When it comes to Facebook there may be more to bad memory than just multitasking
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Data handling was mostly appropriate, though some studies lacked transparency in managing missing data or confounding variables.
“Data handling was mostly appropriate, though some studies lacked transparency in managing missing data or confounding variables, raising concerns about the validity of their results [10, 22–26].”
From Impact of social media on cognitive development of children and young adults: a systematic review (2025) · cites this paper as [10]
Several studies reported negative effects on short-term memory and working memory, especially among those with high levels of social media addiction.
“Several studies reported negative effects on short-term memory and working memory, especially among those with high levels of social media addiction [10, 24, 27].”
From Impact of social media on cognitive development of children and young adults: a systematic review (2025) · cites this paper as [10]
Working memory has been disrupted by PSMU through post-offloading, memory failures, and increased negative affect.
“WM, a temporary and limited capacity memory (W. Zhang & Luck, 2008), has also been previously seen to be disrupted by PSMU through post-offloading (Tamir et al., 2018), memory failures, and increased negative affect (Sharifian & Zahodne, 2021; Frein et al., 2013).”
From The Relationship Between TikTok Usage and Executive Function Is Mediated by Problematic Social Media Use (2025) · cites this paper as Frein et al., 2013
Cites
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (1983) · Cited by 79,888 · see citing works
(2007) · Cited by 10,092 · see citing works
Google Effects on Memory: Cognitive Consequences of Having Information at Our Fingertips
Sparrow, B., Liu, J., & Wegner, D. M. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1207745 · Cited by 1,762 · see citing works
Facebook and academic performance
Kirschner, P. A., & Karpinski, A. C. (2010) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2010.03.024 · Cited by 1,578 · see citing works
Driven to Distraction: Dual-Task Studies of Simulated Driving and Conversing on a Cellular Telephone
Strayer, D. L., & Johnston, W. A. (2001) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00386 · Cited by 1,134 · see citing works
Junco, R. (2012) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2011.08.026 · Cited by 843 · see citing works
Cognitive predictors of achievement growth in mathematics: A 5-year longitudinal study.
Geary, D. C. (2011) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0025510 · Cited by 836 · see citing works
No A 4 U: The relationship between multitasking and academic performance
Junco, R., & Cotten, S. R. (2012) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2011.12.023 · Cited by 810 · see citing works
Statistics for Management and Economics.
Lowther, J., Keller, G., & Warwick, B. (1997) · Journal of the Operational Research Society · doi:10.2307/3010500 · Cited by 803 · see citing works
Posterior cingulate cortex activation by emotional words: fMRI evidence from a valence decision task
Maddock, R. J., Garrett, A. S., & Buonocore, M. H. (2003) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.10075 · Cited by 695 · see citing works
Modulation of competing memory systems by distraction
Foerde, K., Knowlton, B. J., & Poldrack, R. A. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0602659103 · Cited by 600 · see citing works
Examining the impact of off-task multi-tasking with technology on real-time classroom learning
Wood, E., Zivcakova, L., Gentile, P., Archer, K., De Pasquale, D., & Nosko, A. (2012) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2011.08.029 · Cited by 565 · see citing works
Can students really multitask? An experimental study of instant messaging while reading
Bowman, L. L., Levine, L. E., Waite, B. M., & Gendron, M. (2010) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2009.09.024 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
Chen, Y.-F., & Peng, S. S. (2008) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2007.0128 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Swanson, H. L. (2011) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0025114 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Driver performance while text messaging using handheld and in-vehicle systems
Owens, J. M., McLaughlin, S., & Sudweeks, J. D. (2010) · Accident Analysis & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.aap.2010.11.019 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Business Statistics for Management and Economics
Daniel, W. W., & Terrell, J. C. (1989) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Internet use among college students: tool or toy?
Englander, F., Terregrossa, R. A., & Wang, Z. (2010) · Educational Review · doi:10.1080/00131910903519793 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Cognitive predictors of academic achievement in young children 1 year after traumatic brain injury.
