Dick pics on blast: A woman’s resistance to online sexual harassment using humour, art and Instagram
Abstract
This article brings to attention and explores women’s use of non-traditional forms of resistance to online sexual harassment. In this piece we use Anna Gensler’s Instagram art project Instagranniepants to examine how women are appropriating the language and practices of the cyber realm to expose online sexual harassment and to engender a creative resistance which is critical, comedic and entertaining. Drawing from interdisciplinary literature on witnessing, satire and shaming, we explore the techniques Gensler uses to not only document harassment but also resist, engage and punish those who seek to perpetrate it. This article problematises the stereotype of women as passive victims of online public spaces, and is critical of popular discourses that portray online spaces as exclusively risky and that position women as the natural victims of online violence. It concludes that a more nuanced account of women’s negotiation of online spaces is necessary, particularly as an overarching narrative of risk and victimisation undermines the liberatory potential of the online realm.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Drawing and group discussion enabled girls to collectively challenge normalisation of online sexual harassment through humour and sarcasm.
“Through the drawings and group discussion, then, the girls sometimes collectively challenged the normalisation of online sexual harassment via unwanted images, laughing and using sarcasm”
From Teen Girls’ Experiences Negotiating the Ubiquitous Dick Pic: Sexual Double Standards and the Normalization of Image Based Sexual Harassment (2021) · cites this paper as Vitis and Gilmour, 2017
Cites
Rethinking the Public Sphere: A Contribution to the Critique of Actually Existing Democracy
Fraser, N. W. (2014) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315822174-11 · Cited by 5,471 · see citing works
Garland, D. (2001) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003060581-51 · Cited by 5,294 · see citing works
Rethinking the Public Sphere: A Contribution to the Critique of Actually Existing Democracy
Fraser, N. (1990) · Social Text · doi:10.2307/466240 · Cited by 5,147 · see citing works
The culture of control: crime and social order in contemporary society
(2002) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.39-3104 · Cited by 3,580 · see citing works
(1992) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.29-4214 · Cited by 1,198 · see citing works
Rees, T. L., & Wajcman, J. (1993) · British Journal of Sociology · doi:10.2307/591252 · Cited by 1,039 · see citing works
Citron, D. K. (2014) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674735613 · Cited by 738 · see citing works
Differences in Actual and Perceived Online Skills: The Role of Gender*
Hargittai, E., & Shafer, S. (2006) · Social Science Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6237.2006.00389.x · Cited by 734 · see citing works
Effects of anonymity, invisibility, and lack of eye-contact on toxic online disinhibition
Lapidot‐Lefler, N., & Barak, A. (2011) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2011.10.014 · Cited by 709 · see citing works
Sexual Harassment of Working Women: A Case of Sex Discrimination
Taub, N., & MacKinnon, C. A. (1980) · Columbia Law Review · doi:10.2307/1122289 · Cited by 644 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This disbelief of, and hostility towards, women naming their experiences occurs against a backdrop of myths about the veracity of women’s claims of violence, exemplified by pervasive rape myths that women lie about sexual assault (Edwards et al., 2011; MacKinnon, 1979).”
BackgroundPreventing the “Second Rape”: Rape Survivors' Experiences With Community Service Providers
CAMPBELL, R., WASCO, S. M., AHRENS, C. E., SEFL, T., & BARNES, H. E. (2001) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/088626001016012002 · Cited by 640 · see citing works
Virtual Culture: Identity and Communication in Cybersociety
Jones, S. (2002) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781446250303 · Cited by 613 · see citing works
Contexts of computer-mediated communication
Lea, M. (1992) · Harvester Wheatsheaf eBooks · Cited by 576 · see citing works
Cultural Criminology and the Carnival of Crime
Presdee, M. (2003) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203299142 · Cited by 494 · see citing works
Rape Myths: History, Individual and Institutional-Level Presence, and Implications for Change
Edwards, K. M., Turchik, J. A., Dardis, C. M., Reynolds, N., & Gidycz, C. A. (2011) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-011-9943-2 · Cited by 471 · see citing works
Journal of Management Policy and Practice
(2019) · Journal of Management Policy and Practice · doi:10.33423/jmpp · Cited by 468 · see citing works
Sexual harassment under social identity threat: The computer harassment paradigm.
