., & Marsh, R. (2017) · i-manager’s Journal on Educational Psychology · doi:10.26634/jpsy.10.4.13455 · Cited by 1
Mobile Education: Review of Literature on Negative Effects of Multitasking
Užule, K. (2018) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-74454-4_64 · Cited by 1
Interruptions at Work from the Point of View of IT Professionals
Pataki-Bittó, F. (2018) · Periodica Polytechnica Social and Management Sciences · doi:10.3311/ppso.11857 · Cited by 1
“An other study confirmed the importance of the timing: when the interruptions happen at subtask boundaries, the time required to complete the primary task and the error rate are significantly less than the other case when the interruptions are random (Bailey and Konstan, 2006).”
BackgroundA Break from Pain! Interruption Management in the Context of Pain
Gatzounis, R., Crombez, G., Schrooten, M. G. S., & Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2018) · Pain Management · doi:10.2217/pmt-2018-0038 · Cited by 1
Exploiting Data-Centric Social Context in Phone Call Prediction: A Machine Learning based Study
Sarker, I. H. (2018) · ICST Transactions on Scalable Information Systems · doi:10.4108/eai.13-7-2018.156595 · Cited by 1
“[2] have shown that when interrupted users require from 3% to 27% more time to complete the tasks, and commit twice the number of errors across the tasks.”
BackgroundChallenges in multimodal notifications for monitoring cyberphysical systems
Komninos, A. (2019) · International Conference on Societal Automation (SA) · doi:10.1109/sa47457.2019.8938049 · Cited by 1
“moments, and the modality which to use, in order to attract (or not) the engineer’s attention, and, as stated in [11], “balancing the user’s need for minimal disruption and the application’s need to efficiently deliver information”.”
BackgroundA Conceptual Design of an Inattention Management Middleware with Adaptive Target Saliency
Nicosia, M., & Kristensson, P. O. (2020) · IEEE Aerospace Conference (AERO) · doi:10.1109/aero47225.2020.9172355 · Cited by 1
“Design and development of attention-aware systems has been advocated as a promising way to provide general solutions to reducing interruptions and improving cognitive abilities of their operators [8], [9].”
BackgroundAppropriate Timing and Length of Voice News Notifications
Ogawa, H., Matsumura, K., & Fujii, A. (2021) · ACM International Conference on Interactive Media Experiences · doi:10.1145/3452918.3465488 · Cited by 1
“Thus, while user-activity interruptions caused by notifications can negatively affect the user’s mental state and productivity [8], notifications sent at specific breakpoints can reduce these effects [9].”
BackgroundA Survey of Passive Sensing for Workplace Wellbeing and Productivity
Nepal, S. K., Martinez, G. J., Pillai, A., Saha, K., Mirjafari, S., Swain, V. D., Xu, X., Audia, P. G., Choudhury, M. D., Dey, A. K., et al. (2025) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-93845-0_29 · Cited by 15
“However, there are studies demonstrating that the nature and timing of interruptions negatively affect workplace productivity [6,3] and increase worker stress [50].”
Leveraging Changes in Mental Workload during Task Execution to Mitigate Effects of Interruption
Bailey, B. P., & Iqbal, S. T. (2005) · Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) · Cited by 1
Self-citationAdaptive support of human attention allocation using cognitive models
Lucassen, T. (2009) · Cited by 1
A Context Based Generalized User Modeling Framework for Desktop Applications
Shankar, A. (2008) · Cited by 1
A Short Description of the Method
Voida, S., Patterson, D. J., & Patel, S. (2014) · Cited by 1
DESIGNING TOOLS FOR COLLABORATIVE SENSEMAKING DURING COMPLEX CRIME ANALYSIS
Goyal, N. (2017) · eCommons (Cornell University) · doi:10.7298/x4g15z1w · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Bailey, B. P., & Konstan, J. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bailey, Brian P.
- Venue
- Computers in Human Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006-07
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 685-708
- ISSN
- 0747-5632 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2063748437
- Cited by
- 600
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 47 · 2017: 49 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 32.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Computers in Human Behavior (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Information Systems and Management › Personal Information Management and User Behavior
- Social Sciences › Human Factors and Ergonomics › Human-Automation Interaction and Safety
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Usability and User Interface Design
- Keywords
- interruptions, task performance, error rate, annoyance, anxiety, affective states, task completion time, primary task, task boundaries, presentation timing
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