Exploring the role of e-learning readiness on student satisfaction and motivation in flipped classroom

“As a matter of fact, Ryan and Deci (2000) claim that students have the freedom to set their own learning ways in e-learning environments and these freedoms could increase their intrinsic motivation.”

“Today, it is believed that all students are digital natives and therefore, they use the technology well (Prensky, 2001).”

“Studies revealed that active learning strategies increase students’ participation in the learning environment and improved learning process and results (Freeman et al., 2014; Yılmaz, 2016).”

“As for Pallant (2001) r = .10 to .29 indicates a small; r = .30 to .49 indicates a moderate; r = .50 to 1.0 indicates a strong correlation.”

“Today, it is believed that all students are digital natives and therefore, they use the technology well (Prensky, 2001).”

“Self-directed learning, another component of e-learning readiness, is defined as a process in which learners take initiative with or without any help from others in finding out learners' learning needs, determining learning objectives, choosing and applying appropriate learning strategies, evaluating learning results…”

“Motivation is defined as a concept which affect the direction and magnitude of a behavior and which affects the efforts occurring as a result of the behavior (Keller, 1983).”

“When studies on motivation in FC environments are examined, it is seen that FC model of instruction is more efficient in ensuring motivation compared to traditional methods of learning (Chao, Chen, & Chuang, 2015; Chen et al., 2014; Davies, Dean, & Ball, 2013; Strayer, 2012; Turan, 2015).”

“In fact, studies about online learning environments reveals relationships between motivation and performance (Saadé, He, & Kira, 2007), success (Bilgiç, Doğan, & Seferoğlu, 2011), dropout rate (Vallerand & Bissonnette, 1992) and qualified learning (Grolnick & Ryan, 1987).”

“In fact, studies about online learning environments reveals relationships between motivation and performance (Saadé, He, & Kira, 2007), success (Bilgiç, Doğan, & Seferoğlu, 2011), dropout rate (Vallerand & Bissonnette, 1992) and qualified learning (Grolnick & Ryan, 1987).”

“…content and materials used in online learning as well as the learning environment; its interactivity, quality, usability and suitability to students have a direct effect on student motivation and satisfaction (González-Gómez, Guardiola, Rodríguez, & Alonso, 2012; Kauffman, 2004; Kuo et al., 2014).”

“When the literature is reviewed, it is seen that the e-learning readiness comprises of computer such elements as self-efficacy, internet self-efficacy, online communication self-efficacy, self-directed learning, learner control and motivation towards e-learning (Demir, 2015; Hao, 2016a; Hung et al., 2010; Rovai, 2003;…”

“When studies on motivation in FC environments are examined, it is seen that FC model of instruction is more efficient in ensuring motivation compared to traditional methods of learning (Chao, Chen, & Chuang, 2015; Chen et al., 2014; Davies, Dean, & Ball, 2013; Strayer, 2012; Turan, 2015).”

“When the literature is reviewed, it is seen that the e-learning readiness comprises of computer such elements as self-efficacy, internet self-efficacy, online communication self-efficacy, self-directed learning, learner control and motivation towards e-learning (Demir, 2015; Hao, 2016a; Hung et al., 2010; Rovai, 2003;…”

“When studies on motivation in FC environments are examined, it is seen that FC model of instruction is more efficient in ensuring motivation compared to traditional methods of learning (Chao, Chen, & Chuang, 2015; Chen et al., 2014; Davies, Dean, & Ball, 2013; Strayer, 2012; Turan, 2015).”

“Liaw and Huang (2013), on the other hand, found that interactive learning environments are an important predictor of student satisfaction.”

“For instance, in their study, Tsai and Tsai (2003) found that individuals with high internet self-efficacy in web-based learning environments learn more than those with low internet self-efficacy skills.”

“…to the aforementioned problems in the application of FC model of instruction and take the necessary measures during the design, implementation and evaluation processes of FC model (Chen, Wang, Kinshuk, & Chen, 2014; Chen, Yang, & Hsiao, 2015; Hao, 2016a, 2016b; Hao & Lee, 2016; Yemma, 2015).”

“…carried out in the classroom and to enable student satisfaction and motivation towards these activities, students should attend face-to-face classes at a certain prior knowledge and readiness level and this is one of the hypothesis in ensuring the efficiency of FC model (Hao, 2016a; Wilson, 2013).”