Maass, A., Cadinu, M., Guarnieri, G., & Grasselli, A. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.5.853 · Cited by 447 · see citing works
Loader, B. D., & Mercea, D. (2011) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2011.592648 · Cited by 437 · see citing works
Andenaes, J., & Morris, N. (1974) · University of Michigan Press eBooks · Cited by 433 · see citing works
Sexual Harassment of Working Women: A Case of Sex Discrimination, by Catharine A. MacKinnon
MacManus, S. A. (1979) · Political Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2149645 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Jane, E. A. (2012) · Feminist Media Studies · doi:10.1080/14680777.2012.741073 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Sexual harassment on the internet
Barak, A. (2005) · Social Science Computer Review · doi:10.1177/0894439304271540 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
‘Back to the kitchen, cunt’: speaking the unspeakable about online misogyny
Jane, E. A. (2014) · Continuum · doi:10.1080/10304312.2014.924479 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
European Journal of Communication 3
Izrael, P. (2007) · Otázky žurnalistiky · Cited by 341 · see citing works
Online incivility or sexual harassment? Conceptualising women's experiences in the digital age
Megarry, J. (2014) · Women's Studies International Forum · doi:10.1016/j.wsif.2014.07.012 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Social Reactions to Child Sexual Abuse Disclosures: A Critical Review
Ullman, S. E. (2002) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1300/j070v12n01_05 · Cited by 284 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Women who experience gender-based violence are routinely disbelieved or their experiences are trivialised (Campbell et al., 2001; Kaukinen and DeMaris, 2009; Salter, 2012; Ullman, 2003), and those who identify or complain about harassment are often treated with hostility (Maass et al.”
BackgroundBeyond the ‘sext’: Technology-facilitated sexual violence and harassment against adult women
Henry, N., & Powell, A. (2014) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1177/0004865814524218 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Embodied Harms: Gender, Shame, and Technology-Facilitated Sexual Violence
Henry, N., & Powell, A. (2015) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/1077801215576581 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Satire: A Critical Reintroduction.
DeLuna, D. N., & Griffin, D. H. (1994) · MLN · doi:10.2307/2904720 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Karstedt, S. (2002) · Theoretical Criminology · doi:10.1177/136248060200600304 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Gender and Power in On‐line Communication
Herring, S. C. (2003) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470756942.ch9 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Ringrose, J., & Renold, E. (2012) · Gender and Education · doi:10.1080/09540253.2011.645023 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Sexting, consent and young people's ethics: Beyond <i>Megan's Story</i>
Albury, K., & Crawford, K. (2012) · Continuum · doi:10.1080/10304312.2012.665840 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
When Are Net Effects Gross Products? Communication
Spears, R., Postmes, T., Lea, M., & Wolbert, A. (2002) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/1540-4560.00250 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Handbook of Victims and Victimology
(2012) · Willan eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203118207 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
The Rhetorical Dynamics of Gender Harassment On-Line
Herring, S. C. (1999) · The Information Society · doi:10.1080/019722499128466 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Gender and Power in Online Communication
Herring, S. C. (2001) · IUScholarWorks (Indiana University) · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Salter, M. (2013) · Crime Media Culture An International Journal · doi:10.1177/1741659013493918 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Kendall, L. (2000) · Gender & Society · doi:10.1177/089124300014002003 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Berger, P. L. (1997) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783110810660 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Stanko, E. A. (1997) · Theoretical Criminology · doi:10.1177/1362480697001004004 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Sext education: pedagogies of sex, gender and shame in the schoolyards ofTaggedandExposed
Dobson, A. S., & Ringrose, J. (2015) · Sex Education · doi:10.1080/14681811.2015.1050486 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
The Offensive Internet: Speech, Privacy, and Reputation
Levmore, S., & Nussbaum, M. C. (2012) · doi:10.4159/9780674058767/html · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Digital Youth, Innovation, and the Unexpected
Xenos, M. A. (2009) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/13691180802552932 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Computer friends and foes: Content of undergraduates' electronic mail
McCormick, N. B., & McCormick, J. W. (1992) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/0747-5632(92)90031-9 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Karaian, L. (2014) · Theoretical Criminology · doi:10.1177/1362480613504331 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
The ‘Other’ Laughs Back: Humour and Resistance in Anti-racist Comedy
Weaver, S. (2010) · Sociology · doi:10.1177/0038038509351624 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
McGarry, R., & Walklate, S. (2015) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203727379 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Subversive Memes: Internet Memes as a Form of Visual Rhetoric
Huntington, H. (2013) · AoIR Selected Papers of Internet Research · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Configuring Consent: Emerging Technologies, Unauthorized Sexual Images and Sexual Assault
Powell, A. (2010) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1375/acri.43.1.76 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Naming, shaming and criminal justice: Mass-mediated humiliation as entertainment and punishment
Kohm, S. A. (2009) · Crime Media Culture An International Journal · doi:10.1177/1741659009335724 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Rafter, N. (2007) · Theoretical Criminology · doi:10.1177/1362480607079584 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Siebler, F., Sabelus, S., & Bohner, G. (2008) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2007.00404.x · Cited by 84 · see citing works
High Tech or High Risk: Moral Panics about Girls Online
Cassell, J., & Cramer, M. (2008) · Issue Lab (Candid) · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Stringer, R. (2014) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315880129 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Young people and sexting in Australia: Ethics, representation and the law
Albury, K., Crawford, K., Byron, P., & Mathews, B. (2013) · Swinburne figshare (Swinburne University of Technology) · Cited by 77 · see citing works
ONLINE ACTIVISM AND STREET HARASSMENT: DIGITAL JUSTICE OR SHOUTING INTO THE ETHER?