Fulton, J. B., Yeates, K. O., Taylor, H. G., Walz, N. C., & Wade, S. L. (2012) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/a0027973 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Small, G. W., & Vorgan, G. (2008) · Scientific American Mind · doi:10.1038/scientificamericanmind1008-42 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Wilmer, H. H., Sherman, L. E., & Chein, J. M. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00605 · Cited by 736 · see citing works
Shanmugasundaram, M., & Tamilarasu, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Cognition · doi:10.3389/fcogn.2023.1203077 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Xanidis, N., & Brignell, C. M. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.09.004 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
The Internet and Facebook Usage on Academic Distraction of College Students
Feng, S., Wong, Y. K., Wong, L. Y., & Hossain, L. (2019) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2019.02.005 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
In-class distractions: The role of Facebook and the primary learning task
Gupta, N., & Irwin, J. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.10.022 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Exploring students’ purposes of usage and educational usage of Facebook
Manasijević, D., Živković, D., Arsić, S., & Milošević, I. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.02.087 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Chiossi, F., Haliburton, L., Ou, C., Butz, A. M., & Schmidt, A. (2023) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3544548.3580778 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Wallace, J., Boers, E., Ouellet, J., Afzali, M. H., & Conrod, P. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-44105-7 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Social Relationships and Adaptation in Later Life
Sharifian, N., Sol, K., Zahodne, L. B., & Antonucci, T. C. (2020) · Comprehensive Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818697-8.00016-9 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Sharifian, N., & Zahodne, L. B. (2019) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbz005 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Motivation determines Facebook viewing strategy: An eye movement analysis
Scott, G. G., & Hand, C. J. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.11.029 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Sharifian, N., & Zahodne, L. B. (2021) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.2020.1743228 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Spence, A., Beasley, K., Gravenkemper, H., Hoefler, A., Ngo, A., Ortiz, D., & Campisi, J. (2020) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113172 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Advances in Teaching and Learning on Facebook in Higher Institutions
Chiroma, H., Shuib, L. M., Abubakar, A., Zeki, A. M., Gital, A. Y., Herawan, T., & Abawajy, J. (2016) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2016.2643682 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Bowman, L. L., Waite, B. M., & Levine, L. E. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118771952.ch22 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Social network use and life satisfaction: a systematic review
Akkaş, C., & Turan, A. H. (2024) · Mental Health and Social Inclusion · doi:10.1108/mhsi-03-2023-0037 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Shalu, Verma, N., Dev, K., Bhardwaj, A. B., & Kumar, K. (2025) · Annals of Neurosciences · doi:10.1177/09727531251359872 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Min, J. (2017) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su9122270 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Liu, T. S.-W., Liu, Y., & Chen, C.-Y. D. (2018) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2018.1451901 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Effects of wakeful resting versus social media usage after learning on the retention of new memories
Martini, M., Heinz, A., Hinterholzer, J., Martini, C. L., & Sachse, P. (2020) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3641 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Impact of social media on cognitive development of children and young adults: a systematic review
Naik, V. S., Mathias, E. G., Krishnan, P., & Jagannath, V. (2025) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-025-06041-5 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Facebook was the most frequently reported social media platform, mentioned in 9 studies: [10, 14, 21–23, 31, 32, 34, 36].”
InfluentialChambers, J., Mistry, K., Spink, J., Tsigarides, J., & Bryant, P. (2023) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-023-04268-3 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Sun, W., & Chao, M. (2024) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-024-12811-y · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Task selection, task switching and multitasking during computer-based independent study
Judd, T. S. (2015) · Australasian Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.14742/ajet.1992 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Cudo, A., Kopiś-Posiej, N., Francuz, P., Błachnio, A., Przepiórka, A., & Torój, M. (2019) · Advances in Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.5709/acp-0257-6 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Hua, Z., & Wang, F. (2022) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs12090323 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Khanam, F., Hossain, A. B. M. A., & Ahmad, M. (2022) · Neuroscience Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.neuri.2022.100042 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Communication Skills Training Intervention Based on Automated Recognition of Nonverbal Signals
Pereira, M., & Hone, K. (2021) · International Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3411764.3445324 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Ozer, I. (2014) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Golding, J., Rallison, A., Zhang, K., Awan, A., Romero, F., Lacbain, J., Lee, S., Momand, S., Azer, L., & Zhang, W. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15121748 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“WM, a temporary and limited capacity memory (W. Zhang & Luck, 2008), has also been previously seen to be disrupted by PSMU through post-offloading (Tamir et al., 2018), memory failures, and increased negative affect (Sharifian & Zahodne, 2021; Frein et al., 2013).”
