Putting the Y in cyberflashing: Exploring the prevalence and predictors of the reasons for sending unsolicited nude or sexual images
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Karasavva et al. (2023) found 41.8% of mostly women undergraduate students reported sending an unsolicited nude or sexual image of themselves at any point since age 16 (n = 816).
“Karasavva et al. (2023) found that among mostly women undergraduate students that they surveyed, 41.8% reported sending “an unsolicited nude or sexual image of themselves at any point in their lives since they were 16” (n = 816).”
From Image-Based Sexual Abuse Perpetration: A Scoping Review (2024) · cites this paper as Karasavva et al. (2023)
Karasavva et al. (2023) reported cyberflashers who scored higher in narcissism were more likely to endorse personal and sexual gratification as motivations.
“Karasavva et al. (2023), for example, reported that cyberflashers who scored higher in narcissism were more likely to endorse personal and sexual gratification as motivations for perpetration.”
From Image-Based Sexual Abuse Perpetration: A Scoping Review (2024) · cites this paper as Karasavva et al. (2023)
Karasavva et al. (2023) found over 25% endorsed sending unsolicited image hoping to get a sexual image in return.
“Over 25% endorsed that they sent an unsolicited image in the hopes of getting a sexual image in return.”
From Image-Based Sexual Abuse Perpetration: A Scoping Review (2024) · cites this paper as Karasavva et al. (2023)
Karasavva et al. (2023) and Sparks et al. (2023) found cyberflashing perpetrators had higher levels of psychopathic and narcissistic traits.
“Karasavva et al. (2023) and Sparks et al. (2023) found that cyberflashing perpetrators had higher levels of psychopathic and narcissistic traits.”
From Image-Based Sexual Abuse Perpetration: A Scoping Review (2024) · cites this paper as Karasavva et al. (2023)
Karasavva et al. (2023) found 44.4% endorsed sending unsolicited image for own personal or sexual gratification, including 40.0% to show off body.
“Furthermore, 44.4% of the sample endorsed having sent an unsolicited image for their own personal or sexual gratification, including 40.0% who sent the image to show off their body.”
From Image-Based Sexual Abuse Perpetration: A Scoping Review (2024) · cites this paper as Karasavva et al. (2023)
Karasavva et al. (2023) found similar motivations including partner hunting (64.3%) or to express sexual interest in receiver (50.0%).
“Karasavva et al.’s (2023) study uncovered similar motivations, including partner hunting (64.3%) or to express sexual interest in the receiver (50.0%).”
From Image-Based Sexual Abuse Perpetration: A Scoping Review (2024) · cites this paper as Karasavva et al.’s (2023)
Cites
The online disinhibition effect
Suler, J. (2004) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/1094931041291295 · Cited by 4,375 · see citing works
Objectification Theory and Psychology of Women: A Decade of Advances and Future Directions
Moradi, B., & Huang, Y.-P. (2008) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2008.00452.x · Cited by 1,071 · see citing works
Dick pics on blast: A woman’s resistance to online sexual harassment using humour, art and Instagram
Vitis, L., & Gilmour, F. (2017) · Crime, Media, Culture: An International Journal · doi:10.1177/1741659016652445 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
The dark side of sexting—Factors predicting the dissemination of sexts
Clancy, E. M., Klettke, B., & Hallford, D. J. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.11.023 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Unsolicited dick pics: Erotica, exhibitionism or entitlement?
Hayes, R. M., & Dragiewicz, M. (2018) · Women's Studies International Forum · doi:10.1016/j.wsif.2018.07.001 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Ringrose, J., Regehr, K., & Whitehead, S. (2022) · Journal of Gender Studies · doi:10.1080/09589236.2021.1947206 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
The role of the Dark Tetrad and impulsivity in social media addiction: Findings from Malaysia
Chung, K. L., Morshidi, I., Yoong, L. C., & Thian, K. N. (2019) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.02.016 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Remixing misandry, manspreading, and dick pics: networked feminist humour on Tumblr
Ringrose, J., & Lawrence, E. (2018) · Feminist Media Studies · doi:10.1080/14680777.2018.1450351 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
The Real Threat of Deepfake Pornography: A Review of Canadian Policy
Karasavva, V., & Noorbhai, A. (2021) · Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2020.0272 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Self-citationOswald, F., Lopes, A., Skoda, K., Hesse, C. L., & Pedersen, C. L. (2020) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2019.1639036 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
‘A male dominance kind of vibe’: Approaching unsolicited dick pics as sexism
Amundsen, R. (2021) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/1461444820907025 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Hunehäll Berndtsson, K., & Odenbring, Y. (2021) · Journal of Gender Studies · doi:10.1080/09589236.2020.1825217 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
That selfie becomes you: examining taking and posting selfies as forms of self-objectification
Salomon, I., & Brown, C. S. (2021) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1080/15213269.2020.1817091 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Criminalising Cyberflashing: Options for Law Reform
McGlynn, C., & Johnson, K. (2021) · The Journal of Criminal Law · doi:10.1177/0022018320972306 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Courtice, E. L., Czechowski, K., Noorishad, P.-G., & Shaughnessy, K. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.673202 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Ray, A., & Henry, N. (2025) · Trauma, Violence, & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380241277271 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“…coercion, or threats made against the victim to force them to share their intimate images) (e.g., Gassó et al., 2021), the nonconsensual sharing of intimate images (e.g., Ruvalcaba & Eaton, 2020), or sending unwanted sexually explicit images (“cyberflashing”) (e.g., Karasavva et al., 2023).”
Image-Based Sexual Abuse Perpetration: A Scoping Review
Henry, N., & Beard, G. (2024) · Trauma, Violence, & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380241266137 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“( c o n t i n u e d ) (Gassó et al., 2021; Noorishad & Trottier, 2022); and those that used the terms “cyberflashing,” “dick pics,” or “photo-graphic exhibitionism” to refer to sending unsolicited nude or sexual images (Karasavva et al., 2023; Oswald et al., 2020).”
BackgroundInfluentialSparks, B., Stephens, S., & Trendell, S. (2023) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2023.107879 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
- Authors
- Karasavva, V., Brunet, L., Smodis, A., Swanek, J., & Forth, A.
- Affiliations
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- Carleton University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Karasavva, V.
- Venue
- Computers in Human Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023-03
- Volume
- 140
- Pages
- 107593
- ISSN
- 0747-5632 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4311425678
- Cited by
- 26
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 5
- FWCI
- 8.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Computers in Human Behavior (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Stalking, Cyberstalking, and Harassment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Sexual Assault and Victimization Studies
- Keywords
- cyberflashing, power and control, sadism, psychopathy, dark personality traits, gender differences, sexual orientation, undergraduate students
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