Fileborn, B. (2014) · Griffith journal of law and human dignity. · doi:10.69970/gjlhd.v2i1.569 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
The digital pillory: media shaming of ‘ordinary' people for minor crimes
Hess, K., & Waller, L. J. (2013) · Continuum · doi:10.1080/10304312.2013.854868 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Sexual Assault and Current Mental Health: The Role of Help-Seeking and Police Response
Kaukinen, C., & DeMaris, A. (2009) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/1077801209346713 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Feminist humor: Rebellious and self‐affirming
Merrill, L. (1988) · Women s Studies · doi:10.1080/00497878.1988.9978732 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Knowing Victims: Feminism, Agency and Victim Politics in Neoliberal Times
Stringer, R. (2014) · Cited by 56 · see citing works
The Judicial and Judicious Use of Shame Penalties
Karp, D. R. (1998) · Crime & Delinquency · doi:10.1177/0011128798044002006 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Franklin, Z. (2014) · bepress Legal Repository · doi:10.15779/z389j8h · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Crime and Punishment in Contemporary Culture
Valier, C. (2005) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203987384 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Sensitive New-age Laws: The Reassertion of Emotionality in Law
Laster, K., & O’Malley, P. (1996) · International journal of law, crime and justice · doi:10.1006/ijsl.1996.0002 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Bing, J. M. (2004) · ODU Digital Commons (Old Dominion University) · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Humorous Assaults on Patriarchal Ideology*
Case, C. E., & Lippard, C. D. (2009) · Sociological Inquiry · doi:10.1111/j.1475-682x.2009.00282.x · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Language and Libertarianism: The Politics of Cyberculture and the Culture of Cyberpolitics
Jordan, T. (2001) · The Sociological Review · doi:10.1111/1467-954x.00241 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Cultural Politics of Humor in (De)Normalizing Islamophobic Stereotypes
Zimbardo, Z. M. (2014) · Islamophobia Studies Journal · doi:10.13169/islastudj.2.1.0059 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Witnessing Wootton Bassett: An Exploration in Cultural Victimology
Walklate, S., Mythen, G., & McGarry, R. (2011) · Crime Media Culture An International Journal · doi:10.1177/1741659011407110 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Laughter the Best Medicine: Muslim Comedians and Social Criticism in Post-9/11 America
Amarasingam, A. (2010) · Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs · doi:10.1080/13602004.2010.533444 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
GRIFFITH JOURNAL OF LAW & HUMAN DIGNITY
Lemass, K., Armao, J., Marcantelli, D. J., Gorasia, N., Gunawan, M., Lal, F., & Warren, D. E. (2014) · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Selected Papers in Internet Research
Feldman, Z. (2012) · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Feminism and women's sense of humor
Franzini, L. R. (1996) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/bf01544094 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Valier, C. (2004) · Punishment & Society · doi:10.1177/1462474504043630 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Contested Spaces: Protecting or Inhibiting Girls Online?