Of Cyborgs and Brutes: Technology-Inherited Violence and Ignorance
Bertolotti, T., Arfini, S., & Magnani, L. (2016) · Philosophies · doi:10.3390/philosophies2010001 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Individual differences in memory disruption caused by simulated cellphone notifications
Schmidt, C. R., Schmidt, S. R., & Wilson, K. A. (2022) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2022.2120203 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Wilkins, D., & Meindl, M. (2022) · Child Care in Practice · doi:10.1080/13575279.2022.2118674 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The Relationship Between Facebook Intrusion and Self-Control Dimensions Among Facebook Users
Cudo, A., Torój, M., Orzechowski, J., & Misiuro, T. (2021) · Journal of Media Psychology Theories Methods and Applications · doi:10.1027/1864-1105/a000322 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Does Facebook intensity matter for academic self-efficacy? A path analytic approach
Valdez, J. P. M., & Datu, J. A. D. (2022) · Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning · doi:10.58459/rptel.2023.18026 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Student Social Media Usage and Its Relation to Free-recall Memory Tasks
Vidaček-Hainš, V., Kućar, M., & Kovacic, R. (2020) · International Convention on Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics · doi:10.23919/mipro48935.2020.9245167 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Kazu, H., & Deniz, E. (2020) · Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi · doi:10.17755/esosder.811963 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Hassell, M. D., & Sukalich, M. F. (2015) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Deniz, E., & Kazu, H. (2022) · Athens Journal of Education · doi:10.30958/aje.9-2-6 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
RightOnTime: The Role of Timing and Unobtrusiveness in Behavior Change Support Systems
Tikka, P., & B, H. O.-K. A. (2016) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-31510-2_28 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Jegrace, P., Wesonga, R., & Candia, D. A. (2017) · International Journal of Computer Applications · doi:10.5120/ijca2017912711 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Crisis Governance, Emergency Management, and the Digital Revolution
Roberts, P. S., Misra, S., & Tang, J. (2021) · Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.1985 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Jiang, M., Chen, Y., & Guo, Z. (2026) · Geriatrics and gerontology international/Geriatrics & gerontology international · doi:10.1111/ggi.70381 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
How Human Personality Will Change With the Use of Artificial Intelligence
Mayer, J. D. (2025) · Personality Science · doi:10.1177/27000710251386963 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Smartphones hinder prospective memory in users with high levels of smartphone dependency.
Phelps, H., & Jacova, C. (2023) · Technology, Mind, and Behavior · doi:10.1037/tmb0000113 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Runaway Processes in Modern Human Culture
Miklósi, Á., & Konok, V. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108131797.018 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
IMPACT OF SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES ON STUDENTS AND TASK’ PERFORMANCE DURING COVID-19
Khushk, A., Ali, H. Y., & Baraboshkin, V. (2022) · INFORMATION MANAGEMENT AND COMPUTER SCIENCE · doi:10.26480/imcs.01.2022.11.17 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Parents and children's executive functions: the role of parental technoference
Kazali, E. (2025) · Cognitive Processing · doi:10.1007/s10339-025-01314-4 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Seban, P., Šikl, R., Prošek, ., & Urban, K. (2026) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-026-02265-x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Crisis Governance, Emergency Management, and the Digital RevolutionPreprint
Roberts, P. S., Misra, S., & Tang, J. (2020) · doi:10.33774/apsa-2020-2vbl6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Honeycutt, D., Sablon, W. D., Jung, D., Redmond, C., Serna, K., Lucas, B., & Campisi, J. (2022) · BIOS · doi:10.1893/bios-d-21-00010
Wu, Q., & Ratanaolarn, T. (2023) · International Conference on e-Education, e-Business, e-Management and e-Learning · doi:10.1145/3588243.3588266
Phelps, H. E., & Jacova, C. (2023) · Technology Mind and Behavior · doi:10.1037/tmb0000113.supp
Memory for social media images following traumatic brain injury
Lord, K. M., Zimmerman, J., Duff, M. C., & Brown‐Schmidt, S. (2023) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699052.2023.2272902
Research on the Design of English Vocabulary Learning APPs
Ge, Z.-G., Si, J., Yang, L., & Liu, Y. (2024) · International Conference on Digital Technology in Education (ICDTE) · doi:10.1145/3696230.3696242
Chambers, J., Mistry, K., Spink, J., Tsigarides, J., & Bryant, P. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22729163
Chambers, J., Mistry, K., Spink, J., Tsigarides, J., & Bryant, P. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22729160
Ou, C., & Chiossi, F. (2023) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)
Mercer, T. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-52643-5_291-1
- Authors
- Frein, S. T., Jones, S. L., & Gerow, J. E.
- Affiliations
- Virginia Military Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Frein, Scott T.
- ORCID
- Frein, Scott T.
- Venue
- Computers in Human Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-11
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 2179-2182
- ISSN
- 0747-5632 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1964579405
- Cited by
- 61
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 11.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Computers in Human Behavior (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Information Systems and Management › Personal Information Management and User Behavior
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Science Applications › Digital Media and Philosophy
- Keywords
- Facebook use, memory, free recall, divided attention, multitasking, social media, academic performance, university students, digital technology use
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