“Researchers and teachers agree that the participation and efforts of those students with high levels of motivation to learning is higher compared to those with low motivation (Keller, 1979).”

“It is observed, however, when studying literature, that social network environments are used for these aims nowadays (Deng & Tavares, 2013; Yılmaz, 2016).”

“As for Hackman and Walker (1990) understanding the level of satisfaction of the students towards a course or a learning activity is paramount for efficient course design and for understanding its efficiency.”

“The reason for making groups of two was that the interaction and cooperation among group members as well as the transactive memory that occurs accordingly could be higher in dyads (Noroozi et al., 2012).”

“For instance, Lim (2001) found that students’ computer self-efficacy, which is one of the sub-factors of e-learning readiness, is a predictor of their satisfaction in web-based distant learning classes.”

“…content and materials used in online learning as well as the learning environment; its interactivity, quality, usability and suitability to students have a direct effect on student motivation and satisfaction (González-Gómez, Guardiola, Rodríguez, & Alonso, 2012; Kauffman, 2004; Kuo et al., 2014).”

“When studies on motivation in FC environments are examined, it is seen that FC model of instruction is more efficient in ensuring motivation compared to traditional methods of learning (Chao, Chen, & Chuang, 2015; Chen et al., 2014; Davies, Dean, & Ball, 2013; Strayer, 2012; Turan, 2015).”

“The research shows that pedagogical agent use can be benefited to increase interactivity in the learning environment and improve the learning outcomes (Kim, Baylor, & PALS Group, 2006; Yılmaz & Kılıç-Çakmak, 2012).”

“The research shows that pedagogical agent use can be benefited to increase interactivity in the learning environment and improve the learning outcomes (Kim, Baylor, & PALS Group, 2006; Yılmaz & Kılıç-Çakmak, 2012).”

“…content and materials used in online learning as well as the learning environment; its interactivity, quality, usability and suitability to students have a direct effect on student motivation and satisfaction (González-Gómez, Guardiola, Rodríguez, & Alonso, 2012; Kauffman, 2004; Kuo et al., 2014).”

“…to the aforementioned problems in the application of FC model of instruction and take the necessary measures during the design, implementation and evaluation processes of FC model (Chen, Wang, Kinshuk, & Chen, 2014; Chen, Yang, & Hsiao, 2015; Hao, 2016a, 2016b; Hao & Lee, 2016; Yemma, 2015).”

“…to the aforementioned problems in the application of FC model of instruction and take the necessary measures during the design, implementation and evaluation processes of FC model (Chen, Wang, Kinshuk, & Chen, 2014; Chen, Yang, & Hsiao, 2015; Hao, 2016a, 2016b; Hao & Lee, 2016; Yemma, 2015).”

“…to the aforementioned problems in the application of FC model of instruction and take the necessary measures during the design, implementation and evaluation processes of FC model (Chen, Wang, Kinshuk, & Chen, 2014; Chen, Yang, & Hsiao, 2015; Hao, 2016a, 2016b; Hao & Lee, 2016; Yemma, 2015).”

“Otherwise, students might stop e-learning and get unsuccessful results (Demir, 2015; Gülbahar, 2009; Saadé, He, & Kira, 2007; Teo, 2008; Teo et al., 2010).”

“The research shows that pedagogical agent use can be benefited to increase interactivity in the learning environment and improve the learning outcomes (Kim, Baylor, & PALS Group, 2006; Yılmaz & Kılıç-Çakmak, 2012).”

“However, this hypotheses is questioned, nowadays (Valtonen, Kukkonen, Dillon, & Vaisanen, 2009).”

“And this could affect the process and results of learning such as the attitudes, motivation, success, perseverance and satisfaction (Huang, 2002; Moore & Kearsley, 2011; Offir, Lev, Lev, Barth & Shteinbek, 2004).”

“…teacher behaviors, activities, materials, online discussions, instructional and technical support, technological features, students’ learning styles, online discussions, self-efficacy, knowledge and skills, and demographic characteristics can be counted among some of these factors (Karataş, 2005).”

“These results are consistent with that of previous studies in both traditional and online educational environments (Al-Rahmi et al., 2018; Eom & Ashill, 2018; Goh et al., 2017; Kilburn et al., 2016; Shahsavar & Sudzina, 2017; Yilmaz, 2017).”