Shade, L. R. (2007) · Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks · doi:10.1057/9780230607019_15 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Girling, E. (2004) · Punishment & Society · doi:10.1177/1462474504043632 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Walklate, S. (2013) · Nottingham law journal · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Abusive Online Conduct: Discrimination and Harassment in Cyberspace
Gumbus, A., & Meglich, P. A. (2013) · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Barreca, R. (1988) · Women s Studies · doi:10.1080/00497878.1988.9978714 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
3 of the 83 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Queer women’s experiences of patchwork platform governance on Tinder, Instagram, and Vine
Duguay, S., Burgess, J., & Suzor, N. P. (2018) · Convergence The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies · doi:10.1177/1354856518781530 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
"They Don't Leave Us Alone Anywhere We Go": Gender and Digital Abuse in South Asia
Sambasivan, N., Batool, A., Ahmed, N., Matthews, T., Thomas, K., Gaytán-Lugo, L. S., Nemer, D., Bursztein, E., Churchill, E., & Consolvo, S. (2019) · Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3290605.3300232 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Ringrose, J., Regehr, K., & Whitehead, S. (2021) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-021-01236-3 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Unsolicited dick pics: Erotica, exhibitionism or entitlement?
Hayes, R. M., & Dragiewicz, M. (2018) · Women's Studies International Forum · doi:10.1016/j.wsif.2018.07.001 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Intimate intrusions online: Studying the normalisation of abuse in dating apps
Gillett, R. (2018) · Women s Studies International Forum · doi:10.1016/j.wsif.2018.04.005 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“I Realized It Was About Them … Not Me”: Women Sports Journalists and Harassment
Everbach, T. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-72917-6_7 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Denunciation and doxing: towards a conceptual model of digital vigilantism
Trottier, D. (2019) · Global Crime · doi:10.1080/17440572.2019.1591952 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Female Journalists’ Experience of Online Harassment: A Case Study of Nepal
Koirala, S. (2020) · Media and Communication · doi:10.17645/mac.v8i1.2541 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Waling, A., & Pym, T. (2019) · Journal of Gender Studies · doi:10.1080/09589236.2017.1394821 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Remixing misandry, manspreading, and dick pics: networked feminist humour on Tumblr
Ringrose, J., & Lawrence, E. (2018) · Feminist Media Studies · doi:10.1080/14680777.2018.1450351 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Young Women’s Experiences With Technology-Facilitated Sexual Violence From Male Strangers
Salerno‐Ferraro, A. C., Erentzen, C. A., & Schuller, R. A. (2021) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605211030018 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Oswald, F., Lopes, A., Skoda, K., Hesse, C. L., & Pedersen, C. L. (2020) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2019.1639036 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Sexual violence and abuse in online dating: A scoping review
Filice, E., Abeywickrama, K. D., Parry, D. C., & Johnson, C. W. (2022) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2022.101781 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
The Dick Pic: Harassment, Curation, and Desire
Paasonen, S., Light, B., & Jarrett, K. (2019) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/2056305119826126 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Women's Perspectives on Harm and Justice after Online Harassment
Im, J., Schoenebeck, S. Y., Iriarte, M. P., Grill, G., Wilkinson, D., Batool, A., Alharbi, R., Funwie, A., Gankhuu, T., Gilbert, É., et al. (2022) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3555775 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
The Kids Are Online: Teen Social Media Use, Civic Engagement, and Affective Polarization
Oden, A., & Porter, L. (2023) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/20563051231186364 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Jatmiko, M. I., Syukron, M., & Mekarsari, Y. (2020) · The Journal of Society & Media · doi:10.26740/jsm.v4n2.p319-347 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Mandau, M. B. H. (2020) · Sexuality & Culture · doi:10.1007/s12119-019-09626-2 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
March, E., & Wagstaff, D. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02210 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Viral justice? Online justice-seeking, intimate partner violence and affective contagion
Wood, M. A., Rose, E., & Thompson, C. (2018) · Theoretical Criminology · doi:10.1177/1362480617750507 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Naming the Unspeakable Harm of Street Harassment: A Survey-Based Examination of Disclosure Practices
Fileborn, B. (2018) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/1077801218768709 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
‘A male dominance kind of vibe’: Approaching unsolicited dick pics as sexism
Amundsen, R. (2021) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/1461444820907025 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Women’s and Men’s Reactions to Receiving Unsolicited Genital Images from Men
Marcotte, A. S., Gesselman, A. N., Fisher, H. E., & Garcia, J. R. (2021) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2020.1779171 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Morelli, M., Urbini, F., Bianchi, D., Baiocco, R., Cattelino, E., Laghi, F., Sorokowski, P., Misiak, M., Dziekan, M., Hudson, H. K., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18052526 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
You can’t use this app for that: Exploring off-label use through an investigation of Tinder
Duguay, S. (2019) · The Information Society · doi:10.1080/01972243.2019.1685036 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Sundén, J., & Paasonen, S. (2020) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/12500.001.0001 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Online dating applications and risk of youth victimization: A lifestyle exposure perspective
Kaakinen, M., Koivula, A., Savolainen, I., Sirola, A., Mikkola, M., Zych, I., Paek, H., & Oksanen, A. (2021) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.21968 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Dietzel, C. (2021) · Sexuality & Culture · doi:10.1007/s12119-021-09920-y · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Online Anti-Rape Activism: Exploring the Politics of the Personal in the Age of Digital Media
Loney-Howes, R. (2020) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/9781838674397 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Dating apps as public health ‘problems’: cautionary tales and vernacular pedagogies in news media
Albury, K., McCosker, A., Pym, T., & Byron, P. (2020) · Health Sociology Review · doi:10.1080/14461242.2020.1777885 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Buchanan, N., & Mahoney, A. (2021) · Legal and Criminological Psychology · doi:10.1111/lcrp.12197 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Technology-Facilitated Violence and Abuse: International Perspectives and Experiences
Bailey, J., Henry, N., & Flynn, A. (2021) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-83982-848-520211001 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Online Harassment in Majority Contexts: Examining Harms and Remedies across Countries
Schoenebeck, S. Y., Batool, A., Do, G., Darling, S., Grill, G., Wilkinson, D., Khan, M., Toyama, K., & Ashwell, L. (2023) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3544548.3581020 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Pâquet, L. (2020) · Crime Media Culture An International Journal · doi:10.1177/1741659020954260 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Materiality and Discursivity of Cyber Violence Against Women in India
Sarkar, S., & Rajan, B. (2021) · Journal of Creative Communications · doi:10.1177/0973258621992273 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Gender‐based cyberbullying: Understanding expected bystander behavior online
Herry, E., & Mulvey, K. L. (2022) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/josi.12503 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
From Scalability to Subsidiarity in Addressing Online Harm
Hasinoff, A. A., & Schneider, N. (2022) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/20563051221126041 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Hanson, K. R. (2020) · Sexuality & Culture · doi:10.1007/s12119-020-09758-w · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Everyday self‐defence: Hollaback narratives, habitus and resisting street harassment
Fleetwood, J. (2019) · British Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1111/1468-4446.12699 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Fileborn, B. (2021) · European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10610-021-09479-2 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Karasavva, V., Brunet, L., Smodis, A., Swanek, J., & Forth, A. (2023) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2022.107593 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Centelles, V., Powers, R. A., & Moule, R. K. (2021) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/20563051211043218 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Waling, A., Kerr, L., Bourne, A. H., Power, J., & Kehler, M. (2020) · Sexualities · doi:10.1177/1363460720947297 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Cama, E. J. (2021) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-83982-848-520211025 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Scarduzio, J. A., Redden, S. M., & Fletcher, J. (2020) · Journal of Applied Communication Research · doi:10.1080/00909882.2020.1849771 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Feminist sex-positive art on Instagram: reorienting the sexualizing gaze
Sciberras, R., & Tanner, C. (2022) · Feminist Media Studies · doi:10.1080/14680777.2022.2080752 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Expectations VS reality: Expected and actual affective reactions to unsolicited sexual images
Karasavva, V., Swanek, J., Smodis, A., & Forth, A. E. (2022) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2022.107181 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Kurasawa, F., Rondinelli, E., & Kılıçaslan, G. (2021) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2021.1962945 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Online Misogyny, Harassment and Hate Crimes
Powell, A., & Henry, N. (2017) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/978-1-137-58047-4_6 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Gosse, C. E., O’Meara, V., Hodson, J., & Veletsianos, G. (2023) · Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s10734-023-01043-7 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Brewer, J., Ruberg, B., Cullen, A. L. L., & Persaud, C. J. (2023) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/14526.001.0001 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Powell, A., & Henry, N. (2017) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/978-1-137-58047-4_5 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Sharifirad, S., & Jacovi, A. (2019) · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Johnstonbaugh, M. (2021) · Gender & Society · doi:10.1177/08912432211036907 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Duguay, S. (2017) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.111892 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Dick pics and the shifty meanings of porn
Paasonen, S. (2024) · Porn Studies · doi:10.1080/23268743.2023.2301095 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Molnar, L. (2022) · Youth · doi:10.3390/youth2030024 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Byron, P., & Albury, K. (2018) · Palgrave studies in communication for social change · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-97607-5_13 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Online Harassment of Female Journalists in Bangladesh
Kundu, P., & Bhuiyan, M. M. H. (2020) · Advances in linguistics and communication studies · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-6686-2.ch009 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Howard, V., & Adan, A. (2022) · Cyberpsychology Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace · doi:10.5817/cp2022-4-10 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Everyday Violence: Women's Experiences of Intimate Intrusions on Tinder
Gillett, R. (2019) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.131121 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Franz, M. R., Haikalis, M., Riemer, A. R., Parrott, D. J., Gervais, S. J., & DiLillo, D. (2018) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/0886-6708.v33.i3.486 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
L’intimité militante sur Youtube : la visibilité médiatique au service de la libération sexuelle
Balleys, C. (2019) · Questions de communication · doi:10.4000/questionsdecommunication.19109 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Bystander Experiences of Online Gendered Hate
Smith, J. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-83734-1_20 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Meehan, C. (2022) · Journal of Gender-Based Violence · doi:10.1332/239868021x16497774345383 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Eek-Karlsson, L., Berggren, J., & Torpsten, A. (2022) · Sexuality & Culture · doi:10.1007/s12119-022-10019-1 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Resistance of Women Survivors of Sexual Violence in Social Media
Riskiyah, F., & Uyun, D. A. (2022) · PALASTREN Jurnal Studi Gender · doi:10.21043/palastren.v15i2.16231 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Dijital Şiddet ve Sosyal Medya Üzerine Bibliyometrik Bir Araştırma
Karakuş, M. (2024) · TRT Akademi · doi:10.37679/trta.1401797 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Cybersexual Harassment as ICTs Development Consequences: A Review
Kuklytė, J. (2018) · European Journal of Business Science and Technology · doi:10.11118/ejobsat.v4i2.137 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Experiences of Online Sexual Violence: Interviews With Swedish Teenage Girls in Psychiatric Care
Rindestig, F. C., Gådin, K. G., & Dennhag, I. (2023) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/10778012231203000 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Smith, J. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-12633-9_12 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Evans, A. E., Currin, J. M., Garos, S., Stokes, A., Cox, K., & Meyer, C. L. (2022) · American Journal of Sexuality Education · doi:10.1080/15546128.2021.2025181 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Whiley, L. A., Walasek, L., & Juanchich, M. (2022) · Feminism & Psychology · doi:10.1177/09593535221104874 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The Right to Cyberbully? A Gendered Analysis During COVID-19 in Malaysia
Loh, B. Y. H., Somiah, V., Malaya, U., Kho, S. N., & Malaysia, U. K. (2023) · Jurnal Komunikasi Malaysian Journal of Communication · doi:10.17576/jkmjc-2023-3903-16 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Visual, Popular and Political: The Non-profit Influencer and the Public Sphere
Salte, L. (2022) · Javnost - The Public · doi:10.1080/13183222.2022.2147776 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Information security for criminological ethnographers
Kindynis, T., & Fleetwood, J. (2024) · Crime, Media, Culture: An International Journal · doi:10.1177/17416590231219746 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Criminologists have engaged with the implications of such developments for our understanding of issues including surveillance and social control, social harm and victimisation (see, e.g. Vitis and Gilmour, 2017; Williams and Burnap, 2016; Wood, 2018; Yar, 2012).”
Champion, A. R., Oswald, F., Hughes, S., & Pedersen, C. L. (2024) · Sexuality Research and Social Policy · doi:10.1007/s13178-024-01002-6 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
ONLINE HARASSMENT AGAINST WOMEN POLITICAL JOURNALISTS ON TWITTER
Baloğlu, E. (2023) · Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi · doi:10.35379/cusosbil.1324510 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Digital Justice and Feminist Activism
Powell, A., & Henry, N. (2017) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/978-1-137-58047-4_9 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Cyberbullying and feminism in Pakistan: the stories of feminist activists in Lahore
Baloch, M., Yasir, A., & Hassan, A. A. U. (2025) · Feminist Media Studies · doi:10.1080/14680777.2025.2468916 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Image-Based Sexual Abuse, Legal Responses and Online Activism in the Aotearoa New Zealand Context
Gilmour, F. E. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-83734-1_33 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationOnline daters' reactions to sexually explicit initiation messages
Lilly, A. E., & Buehler, E. M. (2023) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/pere.12486 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Burton, S. D., Tanczer, L., Vasudevan, S., Hailes, S. M. V., & Carr, M. (2020) · University College London · doi:10.14324/000.rp.10117734 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Technology-Facilitated Harm and Abuse in Intimate Relationships
Schokkenbroek, J. M., Ponnet, K. S., & Hardyns, W. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-85493-5_2166-1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Vitis, L. (2023) · Current Issues in Criminal Justice · doi:10.1080/10345329.2023.2293333 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationO’Neill, T., & Fileborn, B. (2024) · The British Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1093/bjc/azae085 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
NLP AND MACHINE LEARNING TECHNIQUES TO DETECT ONLINE HARASSMENT ON SOCIAL NETWORKING PLATFORMS
Sharifirad, S. (2019) · DalSpace (Dalhousie University) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Cultural translation and the immigrant artist: Zoya Cherkassky-Nnadi’s works in context
Weissbrod, R., & Kohn, A. (2023) · Translation Studies · doi:10.1080/14781700.2023.2263007 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Johansen, K. B. H., & Tjørnhøj‐Thomsen, T. (2024) · Women s Studies International Forum · doi:10.1016/j.wsif.2024.102954 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Unsolicited Dick Pics: Online Sexual Harassment, Gendered Relations and Schooling
Berndtsson, K. H., & Odenbring, Y. (2021) · Young people and learning processes in school and everyday life · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-75319-1_8 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Gabriel, S., Leinhos, P., Matthes, D., & Völcker, M. (2021) · Studien zur Schul- und Bildungsforschung · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-31066-0_7 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Violence against women in true crime podcasts
Vitis, L. (2021) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780429316975-8 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationPublic Responses to Online Resistance: Bringing Power into Confrontation
Vitis, L., & Naegler, L. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-83734-1_34 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationHow aware are college students of sexual harassment and assault in Turkey?
Siyez, D. M., Belkıs, Ö., & Esen, E. (2023) · Journal of Sexual Aggression · doi:10.1080/13552600.2023.2176936 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Nwoko, O. B., & Howe, W. T. (2025) · Howard Journal of Communications · doi:10.1080/10646175.2025.2541762 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Narratives of technology-facilitated gender-based violence (TFGBV) among young people in Indonesia
Asriani, D. D., & Fahadi, P. R. (2025) · Journal of Gender-Based Violence · doi:10.1332/23986808y2025d000000100 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Online Dating Sexual Harassment as Slow Violence: Chinese Women’s Victimization and Resistance
You, Y., & Chen, S. (2025) · Asian Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11417-025-09472-2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
KADINA YÖNELIK ŞIDDETIN ÖNLENMESINDE TOPLULUK TEMELLI SOSYAL HIZMET UYGULAMALARI
Büyükbodur, A. Ç. (2022) · the Journal of Academic Social Sciences · doi:10.29228/asos.62986 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Women’s Agency and Resistance to Cyber Flashing on Twitter
Athirah, S., & Hidayana, I. M. (2023) · MASYARAKAT Jurnal Sosiologi · doi:10.7454/mjs.v28i1.13562 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Maier, K., & Kohm, S. A. (2024) · Crime Media Culture An International Journal · doi:10.1177/17416590241297245 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Vitis, L., & Gilmour, F.
- Affiliations
- University of Liverpool (GB)
- University of Otago (NZ)
- Corresponding author
- Vitis, Laura
- Venue
- Crime, Media, Culture: An International Journal
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2016-06-24
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 335-355
- ISSN
- 1741-6590 (ISSN-L)
- 1741-6604
- OpenAlex
- W2463218703
- Cited by
- 153
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 8
- FWCI
- 26.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Crime Media Culture An International Journal (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender, Feminism, and Media
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Stalking, Cyberstalking, and Harassment
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Sexual Assault and Victimization Studies
- Keywords
- online sexual harassment, women's resistance, humour, satire, Instagram, witnessing, shaming, online public space, victimhood, online risks, cyberbullying
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
